Diş Hekimliğinde Cam Seramikler: Yapısı, Sınıflandırması ve Klinik Uygulamaları
Özet
Diş hekimliği materyallerindeki hızlı teknolojik gelişmeler, hastaların artan estetik beklentilerini karşılamak amacıyla sürekli bir değişim içerisindedir. Bu bağlamda cam seramikler; doğal diş dokusuna yakın optik özellikleri, yüksek ışık geçirgenlikleri, floresans özellikleri ve üstün biyouyumluluklarıyla modern restoratif tedavilerin vazgeçilmez bir parçası olmuştur. Tarihsel süreçte feldspatik sistemlerle başlayan bu materyallerin gelişimi, klinik başarısızlıkları önlemek ve mekanik dayanımı artırmak ihtiyacıyla şekillenmiştir. Lösit ve lityum disilikat kristalleri ile güçlendirilmiş yapıların, ardından zirkonyum takviyeli lityum silikatların kullanıma girmesi cam seramiklerin endikasyon sınırlarını önemli ölçüde genişletmiştir. Ek olarak, CAD/CAM teknolojilerinin klinik rutinlere entegrasyonu, restorasyonların üretim hassasiyetini artırmış ve hata payını minimize etmiştir. Günümüzde bu materyaller; minimal invaziv lamina veneerler, inley/onley restorasyonlar, estetik bölge ve posterior tek kuronlar ile vaka seçimi doğru yapıldığında kısa üyeli sabit bölümlü protezlerde güvenle tercih edilmektedir. Ancak materyalin klinik başarısı sadece iç yapısına değil; doğru endikasyona, preparasyon tasarımına, yüzey işlemlerine ve uygulanan adeziv simantasyon protokollerine doğrudan bağlıdır. Bu derlemenin amacı; cam seramiklerin mikroyapısal özelliklerini, güncel sınıflandırma sistemlerini, üretim yöntemlerini ve tarihsel gelişimini geniş bir literatür taraması ışığında incelemektir. Ayrıca diş hekimlerine materyal seçimi ve klinik uygulama aşamalarında rehberlik edecek kanıta dayalı güncel bilgilerin sunulması hedeflenmektedir.
Rapid technological advancements in dental materials are constantly evolving to meet the ever-increasing aesthetic expectations of patients. In this context, glass ceramics have become an indispensable part of modern restorative treatments due to their optical properties closely resembling natural tooth structure, high translucency, fluorescence, and superior biocompatibility. Historically starting with feldspathic systems, the developmental journey of these materials has been shaped by the need to prevent clinical failures and enhance mechanical strength. The introduction of structures reinforced with leucite and lithium disilicate crystals, followed by zirconia-reinforced lithium silicates, has significantly expanded the indication limits of glass ceramics. Additionally, the integration of Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies into clinical routines has increased the manufacturing precision of restorations and minimized the margin of error. Today, these materials are safely preferred for minimally invasive laminate veneers, inlay and onlay restorations, anterior and posterior single crowns, and, with proper case selection, short-span fixed partial dentures. However, the clinical success of the material depends directly not only on its internal structure but also on the correct indication, preparation design, surface treatments, and the applied adhesive cementation protocols. The aim of this review is to thoroughly examine the microstructural properties, current classification systems, manufacturing methods, and historical development of glass ceramics in the light of an extensive literature review. Furthermore, it aims to provide current, evidence-based information to guide dentists during the material selection and clinical application phases.
Referanslar
Borges GA, Agarwal P, Miranzi BA, et al. Influence of different ceramics on resin cement Knoop Hardness Number. Operative Dentistry. 2008;33(6):622-628.
Pini NP, Aguiar FHB, Lima DANL, et al. Advances in dental veneers: materials, applications, and techniques. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry. 2012:9-16.
Ivoclar Vivadent A. Scientific documentation IPS e. max® Press. Liechtenstein: Ivoclar Vivadent. 2005.
Denry I, Holloway JA. Ceramics for dental applications: a review. Materials. 2010;3(1):351-368.
McLean JW. The science and art of dental ceramics. The nature of dental ceramics and their clinical use. 1979.
Gracis S, Thompson VP, Ferencz JL, et al. A new classification system for all-ceramic and ceramic-like restorative materials. International Journal of prosthodontics. 2015;28(3):277-287.
Fu L, Engqvist H, Xia W. Glass–ceramics in dentistry: A review. Materials. 2020;13(5):1049.
Honma T, Maeda K, Nakane S, et al. Unique properties and potential of glass-ceramics. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan. 2022;130(8):545-551.
Zanotto ED. Bright future for glass-ceramics. American Ceramics Society Bulletin. 2010;89(8):19-27.
Höland W, Beall GH. Glass-ceramic technology: Wiley Online Library; 2012.
Jiang Y, Zhang C, Xu J, et al. An overview of dental glass–ceramics: From material design to the manufacturing process. International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science. 2024;6(4):e10224.
Turgut S. Optical properties of currently used zirconia‐based esthetic restorations fabricated with different techniques. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2020;32(1):26-33.
Yang C-C, Ding S-J, Lin T-H, et al. Mechanical and optical properties evaluation of rapid sintered dental zirconia. Ceramics International. 2020;46(17):26668-26674.
Cattell MJ, Chadwick TC, Knowles JC, et al. The nucleation and crystallization of fine grained leucite glass-ceramics for dental applications. Dental Materials. 2006;22(10):925-933.
Talibi M, Kaur K, Parmar H. Do you know your ceramics? Part 2: feldspathic ceramics. British dental journal. 2022;232(2):80-83.
Zahnfabrik V. VITABLOCS Mark II CAD/CAM feldspathic ceramic blocks 2026 [Available from: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/.
Sirona D. Dentsply Sirona CAD/CAM & Restorative Materials 2026 [Available from: https://www.dentsplysirona.com/.
GC. Initial LRF Block – High Strength Dental Ceramic Material 2026 [Available from: https://www.gc.dental/global/en/products/indirect-restoratives/initial-lrf-block.
AG IV. IPS Empress CAD: Highly esthetic leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic blocks 2026 [Available from: https://www.ivoclar.com/en_gb/products/digital-processes/ips-empress-cad?
Dental I-A. Rosetta BM leucite glass-ceramic CAD/CAM blocks 2026 [Available from: https://www.interafricadental.com/rosetta-bm/?
Fasbinder DJ. Restorative material options for CAD/CAM restorations. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry. 2002;23(10):911-922.
Kurbad A, Reichel K. Multicolored ceramic blocks as an esthetic solution for anterior restorations. International Journal of Computerized Dentistry. 2006;9(1):69-82.
Babu PJ, Alla RK, Alluri VR, et al. Dental ceramics: Part I–An overview of composition, structure and properties. American Journal of Materials Engineering Technol. 2015;3(1):13-18.
De Almeida B, de Oliveira KF, Caldas RA. Mechanical and optical properties of feldspathic ceramics and lithium disilicate: literature review. Revista Brasileira de Odontologia. 2020;77:e1427.
McLaren EA, LeSage B. Feldspathic veneers: what are their indications. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry. 2011;32(3):44-49.
Arango Santander S, Pelaez Vargas A, Saldarriaga Escobar J, et al. Ceramics for dental restorations-An Introduction. Dyna. 2010;77(163):26-36.
Byeon S-M, Song J-J. Mechanical properties and microstructure of the leucite-reinforced glass-ceramics for dental CAD/CAM. Journal of Dental Hygiene Science. 2018;18(1):42-49.
Torcato LB, Pellizzer EP, Verri FR, et al. Effect of the parafunctional occlusal loading and crown height on stress distribution. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2014;25(6):554-560.
Federizzi L, Gomes ÉA, Báratro SSP, et al. Use of feldspathic porcelain veneers to improve smile harmony: A 3-year follow-up report. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2016;27(6):767-774.
Madhavan S. Methods of strengthening ceramics. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2015;7(10):873.
Mizrahi B. The anterior all-ceramic crown: a rationale for the choice of ceramic and cement. British dental journal. 2008;205(5):251-255.
Zaimoğlu A, Can G. Sabit protezler. Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Yayınları. 2004;24.
Kelly JR, Benetti P. Ceramic materials in dentistry: historical evolution and current practice. Australian dental journal. 2011;56:84-96.
Abu Alhaija ES, Abu AlReesh IA, AlWahadni AM. Factors affecting the shear bond strength of metal and ceramic brackets bonded to different ceramic surfaces. The European Journal of Orthodontics. 2010;32(3):274-280.
Dong J, Luthy H, Wohlwend A, et al. Heat-pressed ceramics: technology and strength. International Journal of prosthodontics. 1992;5(1):9-16.
McLean J. Evolution of dental ceramics in the twentieth century. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2001;85(1):61-66.
Guess PC, Schultheis S, Bonfante EA, et al. All-ceramic systems: laboratory and clinical performance. Dental clinics. 2011;55(2):333-352.
Pentron. Optimum Pressable Ceramic (OPC) dental material 2026 [Available from: https://www.pentron.com/products/indirect/opc.
Ritzberger C, Apel E, Höland W, et al. Properties and clinical application of three types of dental glass-ceramics and ceramics for CAD-CAM technologies. Materials. 2010;3(6):3700-3713.
Attia A, Kern M. Influence of cyclic loading and luting agents on the fracture load of two all-ceramic crown systems. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2004;92(6):551-556.
Willard A, Chu T-MG. The science and application of IPS e. Max dental ceramic. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences. 2018;34(4):238-242.
Stappert CF, Att W, Gerds T, et al. Fracture resistance of different partial-coverage ceramic molar restorations: An in vitro investigation. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2006;137(4):514-522.
Zarone F, Ferrari M, Mangano FG, et al. “Digitally oriented materials”: focus on lithium disilicate ceramics. International Journal of Dentistry. 2016;2016(1):9840594.
Kaur K, Talibi M, Parmar H. Do you know your ceramics? Part 3: lithium disilicate. British dental journal. 2022;232(3):147-150.
Kern M, Sasse M, Wolfart S. Ten-year outcome of three-unit fixed dental prostheses made from monolithic lithium disilicate ceramic. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2012;143(3):234-240.
Gehrt M, Wolfart S, Rafai N, et al. Clinical results of lithium-disilicate crowns after up to 9 years of service. Clinical Oral İnvestigations. 2013;17(1):275-284.
Saint-Jean SJ. Dental glasses and glass-ceramics. Advanced ceramics for dentistry: Elsevier; 2014. p. 255-277.
Höland W, Beall G. Chap. 2: Composition systems for glass-ceramics, Chap. 4: Applications of glass-ceramics. Glass-ceramic technology (1st ed), The American Ceramic Society, Wiley, Westerville. 2002:119-124.
Höland W, Rheinberger V, Apel E, et al. Principles and phenomena of bioengineering with glass-ceramics for dental restoration. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2007;27(2-3):1521-1526.
Schweiger M, Frank M, Rheinberger V, et al. Lithium disilicate glass ceramics dental product. Google Patents; 2002.
Ivoclar Vivadent A. IPS e. max press: scientific documentation. Schaan, Liechtenstein: Ivoclar Vivadent AG. 2011:5-10.
Höland W, Rheinberger V, Schweiger M. Nucleation and crystallization phenomena in glass‐ceramics. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2001;3(10):768-774.
Apholt W, Bindl A, Lüthy H, et al. Flexural strength of Cerec 2 machined and jointed InCeram-Alumina and InCeram-Zirconia bars. Dental Materials. 2001;17(3):260-267.
El Zhawi H, Kaizer MR, Chughtai A, et al. Polymer infiltrated ceramic network structures for resistance to fatigue fracture and wear. Dental Materials. 2016;32(11):1352-1361.
Şener İD, Türker ŞB. Kimyasal Yapılarına Göre Tam Seramik Restorasyonlar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;2009(1):61-67.
Li RWK, Chow TW, Matinlinna JP. Ceramic dental biomaterials and CAD/CAM technology: state of the art. Journal of prosthodontic research. 2014;58(4):208-216.
Della Bona A, Mecholsky Jr JJ, Barrett AA, et al. Characterization of glass-infiltrated alumina-based ceramics. Dental Materials. 2008;24(11):1568-1574.
Kelly JR, Nishimura I, Campbell SD. Ceramics in dentistry: historical roots and current perspectives. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1996;75(1):18-32.
Heffernan MJ. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems. Part II: Core and veneer materials. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2002;88:10-15.
Conrad HJ, Seong W-J, Pesun IJ. Current ceramic materials and systems with clinical recommendations: a systematic review. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2007;98(5):389-404.
Awliya W, Odén A, Yaman P, et al. Shear bond strength of a resin cement to densely sintered high-purity alumina with various surface conditions. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1998;56(1):9-13.
Fradeani M, D'Amelio M, Redemagni M, et al. Five-year follow-up with Procera all-ceramic crowns. Quintessence international. 2005;36(2):105-113.
Wagner W, Chu T. Biaxial flexural strength and indentation fracture toughness of three new dental core ceramics. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1996;76(2):140-144.
Pospiech P. All-ceramic crowns: bonding or cementing? Clinical Oral İnvestigations. 2002;6(4):189-197.
Thompson JY, Stoner BR, Piascik JR, et al. Adhesion/cementation to zirconia and other non-silicate ceramics: where are we now? Dental Materials. 2011;27(1):71-82.
The Academy of Prosthodontics. The glossary of prosthodontic terms: Mosby; 1999.
Sinha I. Adhesive cementation of ceramic restorations: a comprehensive review. INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences. 2023;6(1):28-34.
Alsaeed AY. Bonding CAD/CAM materials with current adhesive systems: An overview. The Saudi dental journal. 2022;34(4):259-269.
Friedman M. A 15-year review of porcelain veneer failure--a clinician's observations. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry. 1998;19(6):625-628, 630, 632 passim; quiz 638.
Cekic I, Ergun G, Lassila LV, et al. Ceramic-dentin bonding: effect of adhesive systems and light-curing units. Journal of Adhesive Dentistry. 2007;9(1):91-98.
Silva LHd, LIMA Ed, Miranda RBdP, et al. Dental ceramics: a review of new materials and processing methods. Brazilian Oral Research. 2017;31(suppl 1):e58.
Lührs A. Shear bond strength of self-adhesive resins compared to resin cements with etch and rinse adhesives to enamel and dentin in vitro. Clinical Oral İnvestigations. 2010;14:193-199.
Weiser F, Behr M. Self‐adhesive resin cements: a clinical review. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2015;24(2):100-108.
Referanslar
Borges GA, Agarwal P, Miranzi BA, et al. Influence of different ceramics on resin cement Knoop Hardness Number. Operative Dentistry. 2008;33(6):622-628.
Pini NP, Aguiar FHB, Lima DANL, et al. Advances in dental veneers: materials, applications, and techniques. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry. 2012:9-16.
Ivoclar Vivadent A. Scientific documentation IPS e. max® Press. Liechtenstein: Ivoclar Vivadent. 2005.
Denry I, Holloway JA. Ceramics for dental applications: a review. Materials. 2010;3(1):351-368.
McLean JW. The science and art of dental ceramics. The nature of dental ceramics and their clinical use. 1979.
Gracis S, Thompson VP, Ferencz JL, et al. A new classification system for all-ceramic and ceramic-like restorative materials. International Journal of prosthodontics. 2015;28(3):277-287.
Fu L, Engqvist H, Xia W. Glass–ceramics in dentistry: A review. Materials. 2020;13(5):1049.
Honma T, Maeda K, Nakane S, et al. Unique properties and potential of glass-ceramics. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan. 2022;130(8):545-551.
Zanotto ED. Bright future for glass-ceramics. American Ceramics Society Bulletin. 2010;89(8):19-27.
Höland W, Beall GH. Glass-ceramic technology: Wiley Online Library; 2012.
Jiang Y, Zhang C, Xu J, et al. An overview of dental glass–ceramics: From material design to the manufacturing process. International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science. 2024;6(4):e10224.
Turgut S. Optical properties of currently used zirconia‐based esthetic restorations fabricated with different techniques. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2020;32(1):26-33.
Yang C-C, Ding S-J, Lin T-H, et al. Mechanical and optical properties evaluation of rapid sintered dental zirconia. Ceramics International. 2020;46(17):26668-26674.
Cattell MJ, Chadwick TC, Knowles JC, et al. The nucleation and crystallization of fine grained leucite glass-ceramics for dental applications. Dental Materials. 2006;22(10):925-933.
Talibi M, Kaur K, Parmar H. Do you know your ceramics? Part 2: feldspathic ceramics. British dental journal. 2022;232(2):80-83.
Zahnfabrik V. VITABLOCS Mark II CAD/CAM feldspathic ceramic blocks 2026 [Available from: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/.
Sirona D. Dentsply Sirona CAD/CAM & Restorative Materials 2026 [Available from: https://www.dentsplysirona.com/.
GC. Initial LRF Block – High Strength Dental Ceramic Material 2026 [Available from: https://www.gc.dental/global/en/products/indirect-restoratives/initial-lrf-block.
AG IV. IPS Empress CAD: Highly esthetic leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic blocks 2026 [Available from: https://www.ivoclar.com/en_gb/products/digital-processes/ips-empress-cad?
Dental I-A. Rosetta BM leucite glass-ceramic CAD/CAM blocks 2026 [Available from: https://www.interafricadental.com/rosetta-bm/?
Fasbinder DJ. Restorative material options for CAD/CAM restorations. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry. 2002;23(10):911-922.
Kurbad A, Reichel K. Multicolored ceramic blocks as an esthetic solution for anterior restorations. International Journal of Computerized Dentistry. 2006;9(1):69-82.
Babu PJ, Alla RK, Alluri VR, et al. Dental ceramics: Part I–An overview of composition, structure and properties. American Journal of Materials Engineering Technol. 2015;3(1):13-18.
De Almeida B, de Oliveira KF, Caldas RA. Mechanical and optical properties of feldspathic ceramics and lithium disilicate: literature review. Revista Brasileira de Odontologia. 2020;77:e1427.
McLaren EA, LeSage B. Feldspathic veneers: what are their indications. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry. 2011;32(3):44-49.
Arango Santander S, Pelaez Vargas A, Saldarriaga Escobar J, et al. Ceramics for dental restorations-An Introduction. Dyna. 2010;77(163):26-36.
Byeon S-M, Song J-J. Mechanical properties and microstructure of the leucite-reinforced glass-ceramics for dental CAD/CAM. Journal of Dental Hygiene Science. 2018;18(1):42-49.
Torcato LB, Pellizzer EP, Verri FR, et al. Effect of the parafunctional occlusal loading and crown height on stress distribution. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2014;25(6):554-560.
Federizzi L, Gomes ÉA, Báratro SSP, et al. Use of feldspathic porcelain veneers to improve smile harmony: A 3-year follow-up report. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2016;27(6):767-774.
Madhavan S. Methods of strengthening ceramics. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2015;7(10):873.
Mizrahi B. The anterior all-ceramic crown: a rationale for the choice of ceramic and cement. British dental journal. 2008;205(5):251-255.
Zaimoğlu A, Can G. Sabit protezler. Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Yayınları. 2004;24.
Kelly JR, Benetti P. Ceramic materials in dentistry: historical evolution and current practice. Australian dental journal. 2011;56:84-96.
Abu Alhaija ES, Abu AlReesh IA, AlWahadni AM. Factors affecting the shear bond strength of metal and ceramic brackets bonded to different ceramic surfaces. The European Journal of Orthodontics. 2010;32(3):274-280.
Dong J, Luthy H, Wohlwend A, et al. Heat-pressed ceramics: technology and strength. International Journal of prosthodontics. 1992;5(1):9-16.
McLean J. Evolution of dental ceramics in the twentieth century. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2001;85(1):61-66.
Guess PC, Schultheis S, Bonfante EA, et al. All-ceramic systems: laboratory and clinical performance. Dental clinics. 2011;55(2):333-352.
Pentron. Optimum Pressable Ceramic (OPC) dental material 2026 [Available from: https://www.pentron.com/products/indirect/opc.
Ritzberger C, Apel E, Höland W, et al. Properties and clinical application of three types of dental glass-ceramics and ceramics for CAD-CAM technologies. Materials. 2010;3(6):3700-3713.
Attia A, Kern M. Influence of cyclic loading and luting agents on the fracture load of two all-ceramic crown systems. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2004;92(6):551-556.
Willard A, Chu T-MG. The science and application of IPS e. Max dental ceramic. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences. 2018;34(4):238-242.
Stappert CF, Att W, Gerds T, et al. Fracture resistance of different partial-coverage ceramic molar restorations: An in vitro investigation. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2006;137(4):514-522.
Zarone F, Ferrari M, Mangano FG, et al. “Digitally oriented materials”: focus on lithium disilicate ceramics. International Journal of Dentistry. 2016;2016(1):9840594.
Kaur K, Talibi M, Parmar H. Do you know your ceramics? Part 3: lithium disilicate. British dental journal. 2022;232(3):147-150.
Kern M, Sasse M, Wolfart S. Ten-year outcome of three-unit fixed dental prostheses made from monolithic lithium disilicate ceramic. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2012;143(3):234-240.
Gehrt M, Wolfart S, Rafai N, et al. Clinical results of lithium-disilicate crowns after up to 9 years of service. Clinical Oral İnvestigations. 2013;17(1):275-284.
Saint-Jean SJ. Dental glasses and glass-ceramics. Advanced ceramics for dentistry: Elsevier; 2014. p. 255-277.
Höland W, Beall G. Chap. 2: Composition systems for glass-ceramics, Chap. 4: Applications of glass-ceramics. Glass-ceramic technology (1st ed), The American Ceramic Society, Wiley, Westerville. 2002:119-124.
Höland W, Rheinberger V, Apel E, et al. Principles and phenomena of bioengineering with glass-ceramics for dental restoration. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2007;27(2-3):1521-1526.
Schweiger M, Frank M, Rheinberger V, et al. Lithium disilicate glass ceramics dental product. Google Patents; 2002.
Ivoclar Vivadent A. IPS e. max press: scientific documentation. Schaan, Liechtenstein: Ivoclar Vivadent AG. 2011:5-10.
Höland W, Rheinberger V, Schweiger M. Nucleation and crystallization phenomena in glass‐ceramics. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2001;3(10):768-774.
Apholt W, Bindl A, Lüthy H, et al. Flexural strength of Cerec 2 machined and jointed InCeram-Alumina and InCeram-Zirconia bars. Dental Materials. 2001;17(3):260-267.
El Zhawi H, Kaizer MR, Chughtai A, et al. Polymer infiltrated ceramic network structures for resistance to fatigue fracture and wear. Dental Materials. 2016;32(11):1352-1361.
Şener İD, Türker ŞB. Kimyasal Yapılarına Göre Tam Seramik Restorasyonlar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;2009(1):61-67.
Li RWK, Chow TW, Matinlinna JP. Ceramic dental biomaterials and CAD/CAM technology: state of the art. Journal of prosthodontic research. 2014;58(4):208-216.
Della Bona A, Mecholsky Jr JJ, Barrett AA, et al. Characterization of glass-infiltrated alumina-based ceramics. Dental Materials. 2008;24(11):1568-1574.
Kelly JR, Nishimura I, Campbell SD. Ceramics in dentistry: historical roots and current perspectives. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1996;75(1):18-32.
Heffernan MJ. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems. Part II: Core and veneer materials. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2002;88:10-15.
Conrad HJ, Seong W-J, Pesun IJ. Current ceramic materials and systems with clinical recommendations: a systematic review. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2007;98(5):389-404.
Awliya W, Odén A, Yaman P, et al. Shear bond strength of a resin cement to densely sintered high-purity alumina with various surface conditions. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1998;56(1):9-13.
Fradeani M, D'Amelio M, Redemagni M, et al. Five-year follow-up with Procera all-ceramic crowns. Quintessence international. 2005;36(2):105-113.
Wagner W, Chu T. Biaxial flexural strength and indentation fracture toughness of three new dental core ceramics. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1996;76(2):140-144.
Pospiech P. All-ceramic crowns: bonding or cementing? Clinical Oral İnvestigations. 2002;6(4):189-197.
Thompson JY, Stoner BR, Piascik JR, et al. Adhesion/cementation to zirconia and other non-silicate ceramics: where are we now? Dental Materials. 2011;27(1):71-82.
The Academy of Prosthodontics. The glossary of prosthodontic terms: Mosby; 1999.
Sinha I. Adhesive cementation of ceramic restorations: a comprehensive review. INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences. 2023;6(1):28-34.
Alsaeed AY. Bonding CAD/CAM materials with current adhesive systems: An overview. The Saudi dental journal. 2022;34(4):259-269.
Friedman M. A 15-year review of porcelain veneer failure--a clinician's observations. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry. 1998;19(6):625-628, 630, 632 passim; quiz 638.
Cekic I, Ergun G, Lassila LV, et al. Ceramic-dentin bonding: effect of adhesive systems and light-curing units. Journal of Adhesive Dentistry. 2007;9(1):91-98.
Silva LHd, LIMA Ed, Miranda RBdP, et al. Dental ceramics: a review of new materials and processing methods. Brazilian Oral Research. 2017;31(suppl 1):e58.
Lührs A. Shear bond strength of self-adhesive resins compared to resin cements with etch and rinse adhesives to enamel and dentin in vitro. Clinical Oral İnvestigations. 2010;14:193-199.
Weiser F, Behr M. Self‐adhesive resin cements: a clinical review. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2015;24(2):100-108.
