Diş Hekimliğinde Eklemeli Üretim Yöntemleri
Özet
Bu kitap bölümü, diş hekimliğinde eklemeli üretim (3D baskı) yöntemlerinin gelişimini, temel prensiplerini, kullanılan teknolojileri ve klinik uygulamalarını kapsamlı şekilde ele almaktadır. Eklemeli üretim, dijital ortamda oluşturulan verilerin katmanlı olarak işlenmesiyle üç boyutlu yapıların elde edilmesini sağlar ve geleneksel yöntemlere kıyasla daha hızlı, hassas ve kişiye özel çözümler sunar. Ağız içi tarayıcılar, CAD/CAM sistemleri ve görüntüleme tekniklerinin gelişmesiyle birlikte diş hekimliğinde dijital iş akışı yaygınlaşmış, hata oranı azalmış ve hasta konforu artmıştır. Çalışmada, stereolitografi, dijital ışık işleme, toz yatak füzyonu ve malzeme püskürtme gibi farklı üretim teknikleri ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca polimerler, metaller ve seramikler gibi kullanılan materyallerin özellikleri ve klinik kullanım alanları değerlendirilmiştir. Eklemeli üretimin; geçici ve kalıcı restorasyonlar, ortodontik apareyler, cerrahi kılavuzlar ve dental modeller gibi geniş bir uygulama alanı bulunmaktadır. Baskı sonrası işlemler (yıkama, kürleme, polisaj) ürünün biyouyumluluğu ve mekanik özellikleri açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Sonuç olarak eklemeli üretim, diş hekimliğinde zaman ve maliyet avantajı sağlayan, hasta odaklı tedavi yaklaşımını destekleyen ve gelecekte klinik uygulamaların vazgeçilmez bir parçası olacak yenilikçi bir teknolojidir.
This study comprehensively examines additive manufacturing (3D printing) methods in dentistry, including their development, fundamental principles, technologies, and clinical applications. Additive manufacturing enables the production of three-dimensional structures through the layer-by-layer processing of digitally generated data, offering faster, more precise, and patient-specific solutions compared to conventional techniques. With the advancement of intraoral scanners, CAD/CAM systems, and imaging technologies, digital workflows in dentistry have become widespread, reducing errors and improving patient comfort. The chapter details various production techniques such as stereolithography, digital light processing, powder bed fusion, and material jetting. In addition, the properties and clinical applications of materials used, including polymers, metals, and ceramics, are evaluated. Additive manufacturing has a wide range of applications in dentistry, including temporary and permanent restorations, orthodontic appliances, surgical guides, and dental models. Post-processing procedures such as cleaning, curing, and polishing are critical for ensuring the biocompatibility and mechanical performance of the final product. In conclusion, additive manufacturing is an innovative technology that provides time and cost efficiency, supports patient-centered treatment approaches, and is expected to become an indispensable part of future dental practice.
Referanslar
Hack GD, Patzelt SBM. Evaluation of the accuracy of six intraoral scanning devices: An in vitro investigation. ADA Prof Prod Rev. 2015;4:1-5.
2.Zimmermann M, Attin T, Mehl A. In vivo precision of conventional and digital methods for obtaining quadrant dental impressions. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(7):1495-1504.
Hull CV. Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography. U.S. Patent No. 4575330; 1986.
Oliveira G. Accuracy and precision of 3-dimensional printed dental models produced by different additive manufacturing technologies. 2019.
Jaber ST, et al. Evaluation of the fused deposition modeling and the digital light processing techniques in terms of dimensional accuracy of printing dental models used for the fabrication of clear aligners. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2021;7(4):591-600.
Takva Ç, İlerisoy Z. 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Cities and Urban Landscapes; 13-14 Aralık 2024; Girne, KKTC. p.388-411.
Tercanlı H. Diş hekimliği alanında kullanımı. Sağlık ve Bilim Odontoloji-I. 2025. p.95.
Uysal Çamyar F. Seçici lazer ergitme ile üretilen kobalt bazlı alaşımlara elektroforetik biriktirme yöntemi ile hidroksiapatit kaplama işlemleri ve kaplamaların yüzey özelliklerinin incelenmesi [Doktora Tezi]. Manisa: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi; 2025.
Caussin E, Moussally C, Le Goff S, et al. Vat photopolymerization 3D printing in dentistry: A comprehensive review. Materials. 2024;17:950.
Junk S, Bär F. Design guidelines for additive manufacturing using masked stereolithography mSLA. Procedia CIRP. 2023;119:1122-1127.
Aral M, Keskin Y. Diş hekimliğinde 3 boyutlu eklemeli üretim: Derleme. J Int Dent Sci. 2024;10(1):1-11.
Ting-Shu S, Jian S. Intraoral digital impression technique: A review. J Prosthodont. 2015;24(4):313-321.
Martin CB, Chalmers EV, McIntyre GT, Mossey PA. Orthodontic scanners: What's available? J Orthod. 2015;42(2):136-143.
Zimmermann M, Mehl A, Mörmann WH, Reich S. Intraoral scanning systems: A current overview. Int J Comput Dent. 2015;18(2):101-129.
Syrek A, Reich G, Ranftl D, et al. Clinical evaluation of all ceramic crowns fabricated from intraoral digital impressions. J Dent. 2010;38(7):553-559.
Rosted P, Bundgaard M, Fiske J, Pedersen AM. The use of acupuncture in controlling the gag reflex in patients requiring an upper alginate impression: An audit. Br Dent J. 2006;201(11):721-725.
Gerstle TL, et al. A plastic surgery application in evolution: Three-dimensional printing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;133(2):446-451.
Lee JD, et al. Facial scanners in dentistry: An overview. Prosthesis. 2022;4(4):664-678.
Mangano F, Gandolfi A, Luongo G, Logozzo S. Intraoral scanners in dentistry: A review of the current literature. BMC Oral Health. 2017;17:149.
Strub JR, et al. Computer-aided design and fabrication of dental restorations: Current systems and future possibilities. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(9):1289-1296.
Yüksel Y. Diş hekimliğinde dijital dönüşüm ve protetik diş tedavisinde uygulama alanları [Bitirme Tezi]. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi; 2022.
Jain R, et al. CAD-CAM the future of digital dentistry: A review. Ann Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2016;2:33-36.
Baumann F, et al. Influence of slicing tools on quality of 3D printed parts. Comput Aided Des Appl. 2016;13(1):14-31.
Schurig F. Slicing algorithms for 3D-printing. Technische Universität München, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology; 2015.
Mohan Pandey P, Reddy NV, Dhande SG. Slicing procedures in layered manufacturing: A review. Rapid Prototyp J. 2003;9(5):274-288.
Altun S, et al. FFF/FDM yönteminde Taguchi deney tasarımı ile parametre optimizasyonu. Int J 3D Print Technol Digit Ind. 2024;8(2):154-161.
Tong K, Joshi S, Lehtihet EA. Error compensation for fused deposition modeling machine by correcting slice files. Rapid Prototyp J. 2008;14(1):4-14.
Galantucci LM, Lavecchia F, Percoco G. Experimental study aiming to enhance the surface finish of fused deposition modeled parts. CIRP Ann. 2009;58(1):189-192.
Domingo-Espin M, et al. Mechanical property characterization and simulation of fused deposition modeling polycarbonate parts. Mater Des. 2015;83:670-677.
Jiang J, Xu X, Stringer J. Support structures for additive manufacturing: A review. J Manuf Mater Process. 2018;2(4):64.
Tanveer MQ, et al. Effect of infill pattern and infill density on mechanical behaviour of FDM 3D printed parts: A current review. Mater Today Proc. 2022;62:100-108.
ISO/ASTM. ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 Additive manufacturing—General principles—Terminology [İnternet]. International Organization for Standardization; 2021 (15.01.2026 tarihinde ISO/ASTM. ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Cebeci NÖ, Tokmakcıoğlu HH. Protetik diş tedavisinde ekleme yöntemi ile üretim. Sağlık Akademisi Kastamonu. 2018;3(1):66-86.
van Noort R. The future of dental devices is digital. Dent Mater. 2012;28:3-12.
Evans C, Taneva E, Kusnoto B. 3D scanning, imaging, and printing in orthodontics. 2015.
Feilden E, Blanca EG, Giuliani F, et al. Robocasting of structural ceramic parts with hydrogel inks. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2016;36:2525-2533.
Silva NRFA, Witek L, Coelho PG, et al. Additive CAD/CAM process for dental prostheses. J Prosthodont. 2011;20:93-96.
Methani MM, Revilla-León M, Zandinejad A. The potential of additive manufacturing technologies and their processing parameters for fabrication of all-ceramic crowns: A review. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2020;32(2):182-192.
Aral M, Keskin Y. Diş hekimliğinde 3 boyutlu eklemeli üretim: Derleme. J Int Dent Sci. 2024;10(1):1-11.
Hull CW. Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography. U.S. Patent; 1986.
Revilla-León M, Özcan M. Additive manufacturing technologies used for processing polymers: Current status and potential application in prosthetic dentistry. J Prosthodont. 2019;28:146-158.
Javaid MHA. Current status and applications of additive manufacturing in dentistry: A literature-based review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2019;9:179-185.
Petrovic V, et al. Additive layered manufacturing: Sectors of industrial application shown through case studies. Int J Prod Res. 2011;49:1061-1079.
Demiralp E, Doğru G, Yılmaz H. Additive manufacturing methods and applications in dentistry. Clin Exp Health Sci. 2021;11(1):182-190
Singh R, et al. Powder bed fusion process in additive manufacturing: An overview. Mater Today Proc. 2020;26:3058-3070.
Arısoy YM, et al. Influence of scan strategy and process parameters on microstructure of nickel alloy 625 via laser powder bed fusion. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2017.
DebRoy T, et al. Additive manufacturing of metallic components: Process, structure and properties. Prog Mater Sci. 2018.
King W, et al. Overview of modelling and simulation of metal powder bed fusion process. Mater Sci Technol. 2015.
Dawood A, Marti Marti B, Sauret-Jackson V. 3D printing in dentistry. Br Dent J. 2015;219:521-529.
Khorsandi D, et al. 3D and 4D printing in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery: Techniques, materials, and applications. Acta Biomater. 2021;122:26-49.
Chen J, Zhao L, Zhou K. Multi-jet fusion 3D voxel printing of conductive elastomers. Adv Mater. 2022;34:e2205909.
Jeong M, et al. Materials and applications of 3D printing technology in dentistry: An overview. Dentistry Journal. 2023;12(1):1.
Singh R, et al. Powder bed fusion process in additive manufacturing: An overview. Mater Today Proc. 2020;26:3058-3070.
Mostafaei A, et al. Binder jet 3D printing: Process parameters, materials, properties, modeling, and challenges. Prog Mater Sci. 2021;119:100707.
Li J, et al. Multifunctional metal matrix composites fabricated by ultrasonic additive manufacturing. Compos Part B Eng. 2017;113:342-354.
Ngo TD, et al. Additive manufacturing: Materials, methods, applications and challenges. Compos Part B Eng. 2018;143:172-196.
Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B. Directed energy deposition processes. In: Additive Manufacturing Technologies. New York: Springer; 2015.
Demiralp E, Doğru G, Yılmaz H. Additive manufacturing methods and applications in dentistry. Clin Exp Health Sci. 2021;11(1):182-190.
Lin L, et al. 3D printing and digital processing techniques in dentistry: A review. Adv Eng Mater. 2019;21(6):1801013.
Quan C, Han B, Hou Z, Zhang Q, Tian X, Lu T. 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced composite auxetic honeycomb structures. Compos Part B Eng. 2020;187:107858.
Dong Y, Milentis J, Pramanik A. Additive manufacturing. Adv Manuf. 2018;6:71.
Zehnder MS, et al. Application of additive manufacturing in endodontics. Int Endod J. 2016;49:966.
Yahata Y, Masuda Y, Komabayashi T. Additive manufacturing in endodontics. Aust Endod J. 2017;43:123.
Roxner R, Klemendz S, Larsson C. Additive manufacturing in prosthetic dentistry. J Prosthet Dent. 2017;118:95.
Sorrentino R, et al. Additive manufacturing in implant dentistry. J Osseointegr. 2017;9:282.
Zhao L, et al. Additive manufacturing biomaterials applications. Life Sci. 2018;203:66.
Chang Z, et al. Additive manufacturing biomaterials engineering. J Bionic Eng. 2016;13:335.
Hassanpour M, et al. Effects of post-processing parameters on 3D-printed dental appliances: A review. Polymers. 2024;16(19):2795.
Karakurt I, Lin L. 3D printing technologies: Techniques, materials, and post-processing. Curr Opin Chem Eng. 2020;28:134-143.
Piedra-Cascón W, et al. 3D printing parameters and post-processing procedures of vat-polymerization technologies. J Dent. 2021;109:103630.
Lambart AL, et al. Rinsing postprocessing procedure of a 3D-printed orthodontic appliance material. Dent Mater. 2022;38:1344-1353.
Hwangbo NK, Nam NE, Choi JH, Kim JE. Effects of washing time and washing solution on biocompatibility of 3D printed dental resins. Polymers. 2021;13:4410.
Riccio C, et al. Effects of curing on photosensitive resins in SLA additive manufacturing. Appl Mech. 2021;2:942-955.
Hwangbo NK, Nam NE, Choi JH, Kim JE. Effects of washing time and washing solution on biocompatibility of 3D printed dental resins. Polymers. 2021;13:4410.
Lambart AL, et al. Rinsing postprocessing procedure of a 3D printed orthodontic appliance material. Dent Mater. 2022;38:1344-1353.
González G, et al. Materials testing for development of biocompatible devices through vat-polymerization 3D printing. Nanomaterials. 2020;10:1788.
Jang W, et al. Effect of washing condition on fracture strength and degree of conversion of 3D printing resin. Appl Sci. 2021;11:11676.
Katheng A, Kanazawa M, Iwaki M, Minakuchi S. Evaluation of dimensional accuracy and polymerization of stereolithography resin. J Prosthet Dent. 2021;125:695-702.
Dimitrova M, et al. Comparison between conventional PMMA and 3D printed denture base resins. J Compos Sci. 2022;6:87.
Alsandi Q, et al. Evaluation of mechanical and physical properties of polymerized UDMA for DLP 3D printer. Sensors. 2021;21:3331.
Guttridge C, et al. Biocompatible 3D printing resins for medical applications: A review. Ann 3D Print Med. 2022;5:100044.
Soto-Montero J, et al. Color alterations and mechanical properties of 3D printed resins. Dent Mater. 2022;38:1271-1282.
Vichi A, Balestra D, Louca C. Effect of finishing systems on surface roughness of 3D printed dental materials. Appl Sci. 2024;14:7289.
Bollen CML, Lambrechts P, Quirynen M. Comparison of surface roughness of oral materials for plaque retention. Dent Mater. 1997;13:258-269.
Referanslar
Hack GD, Patzelt SBM. Evaluation of the accuracy of six intraoral scanning devices: An in vitro investigation. ADA Prof Prod Rev. 2015;4:1-5.
2.Zimmermann M, Attin T, Mehl A. In vivo precision of conventional and digital methods for obtaining quadrant dental impressions. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(7):1495-1504.
Hull CV. Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography. U.S. Patent No. 4575330; 1986.
Oliveira G. Accuracy and precision of 3-dimensional printed dental models produced by different additive manufacturing technologies. 2019.
Jaber ST, et al. Evaluation of the fused deposition modeling and the digital light processing techniques in terms of dimensional accuracy of printing dental models used for the fabrication of clear aligners. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2021;7(4):591-600.
Takva Ç, İlerisoy Z. 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Cities and Urban Landscapes; 13-14 Aralık 2024; Girne, KKTC. p.388-411.
Tercanlı H. Diş hekimliği alanında kullanımı. Sağlık ve Bilim Odontoloji-I. 2025. p.95.
Uysal Çamyar F. Seçici lazer ergitme ile üretilen kobalt bazlı alaşımlara elektroforetik biriktirme yöntemi ile hidroksiapatit kaplama işlemleri ve kaplamaların yüzey özelliklerinin incelenmesi [Doktora Tezi]. Manisa: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi; 2025.
Caussin E, Moussally C, Le Goff S, et al. Vat photopolymerization 3D printing in dentistry: A comprehensive review. Materials. 2024;17:950.
Junk S, Bär F. Design guidelines for additive manufacturing using masked stereolithography mSLA. Procedia CIRP. 2023;119:1122-1127.
Aral M, Keskin Y. Diş hekimliğinde 3 boyutlu eklemeli üretim: Derleme. J Int Dent Sci. 2024;10(1):1-11.
Ting-Shu S, Jian S. Intraoral digital impression technique: A review. J Prosthodont. 2015;24(4):313-321.
Martin CB, Chalmers EV, McIntyre GT, Mossey PA. Orthodontic scanners: What's available? J Orthod. 2015;42(2):136-143.
Zimmermann M, Mehl A, Mörmann WH, Reich S. Intraoral scanning systems: A current overview. Int J Comput Dent. 2015;18(2):101-129.
Syrek A, Reich G, Ranftl D, et al. Clinical evaluation of all ceramic crowns fabricated from intraoral digital impressions. J Dent. 2010;38(7):553-559.
Rosted P, Bundgaard M, Fiske J, Pedersen AM. The use of acupuncture in controlling the gag reflex in patients requiring an upper alginate impression: An audit. Br Dent J. 2006;201(11):721-725.
Gerstle TL, et al. A plastic surgery application in evolution: Three-dimensional printing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;133(2):446-451.
Lee JD, et al. Facial scanners in dentistry: An overview. Prosthesis. 2022;4(4):664-678.
Mangano F, Gandolfi A, Luongo G, Logozzo S. Intraoral scanners in dentistry: A review of the current literature. BMC Oral Health. 2017;17:149.
Strub JR, et al. Computer-aided design and fabrication of dental restorations: Current systems and future possibilities. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(9):1289-1296.
Yüksel Y. Diş hekimliğinde dijital dönüşüm ve protetik diş tedavisinde uygulama alanları [Bitirme Tezi]. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi; 2022.
Jain R, et al. CAD-CAM the future of digital dentistry: A review. Ann Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2016;2:33-36.
Baumann F, et al. Influence of slicing tools on quality of 3D printed parts. Comput Aided Des Appl. 2016;13(1):14-31.
Schurig F. Slicing algorithms for 3D-printing. Technische Universität München, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology; 2015.
Mohan Pandey P, Reddy NV, Dhande SG. Slicing procedures in layered manufacturing: A review. Rapid Prototyp J. 2003;9(5):274-288.
Altun S, et al. FFF/FDM yönteminde Taguchi deney tasarımı ile parametre optimizasyonu. Int J 3D Print Technol Digit Ind. 2024;8(2):154-161.
Tong K, Joshi S, Lehtihet EA. Error compensation for fused deposition modeling machine by correcting slice files. Rapid Prototyp J. 2008;14(1):4-14.
Galantucci LM, Lavecchia F, Percoco G. Experimental study aiming to enhance the surface finish of fused deposition modeled parts. CIRP Ann. 2009;58(1):189-192.
Domingo-Espin M, et al. Mechanical property characterization and simulation of fused deposition modeling polycarbonate parts. Mater Des. 2015;83:670-677.
Jiang J, Xu X, Stringer J. Support structures for additive manufacturing: A review. J Manuf Mater Process. 2018;2(4):64.
Tanveer MQ, et al. Effect of infill pattern and infill density on mechanical behaviour of FDM 3D printed parts: A current review. Mater Today Proc. 2022;62:100-108.
ISO/ASTM. ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 Additive manufacturing—General principles—Terminology [İnternet]. International Organization for Standardization; 2021 (15.01.2026 tarihinde ISO/ASTM. ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Cebeci NÖ, Tokmakcıoğlu HH. Protetik diş tedavisinde ekleme yöntemi ile üretim. Sağlık Akademisi Kastamonu. 2018;3(1):66-86.
van Noort R. The future of dental devices is digital. Dent Mater. 2012;28:3-12.
Evans C, Taneva E, Kusnoto B. 3D scanning, imaging, and printing in orthodontics. 2015.
Feilden E, Blanca EG, Giuliani F, et al. Robocasting of structural ceramic parts with hydrogel inks. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2016;36:2525-2533.
Silva NRFA, Witek L, Coelho PG, et al. Additive CAD/CAM process for dental prostheses. J Prosthodont. 2011;20:93-96.
Methani MM, Revilla-León M, Zandinejad A. The potential of additive manufacturing technologies and their processing parameters for fabrication of all-ceramic crowns: A review. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2020;32(2):182-192.
Aral M, Keskin Y. Diş hekimliğinde 3 boyutlu eklemeli üretim: Derleme. J Int Dent Sci. 2024;10(1):1-11.
Hull CW. Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography. U.S. Patent; 1986.
Revilla-León M, Özcan M. Additive manufacturing technologies used for processing polymers: Current status and potential application in prosthetic dentistry. J Prosthodont. 2019;28:146-158.
Javaid MHA. Current status and applications of additive manufacturing in dentistry: A literature-based review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2019;9:179-185.
Petrovic V, et al. Additive layered manufacturing: Sectors of industrial application shown through case studies. Int J Prod Res. 2011;49:1061-1079.
Demiralp E, Doğru G, Yılmaz H. Additive manufacturing methods and applications in dentistry. Clin Exp Health Sci. 2021;11(1):182-190
Singh R, et al. Powder bed fusion process in additive manufacturing: An overview. Mater Today Proc. 2020;26:3058-3070.
Arısoy YM, et al. Influence of scan strategy and process parameters on microstructure of nickel alloy 625 via laser powder bed fusion. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2017.
DebRoy T, et al. Additive manufacturing of metallic components: Process, structure and properties. Prog Mater Sci. 2018.
King W, et al. Overview of modelling and simulation of metal powder bed fusion process. Mater Sci Technol. 2015.
Dawood A, Marti Marti B, Sauret-Jackson V. 3D printing in dentistry. Br Dent J. 2015;219:521-529.
Khorsandi D, et al. 3D and 4D printing in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery: Techniques, materials, and applications. Acta Biomater. 2021;122:26-49.
Chen J, Zhao L, Zhou K. Multi-jet fusion 3D voxel printing of conductive elastomers. Adv Mater. 2022;34:e2205909.
Jeong M, et al. Materials and applications of 3D printing technology in dentistry: An overview. Dentistry Journal. 2023;12(1):1.
Singh R, et al. Powder bed fusion process in additive manufacturing: An overview. Mater Today Proc. 2020;26:3058-3070.
Mostafaei A, et al. Binder jet 3D printing: Process parameters, materials, properties, modeling, and challenges. Prog Mater Sci. 2021;119:100707.
Li J, et al. Multifunctional metal matrix composites fabricated by ultrasonic additive manufacturing. Compos Part B Eng. 2017;113:342-354.
Ngo TD, et al. Additive manufacturing: Materials, methods, applications and challenges. Compos Part B Eng. 2018;143:172-196.
Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B. Directed energy deposition processes. In: Additive Manufacturing Technologies. New York: Springer; 2015.
Demiralp E, Doğru G, Yılmaz H. Additive manufacturing methods and applications in dentistry. Clin Exp Health Sci. 2021;11(1):182-190.
Lin L, et al. 3D printing and digital processing techniques in dentistry: A review. Adv Eng Mater. 2019;21(6):1801013.
Quan C, Han B, Hou Z, Zhang Q, Tian X, Lu T. 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced composite auxetic honeycomb structures. Compos Part B Eng. 2020;187:107858.
Dong Y, Milentis J, Pramanik A. Additive manufacturing. Adv Manuf. 2018;6:71.
Zehnder MS, et al. Application of additive manufacturing in endodontics. Int Endod J. 2016;49:966.
Yahata Y, Masuda Y, Komabayashi T. Additive manufacturing in endodontics. Aust Endod J. 2017;43:123.
Roxner R, Klemendz S, Larsson C. Additive manufacturing in prosthetic dentistry. J Prosthet Dent. 2017;118:95.
Sorrentino R, et al. Additive manufacturing in implant dentistry. J Osseointegr. 2017;9:282.
Zhao L, et al. Additive manufacturing biomaterials applications. Life Sci. 2018;203:66.
Chang Z, et al. Additive manufacturing biomaterials engineering. J Bionic Eng. 2016;13:335.
Hassanpour M, et al. Effects of post-processing parameters on 3D-printed dental appliances: A review. Polymers. 2024;16(19):2795.
Karakurt I, Lin L. 3D printing technologies: Techniques, materials, and post-processing. Curr Opin Chem Eng. 2020;28:134-143.
Piedra-Cascón W, et al. 3D printing parameters and post-processing procedures of vat-polymerization technologies. J Dent. 2021;109:103630.
Lambart AL, et al. Rinsing postprocessing procedure of a 3D-printed orthodontic appliance material. Dent Mater. 2022;38:1344-1353.
Hwangbo NK, Nam NE, Choi JH, Kim JE. Effects of washing time and washing solution on biocompatibility of 3D printed dental resins. Polymers. 2021;13:4410.
Riccio C, et al. Effects of curing on photosensitive resins in SLA additive manufacturing. Appl Mech. 2021;2:942-955.
Hwangbo NK, Nam NE, Choi JH, Kim JE. Effects of washing time and washing solution on biocompatibility of 3D printed dental resins. Polymers. 2021;13:4410.
Lambart AL, et al. Rinsing postprocessing procedure of a 3D printed orthodontic appliance material. Dent Mater. 2022;38:1344-1353.
González G, et al. Materials testing for development of biocompatible devices through vat-polymerization 3D printing. Nanomaterials. 2020;10:1788.
Jang W, et al. Effect of washing condition on fracture strength and degree of conversion of 3D printing resin. Appl Sci. 2021;11:11676.
Katheng A, Kanazawa M, Iwaki M, Minakuchi S. Evaluation of dimensional accuracy and polymerization of stereolithography resin. J Prosthet Dent. 2021;125:695-702.
Dimitrova M, et al. Comparison between conventional PMMA and 3D printed denture base resins. J Compos Sci. 2022;6:87.
Alsandi Q, et al. Evaluation of mechanical and physical properties of polymerized UDMA for DLP 3D printer. Sensors. 2021;21:3331.
Guttridge C, et al. Biocompatible 3D printing resins for medical applications: A review. Ann 3D Print Med. 2022;5:100044.
Soto-Montero J, et al. Color alterations and mechanical properties of 3D printed resins. Dent Mater. 2022;38:1271-1282.
Vichi A, Balestra D, Louca C. Effect of finishing systems on surface roughness of 3D printed dental materials. Appl Sci. 2024;14:7289.
Bollen CML, Lambrechts P, Quirynen M. Comparison of surface roughness of oral materials for plaque retention. Dent Mater. 1997;13:258-269.
