Diş Hekimliğinde Renk Kavramı ve Güncel Renk Ölçüm Yöntemleri
Özet
Bu bölüm, diş hekimliğinde renk kavramını fiziksel, algısal ve klinik boyutlarıyla ele alarak güncel renk ölçüm yöntemlerini bütüncül bir çerçevede sunmaktadır. Işık ve renk ilişkisinin temel prensiplerinden başlayarak diş renginin yalnızca tek bir renk koduyla açıklanamayacak kadar karmaşık bir optik yapı olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Bölümde Munsell sistemi, CIE yaklaşımı ve CIELAB renk uzayı gibi temel renk sistemleri açıklanmakta; opaklık, translusensi, metamerizm, floresans, opalesans ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü gibi optik özelliklerin estetik sonuçlara etkisi tartışılmaktadır. Ayrıca görsel renk seçimi ile spektrofotometre, kolorimetre, spektroradyometre ve dijital fotoğrafçılık temelli aletli yöntemler klinik kullanım açısından değerlendirilmektedir. Son olarak aydınlatma, çevresel faktörler, gözlemci değişkenliği ve dişin hidrasyon durumu gibi renk seçimini etkileyen koşullar ele alınarak klinik-laboratuvar iletişiminde daha tutarlı ve öngörülebilir bir renk yönetimi için temel bir rehber sunulmaktadır.
This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the concept of color in dentistry and current approaches to color measurement from physical, perceptual, and clinical perspectives. Beginning with the fundamentals of light and color, it emphasizes that tooth color is a complex optical phenomenon rather than a simple shade code. The chapter explains major color systems, including the Munsell system, the CIE framework, and the CIELAB color space, and discusses how optical properties such as opacity, translucency, metamerism, fluorescence, opalescence, and surface roughness influence esthetic outcomes. It also reviews contemporary shade selection methods, covering both visual assessment and instrument-based techniques such as spectrophotometers, colorimeters, spectroradiometers, and digital photography-based protocols. Finally, the chapter addresses key clinical variables affecting shade selection, including illumination, environmental conditions, observer-related variability, and tooth hydration. By integrating foundational color science with practical clinical considerations, this chapter offers a structured guide for achieving more consistent color communication and more predictable esthetic outcomes in dental practice.
Referanslar
Menini M, Rivolta L, Manauta J, et al. Dental Color-Matching Ability: Comparison between Visual Determination and Technology. Dent J (Basel). 2024;12(9). doi: 10.3390/dj12090284
Hashemikamangar S S, Nahavandi A M, Daryadar M, et al. Effect of glazing and polishing on opalescence and fluorescence of dental ceramics. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2022;8(6):1645-1654. doi: 10.1002/cre2.669
Sliney D H. What is light? The visible spectrum and beyond. Eye. 2016;30(2):222-229. doi: 10.1038/eye.2015.252
Watts D C. Light-curing dental resin-based composites: How it works and how you can make it work. Front Dent Med. 2023;4:1108316. doi: 10.3389/fdmed.2023.1108316
Lee B B. The evolution of concepts of color vision. Neurociencias. 2008;4(4):209-224.
Jouhar R, Ahmed M A, Khurshid Z. An Overview of Shade Selection in Clinical Dentistry. Applied Sciences. 2022;12(14):6841.
Khashayar G, Dozic A, Kleverlaan C J, et al. The influence of varying layer thicknesses on the color predictability of two different composite layering concepts. Dental Materials. 2014;30(5):493-498. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.02.002
Fairman H S, Brill M H, Hemmendinger H. How the CIE 1931 color-matching functions were derived from Wright-Guild data. Color Research & Application. 1997;22(1):11-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6378(199702)22:1<11::AID-COL4>3.0.CO;2-7
Westland S. Review of the CIE system of colorimetry and its use in dentistry. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2003;15 Suppl 1:S5-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8240.2003.tb00313.x
Köroğlu A, Makhloota M, Bal B T. A review of color matching in dentistry. Medical Records. 2021;3(1):44-49.
Sikri V K. Color: Implications in dentistry. J Conserv Dent. 2010;13(4):249-55. doi: 10.4103/0972-0707.73381
Broadbent A D. A critical review of the development of the CIE1931 RGB color-matching functions. Color Research & Application. 2004;29(4):267-272. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/col.20020
Karaarslan E S, Bulbul M, Ertas E, et al. Assessment of changes in color and color parameters of light-cured composite resin after alternative polymerization methods. Eur J Dent. 2013;7(1):110-6.
Lee Y K. Opalescence of human teeth and dental esthetic restorative materials. Dent Mater J. 2016;35(6):845-854. doi: 10.4012/dmj.2016-091
Rashid F, Farook T H, Dudley J. Digital Shade Matching in Dentistry: A Systematic Review. Dent J (Basel). 2023;11(11). doi: 10.3390/dj11110250
Lee Y-K. Criteria for clinical translucency evaluation of direct esthetic restorative materials. Restor Dent Endod. 2016;41(3):159-166. doi: 10.5395/rde.2016.41.3.159
Park K-J, Hwang Y-C, Kim S-H, et al. Metamerism in composite resins under five standard illuminants - D65, A, C, FCW and TL84. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2003;28(5):402-408. doi: 10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.5.402
Corcodel N, Helling S, Rammelsberg P, et al. Metameric effect between natural teeth and the shade tabs of a shade guide. European journal of oral sciences. 2010;118(3):311-316.
Volpato C A M, Pereira M R C, Silva F S. Fluorescence of natural teeth and restorative materials, methods for analysis and quantification: A literature review. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2018;30(5):397-407. doi: 10.1111/jerd.12421
Tabatabaei M H, Nahavandi A M, Khorshidi S, et al. Fluorescence and Opalescence of Two Dental Composite Resins. Eur J Dent. 2019;13(4):527-534. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1696899
Aktu A, Ulusoy N. Effect of Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Aged and Stained Bulk-Fill Resin Composites. Materials. 2024;17(14):3576.
Ghinea R, Ugarte-Alvan L, Yebra A, et al. Influence of surface roughness on the color of dental-resin composites. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2011;12(7):552-62. doi: 10.1631/jzus.B1000374
Alnusayri M O, Sghaireen M G, Mathew M, et al. Shade Selection in Esthetic Dentistry: A Review. Cureus. 2022;14(3):e23331. doi: 10.7759/cureus.23331
Todorov R, Peev T, Zlatev S. Shade guides used in the dental practice. Journal of IMAB–Annual Proceeding Scientific Papers. 2020;26(2):3168-3173.
Zahnfabrik V. VITA classical A1-D4® shade guide [Online] Available from: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/en/VITA-classical-A1-D4-shade-guide-39699%2C27568.html [Accessed: 20-02-2026]
Perou C, Petalas A, Stoupi M, et al. Effectiveness of Lighting Conditions on Shade Matching Accuracy Among Dental Students. Dentistry Journal. 2025;13(3):130.
Diamantopoulou S, Papazoglou E. Coverage Error of Three Shade Guides to Vital Unrestored Maxillary Anterior Teeth in a Greek Population. Applied Sciences. 2026;16(1):393.
Gómez-Polo C, Gómez-Polo M, Quispe López N, et al. 3D Master Toothguide Is Adequate to Subjective Shade Selection? Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(3). doi: 10.3390/medicina58030457
Zahnfabrik V. VITA SYSTEM 3D-MASTER – Precise, systematic tooth shades [Online] Available from: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/VITA_3D-MASTER_en,,256821.html_us [Accessed:
Hein S C. Advancing Visual-Instrumental Agreement in Dental Colorimetry: Development and Validation of Novel Assessment Methodologies: University of Leeds; 2025.
Zahnfabrik V. VITA Easyshade® V Optimum shade determination. Maximum reliability. [Online] Available from: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/en/Shade-determination/Digital-solutions/VITA-Easyshade-V-78900,27568.html [Accessed: 15.02.2026]
KG V Z H R G C. VITA Easyshade® V: Instructions for use. Bad Säckingen, Germany; 2023 2023-06. Contract No.: 10180E_0623_V09.
Llena C, Lozano E, Amengual J, et al. Reliability of Two Color Selection Devices in Matching and Measuring Tooth Color. The journal of contemporary dental practice. 2011;12:19-23. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1004
SPECTROSUPPLY. SpectroShade Micro II Device System [Online] Available from: https://spectrosupply.com/spectroshade-micro-ii-device-system/ [Accessed: 15.02.2026]
Crespo Álvarez P C, Córdova López A K. Variability in tooth color selection by different spectrophotometers: A systematic review. 2023.
Hunter R S. Photoelectric Color Difference Meter*. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 1958;48(12):985-995. doi: 10.1364/josa.48.000985
Sanders C L, Gaw W. A Versatile Spectroradiometer and Its Applications. Applied Optics. 1967;6(10):1639-1647. doi: 10.1364/AO.6.001639
Wee A G, Lindsey D T, Kuo S, et al. Color accuracy of commercial digital cameras for use in dentistry. Dent Mater. 2006;22(6):553-9. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2005.05.011
Soldo M, Illeš D, Ćelić R, et al. Assessment of Color Parameters on Maxillary Right Central Incisors Using Spectrophotometer and RAW Mobile Photos in Different Light Conditions. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2020;54(4):353-362. doi: 10.15644/asc54/4/2
Ozden Y E, Erzincanli A, Bal B, et al. Effectiveness of Calibrated Digital Photography Technique in Dental Shade Analysis. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. 2022;25(3):224-229.
Joiner A. Tooth colour: a review of the literature. J Dent. 2004;32 Suppl 1:3-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2003.10.013
Ahmed Y T, Almutairi F A, Alomran S A, et al. Dehydration Time Effect on Tooth Color Measurement: An In Vitro Study. Eur J Dent. 2022;16(4):895-900. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1741377
Alamé C, Mehanna Zogheib C. The Effect of Dehydration on Tooth Color: A Prospective In Vivo Study. Cureus. 2023;15(11):e48140. doi: 10.7759/cureus.48140
Liberato W, Salgado V, Gallito M, et al. Impact of gray background on tooth color shade matching: a comparison of visual and instrumental methods. Brazilian Dental Science. 2024;27:e4449. doi: 10.4322/bds.2024.e4449
Dumke J A, Fantine L A, Nogueira S, et al. The Effect of Positioning Guide Color on Shade Measurements Using a Clinical Spectrophotometer. Braz Dent J. 2024;35:e245995. doi: 10.1590/0103-6440202405995
Gáspárik C, Tofan A, Culic B, et al. Influence of light source and clinical experience on shade matching. Clujul Med. 2014;87(1):30-3. doi: 10.15386/cjm.2014.8872.871.cg1at2
Liberato W F, de Almeida E N, Gallito M A, et al. Influence of a gray background and the illuminant on tooth shade selection. J Prosthet Dent. 2025;134(4):1290-1295. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.12.005
Referanslar
Menini M, Rivolta L, Manauta J, et al. Dental Color-Matching Ability: Comparison between Visual Determination and Technology. Dent J (Basel). 2024;12(9). doi: 10.3390/dj12090284
Hashemikamangar S S, Nahavandi A M, Daryadar M, et al. Effect of glazing and polishing on opalescence and fluorescence of dental ceramics. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2022;8(6):1645-1654. doi: 10.1002/cre2.669
Sliney D H. What is light? The visible spectrum and beyond. Eye. 2016;30(2):222-229. doi: 10.1038/eye.2015.252
Watts D C. Light-curing dental resin-based composites: How it works and how you can make it work. Front Dent Med. 2023;4:1108316. doi: 10.3389/fdmed.2023.1108316
Lee B B. The evolution of concepts of color vision. Neurociencias. 2008;4(4):209-224.
Jouhar R, Ahmed M A, Khurshid Z. An Overview of Shade Selection in Clinical Dentistry. Applied Sciences. 2022;12(14):6841.
Khashayar G, Dozic A, Kleverlaan C J, et al. The influence of varying layer thicknesses on the color predictability of two different composite layering concepts. Dental Materials. 2014;30(5):493-498. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.02.002
Fairman H S, Brill M H, Hemmendinger H. How the CIE 1931 color-matching functions were derived from Wright-Guild data. Color Research & Application. 1997;22(1):11-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6378(199702)22:1<11::AID-COL4>3.0.CO;2-7
Westland S. Review of the CIE system of colorimetry and its use in dentistry. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2003;15 Suppl 1:S5-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8240.2003.tb00313.x
Köroğlu A, Makhloota M, Bal B T. A review of color matching in dentistry. Medical Records. 2021;3(1):44-49.
Sikri V K. Color: Implications in dentistry. J Conserv Dent. 2010;13(4):249-55. doi: 10.4103/0972-0707.73381
Broadbent A D. A critical review of the development of the CIE1931 RGB color-matching functions. Color Research & Application. 2004;29(4):267-272. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/col.20020
Karaarslan E S, Bulbul M, Ertas E, et al. Assessment of changes in color and color parameters of light-cured composite resin after alternative polymerization methods. Eur J Dent. 2013;7(1):110-6.
Lee Y K. Opalescence of human teeth and dental esthetic restorative materials. Dent Mater J. 2016;35(6):845-854. doi: 10.4012/dmj.2016-091
Rashid F, Farook T H, Dudley J. Digital Shade Matching in Dentistry: A Systematic Review. Dent J (Basel). 2023;11(11). doi: 10.3390/dj11110250
Lee Y-K. Criteria for clinical translucency evaluation of direct esthetic restorative materials. Restor Dent Endod. 2016;41(3):159-166. doi: 10.5395/rde.2016.41.3.159
Park K-J, Hwang Y-C, Kim S-H, et al. Metamerism in composite resins under five standard illuminants - D65, A, C, FCW and TL84. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2003;28(5):402-408. doi: 10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.5.402
Corcodel N, Helling S, Rammelsberg P, et al. Metameric effect between natural teeth and the shade tabs of a shade guide. European journal of oral sciences. 2010;118(3):311-316.
Volpato C A M, Pereira M R C, Silva F S. Fluorescence of natural teeth and restorative materials, methods for analysis and quantification: A literature review. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2018;30(5):397-407. doi: 10.1111/jerd.12421
Tabatabaei M H, Nahavandi A M, Khorshidi S, et al. Fluorescence and Opalescence of Two Dental Composite Resins. Eur J Dent. 2019;13(4):527-534. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1696899
Aktu A, Ulusoy N. Effect of Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Aged and Stained Bulk-Fill Resin Composites. Materials. 2024;17(14):3576.
Ghinea R, Ugarte-Alvan L, Yebra A, et al. Influence of surface roughness on the color of dental-resin composites. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2011;12(7):552-62. doi: 10.1631/jzus.B1000374
Alnusayri M O, Sghaireen M G, Mathew M, et al. Shade Selection in Esthetic Dentistry: A Review. Cureus. 2022;14(3):e23331. doi: 10.7759/cureus.23331
Todorov R, Peev T, Zlatev S. Shade guides used in the dental practice. Journal of IMAB–Annual Proceeding Scientific Papers. 2020;26(2):3168-3173.
Zahnfabrik V. VITA classical A1-D4® shade guide [Online] Available from: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/en/VITA-classical-A1-D4-shade-guide-39699%2C27568.html [Accessed: 20-02-2026]
Perou C, Petalas A, Stoupi M, et al. Effectiveness of Lighting Conditions on Shade Matching Accuracy Among Dental Students. Dentistry Journal. 2025;13(3):130.
Diamantopoulou S, Papazoglou E. Coverage Error of Three Shade Guides to Vital Unrestored Maxillary Anterior Teeth in a Greek Population. Applied Sciences. 2026;16(1):393.
Gómez-Polo C, Gómez-Polo M, Quispe López N, et al. 3D Master Toothguide Is Adequate to Subjective Shade Selection? Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(3). doi: 10.3390/medicina58030457
Zahnfabrik V. VITA SYSTEM 3D-MASTER – Precise, systematic tooth shades [Online] Available from: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/VITA_3D-MASTER_en,,256821.html_us [Accessed:
Hein S C. Advancing Visual-Instrumental Agreement in Dental Colorimetry: Development and Validation of Novel Assessment Methodologies: University of Leeds; 2025.
Zahnfabrik V. VITA Easyshade® V Optimum shade determination. Maximum reliability. [Online] Available from: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/en/Shade-determination/Digital-solutions/VITA-Easyshade-V-78900,27568.html [Accessed: 15.02.2026]
KG V Z H R G C. VITA Easyshade® V: Instructions for use. Bad Säckingen, Germany; 2023 2023-06. Contract No.: 10180E_0623_V09.
Llena C, Lozano E, Amengual J, et al. Reliability of Two Color Selection Devices in Matching and Measuring Tooth Color. The journal of contemporary dental practice. 2011;12:19-23. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1004
SPECTROSUPPLY. SpectroShade Micro II Device System [Online] Available from: https://spectrosupply.com/spectroshade-micro-ii-device-system/ [Accessed: 15.02.2026]
Crespo Álvarez P C, Córdova López A K. Variability in tooth color selection by different spectrophotometers: A systematic review. 2023.
Hunter R S. Photoelectric Color Difference Meter*. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 1958;48(12):985-995. doi: 10.1364/josa.48.000985
Sanders C L, Gaw W. A Versatile Spectroradiometer and Its Applications. Applied Optics. 1967;6(10):1639-1647. doi: 10.1364/AO.6.001639
Wee A G, Lindsey D T, Kuo S, et al. Color accuracy of commercial digital cameras for use in dentistry. Dent Mater. 2006;22(6):553-9. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2005.05.011
Soldo M, Illeš D, Ćelić R, et al. Assessment of Color Parameters on Maxillary Right Central Incisors Using Spectrophotometer and RAW Mobile Photos in Different Light Conditions. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2020;54(4):353-362. doi: 10.15644/asc54/4/2
Ozden Y E, Erzincanli A, Bal B, et al. Effectiveness of Calibrated Digital Photography Technique in Dental Shade Analysis. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. 2022;25(3):224-229.
Joiner A. Tooth colour: a review of the literature. J Dent. 2004;32 Suppl 1:3-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2003.10.013
Ahmed Y T, Almutairi F A, Alomran S A, et al. Dehydration Time Effect on Tooth Color Measurement: An In Vitro Study. Eur J Dent. 2022;16(4):895-900. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1741377
Alamé C, Mehanna Zogheib C. The Effect of Dehydration on Tooth Color: A Prospective In Vivo Study. Cureus. 2023;15(11):e48140. doi: 10.7759/cureus.48140
Liberato W, Salgado V, Gallito M, et al. Impact of gray background on tooth color shade matching: a comparison of visual and instrumental methods. Brazilian Dental Science. 2024;27:e4449. doi: 10.4322/bds.2024.e4449
Dumke J A, Fantine L A, Nogueira S, et al. The Effect of Positioning Guide Color on Shade Measurements Using a Clinical Spectrophotometer. Braz Dent J. 2024;35:e245995. doi: 10.1590/0103-6440202405995
Gáspárik C, Tofan A, Culic B, et al. Influence of light source and clinical experience on shade matching. Clujul Med. 2014;87(1):30-3. doi: 10.15386/cjm.2014.8872.871.cg1at2
Liberato W F, de Almeida E N, Gallito M A, et al. Influence of a gray background and the illuminant on tooth shade selection. J Prosthet Dent. 2025;134(4):1290-1295. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.12.005
