Fotogrametrinin Temel Prensipleri ve Protetik Tedavide Klinik Uygulamaları
Özet
Fotogrametri, nesnelerin geometrik özellikleri ve uzaysal ilişkilerinin fotoğrafik görüntüler aracılığıyla belirlenmesini sağlayan temassız bir ölçüm tekniğidir. Diş hekimliğinde bu teknoloji özellikle implantların üç boyutlu konumlarının yüksek doğrulukla kaydedilmesi amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Protetik diş tedavisinde restorasyonların uzun dönemli başarısını belirleyen önemli faktörlerden biri pasif uyumdur ve implantların doğru konum transferi bu uyumun sağlanmasında kritik rol oynamaktadır. Geleneksel ölçü teknikleri ve intraoral tarayıcı sistemleri implant pozisyonlarının kaydedilmesinde kullanılmakla birlikte, özellikle çok sayıda implant içeren tam ark restorasyonlarda bazı sınırlılıklar gösterebilmektedir. Fotogrametri teknolojisi, implantlara yerleştirilen özel referans işaretleyicilerin farklı açılardan alınan görüntülerinin analiz edilmesi ve üçgenleme algoritmalarıyla işlenmesi sayesinde implantların uzaysal koordinatlarının belirlenmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Elde edilen veriler dijital tasarım yazılımlarına aktarılabilmekte ve implant destekli restorasyonların üretim sürecinde kullanılabilmektedir. Fotogrametri sistemleri günümüzde hem intraoral hem de ekstraoral cihazlar aracılığıyla uygulanabilmekte ve özellikle tam ark implant destekli sabit protezlerin üretiminde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmalar, fotogrametrinin implant konumlarının kaydedilmesinde yüksek doğruluk ve tekrarlanabilirlik sağlayabildiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte uzun dönem klinik sonuçların değerlendirilmesi için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç olduğu bildirilmektedir.
Photogrammetry is a non-contact measurement technique that enables the determination of the geometric characteristics and spatial relationships of objects through photographic images. In dentistry, this technology is primarily used to accurately record the three-dimensional positions of dental implants. Passive fit is one of the key factors determining the long-term success of prosthetic restorations, and the accurate transfer of implant positions plays a critical role in achieving this biomechanical compatibility. Conventional impression techniques and intraoral scanning systems are commonly used to record implant positions; however, these approaches may have certain limitations, particularly in complete-arch restorations involving multiple implants. Photogrammetry technology allows the determination of the spatial coordinates of implants by analyzing images of special reference markers attached to implants and processing these images using triangulation algorithms. The obtained data can be transferred to digital design software and used in the fabrication process of implant-supported restorations. Photogrammetry systems can currently be applied using both intraoral and extraoral devices and are widely used in the production of complete-arch implant-supported fixed prostheses. Studies have shown that photogrammetry provides high accuracy and reproducibility in recording implant positions. Nevertheless, further research is required to evaluate its long-term clinical outcomes.
Referanslar
Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Agustín-Panadero R, Bagán L, Giménez B, Peñarrocha M. Impression of multiple implants using photogrammetry: description of technique and case presentation. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal. 2014;19(4):e366.
Çehreli MC, Akça K. Impression techniques and misfit-induced strains on implant-supported superstructures: an in vitro study. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry. 2006;26(4).
Oyagüe RC, Sánchez-Turrión A, López-Lozano JF, Suárez-García MJ. Vertical discrepancy and microleakage of laser-sintered and vacuum-cast implant-supported structures luted with different cement types. Journal of dentistry. 2012;40(2):123-30.
Bergin JM, Rubenstein JE, Mancl L, Brudvik JS, Raigrodski AJ. An in vitro comparison of photogrammetric and conventional complete-arch implant impression techniques. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2013;110(4):243-51.
Kachalia PR, Geissberger MJ. Dentistry a la carte: in-office CAD/CAM technology. Journal of the California Dental Association. 2010;38(5):323-30.
Jemt T, Rubenstein JE, Carlsson L, Lang BR. Measuring fit at the implant prosthodontic interface. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1996;75(3):314-25.
Rubio Serrano M, Albalat Estela S, Peñarrocha Diago M, Peñarrocha Diago M. Software applied to oral implantology: update. 2008.
Freedman M, Quinn F, O'Sullivan M. Single unit CAD/CAM restorations: a literature review. Journal of the Irish Dental Association. 2007;53(1).
Persson AS, Andersson M, Odén A, Sandborgh-Englund G. Computer aided analysis of digitized dental stone replicas by dental CAD/CAM technology. Dental Materials. 2008;24(8):1123-30.
Örtorp A, Jemt T, Bäck T. Photogrammetry and conventional impressions for recording implant positions: a comparative laboratory study. Clinical implant dentistry and related research. 2005;7(1):43-50.
Peñarrocha-Diago M, Balaguer-Martí JC, Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Balaguer-Martínez JF, Peñarrocha-Diago M, Agustín-Panadero R. A combined digital and stereophotogrammetric technique for rehabilitation with immediate loading of complete-arch, implant-supported prostheses: a randomized controlled pilot clinical trial. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2017;118(5):596-603.
Gómez-Polo M, Gómez-Polo C, Del Río J, Ortega R. Stereophotogrammetric impression making for polyoxymethylene, milled immediate partial fixed dental prostheses. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2018;119(4):506-10.
Yüceer ÖM, Çevik P. Diş Hekimliğinde Fotogrametri: Geleneksel Derleme. Acta Odontologica Turcica. 2026;43(1):33-8.
Stuani VT, Ferreira R, Manfredi GG, Cardoso MV, Sant'Ana AC. Photogrammetry as an alternative for acquiring digital dental models: A proof of concept. Medical hypotheses. 2019;128:43-9.
Rivara F, Lumetti S, Calciolari E, Toffoli A, Forlani G, Manfredi E. Photogrammetric method to measure the discrepancy between clinical and software-designed positions of implants. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2016;115(6):703-11.
Dirnhofer R, Thali M, Vock P, Braun J, Wirth J. 3D surface and body documentation in forensic medicine: 3-D/CAD Photogrammetry merged with 3D radiological scanning. Journal of forensic sciences. 2003;48(6):JFS2003118.
Aroeira RMC, Leal JS, de Melo Pertence AE. New method of scoliosis assessment: preliminary results using computerized photogrammetry. Spine. 2011;36(19):1584-91.
Lie A, Jemt T. Photogrammetric measurements of implant positions. Description of a technique to determine the fit between implants and superstructures. Clinical Oral Implants Research. 1994;5(1):30-6.
Jemt T, Bäck T, Petersson A. Photogrammetry--an alternative to conventional impressions in implant dentistry? A clinical pilot study. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 1999;12(4).
Ma B, Yue X, Sun Y, Peng L, Geng W. Accuracy of photogrammetry, intraoral scanning, and conventional impression techniques for complete-arch implant rehabilitation: an in vitro comparative study. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):636.
Agustín-Panadero R, Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Gomar-Vercher S, Peñarrocha-Diago M. Stereophotogrammetry for Recording the Position of Multiple Implants: Technical Description. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2015;28(6).
Revilla-León M, Att W, Özcan M, Rubenstein J. Comparison of conventional, photogrammetry, and intraoral scanning accuracy of complete-arch implant impression procedures evaluated with a coordinate measuring machine. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2021;125(3):470-8.
Pradíes G, Ferreiroa A, Özcan M, Giménez B, Martínez-Rus F. Using stereophotogrammetric technology for obtaining intraoral digital impressions of implants. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2014;145(4):338-44.
Bratos M, Bergin JM, Rubenstein JE, Sorensen JA. Effect of simulated intraoral variables on the accuracy of a photogrammetric imaging technique for complete-arch implant prostheses. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2018;120(2):232-41.
Albayrak B, Sukotjo C, Wee AG, Korkmaz İH, Bayındır F. Three‐dimensional accuracy of conventional versus digital complete arch implant impressions. Journal of Prosthodontics.
Bohner L, Gamba DD, Hanisch M, Marcio BS, Neto PT, Laganá DC, et al. Accuracy of digital technologies for the scanning of facial, skeletal, and intraoral tissues: A systematic review. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2019;121(2):246-51.
Mizumoto RM, Yilmaz B. Intraoral scan bodies in implant dentistry: A systematic review. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2018;120(3):343-52.
Badur S, Sarıdağ S. Tam-Ark İmplant-Destekli Sabit Protezlerde Fotogrametri Tekniğinin Değerlendirilmesi. Dental and Medical Journal-Review. 2022;4(2):90-102.
Paratelli A, Vania S, Gómez-Polo C, Ortega R, Revilla-León M, Gómez-Polo M. Techniques to improve the accuracy of complete arch implant intraoral digital scans: A systematic review. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2023;129(6):844-54.
Negreiros WM, Akhondi S, Quiles HK, Hamilton A. Photogrammetry in Implant Dentistry. Australian Dental Journal. 2025;70:S15-S24.
Sánchez-Monescillo A, Sánchez-Turrión A, Vellon-Domarco E, Salinas-Goodier C, Prados-Frutos JC. Photogrammetry impression technique: a case history report. The International journal of prosthodontics. 2016;29(1):71-3.
Peñarrocha‐Oltra D, Agustín‐Panadero R, Pradíes G, Gomar‐Vercher S, Peñarrocha‐Diago M. Maxillary full‐arch immediately loaded implant‐supported fixed prosthesis designed and produced by photogrammetry and digital printing: a clinical report. Journal of Prosthodontics on Complex Restorations. 2016:241-9.
Tallarico M, Caneva M, Baldini N, Gatti F, Duvina M, Billi M, et al. Patient-centered rehabilitation of single, partial, and complete edentulism with cemented-or screw-retained fixed dental prosthesis: The First Osstem Advanced Dental Implant Research and Education Center Consensus Conference 2017. European journal of dentistry. 2018;12(04):617-26.
Hamilton A, Griseto N, Negreiros WM, Gallucci GO. Digital articulation of a complete arch fixed implant prosthesis using the implant prosthetic connections: A dental technique. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2024;131(5):793-9.
Bedrossian EA, Papaspyridakos P, Bedrossian E, Gurries C. The Reverse Scan Body Protocol: Completing the Digital Workfl ow. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry (15488578). 2023;44(7).
Gómez‐Polo M, Barmak AB, Ortega R, Rutkunas V, Kois JC, Revilla‐León M. Accuracy, scanning time, and patient satisfaction of stereophotogrammetry systems for acquiring 3D dental implant positions: a systematic review. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2023;32(S2):208-24.
Hussein MO. Photogrammetry technology in implant dentistry: A systematic review. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2023;130(3):318-26.
Deli R, Di Gioia E, Galantucci LM, Percoco G. Accurate facial morphologic measurements using a 3-camera photogrammetric method. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2011;22(1):54-9.
Liu C, Artopoulos A. Validation of a low-cost portable 3-dimensional face scanner. Imaging science in dentistry. 2019;49(1):35-43.
Zotti F, Rosolin L, Bersani M, Poscolere A, Pappalardo D, Zerman N. Digital dental models: is photogrammetry an alternative to dental extraoral and intraoral scanners? Dentistry Journal. 2022;10(2):24.
Sallorenzo A, Gómez-Polo M. Comparative study of the accuracy of an implant intraoral scanner and that of a conventional intraoral scanner for complete-arch fixed dental prostheses. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2022;128(5):1009-16.
Pinto RJ, Casado SA, Chmielewski K, Caramês JM, Marques DS. Accuracy of different digital acquisition methods in complete arch implant-supported prostheses: An in vitro study. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2024;132(1):172-7.
Referanslar
Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Agustín-Panadero R, Bagán L, Giménez B, Peñarrocha M. Impression of multiple implants using photogrammetry: description of technique and case presentation. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal. 2014;19(4):e366.
Çehreli MC, Akça K. Impression techniques and misfit-induced strains on implant-supported superstructures: an in vitro study. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry. 2006;26(4).
Oyagüe RC, Sánchez-Turrión A, López-Lozano JF, Suárez-García MJ. Vertical discrepancy and microleakage of laser-sintered and vacuum-cast implant-supported structures luted with different cement types. Journal of dentistry. 2012;40(2):123-30.
Bergin JM, Rubenstein JE, Mancl L, Brudvik JS, Raigrodski AJ. An in vitro comparison of photogrammetric and conventional complete-arch implant impression techniques. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2013;110(4):243-51.
Kachalia PR, Geissberger MJ. Dentistry a la carte: in-office CAD/CAM technology. Journal of the California Dental Association. 2010;38(5):323-30.
Jemt T, Rubenstein JE, Carlsson L, Lang BR. Measuring fit at the implant prosthodontic interface. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1996;75(3):314-25.
Rubio Serrano M, Albalat Estela S, Peñarrocha Diago M, Peñarrocha Diago M. Software applied to oral implantology: update. 2008.
Freedman M, Quinn F, O'Sullivan M. Single unit CAD/CAM restorations: a literature review. Journal of the Irish Dental Association. 2007;53(1).
Persson AS, Andersson M, Odén A, Sandborgh-Englund G. Computer aided analysis of digitized dental stone replicas by dental CAD/CAM technology. Dental Materials. 2008;24(8):1123-30.
Örtorp A, Jemt T, Bäck T. Photogrammetry and conventional impressions for recording implant positions: a comparative laboratory study. Clinical implant dentistry and related research. 2005;7(1):43-50.
Peñarrocha-Diago M, Balaguer-Martí JC, Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Balaguer-Martínez JF, Peñarrocha-Diago M, Agustín-Panadero R. A combined digital and stereophotogrammetric technique for rehabilitation with immediate loading of complete-arch, implant-supported prostheses: a randomized controlled pilot clinical trial. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2017;118(5):596-603.
Gómez-Polo M, Gómez-Polo C, Del Río J, Ortega R. Stereophotogrammetric impression making for polyoxymethylene, milled immediate partial fixed dental prostheses. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2018;119(4):506-10.
Yüceer ÖM, Çevik P. Diş Hekimliğinde Fotogrametri: Geleneksel Derleme. Acta Odontologica Turcica. 2026;43(1):33-8.
Stuani VT, Ferreira R, Manfredi GG, Cardoso MV, Sant'Ana AC. Photogrammetry as an alternative for acquiring digital dental models: A proof of concept. Medical hypotheses. 2019;128:43-9.
Rivara F, Lumetti S, Calciolari E, Toffoli A, Forlani G, Manfredi E. Photogrammetric method to measure the discrepancy between clinical and software-designed positions of implants. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2016;115(6):703-11.
Dirnhofer R, Thali M, Vock P, Braun J, Wirth J. 3D surface and body documentation in forensic medicine: 3-D/CAD Photogrammetry merged with 3D radiological scanning. Journal of forensic sciences. 2003;48(6):JFS2003118.
Aroeira RMC, Leal JS, de Melo Pertence AE. New method of scoliosis assessment: preliminary results using computerized photogrammetry. Spine. 2011;36(19):1584-91.
Lie A, Jemt T. Photogrammetric measurements of implant positions. Description of a technique to determine the fit between implants and superstructures. Clinical Oral Implants Research. 1994;5(1):30-6.
Jemt T, Bäck T, Petersson A. Photogrammetry--an alternative to conventional impressions in implant dentistry? A clinical pilot study. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 1999;12(4).
Ma B, Yue X, Sun Y, Peng L, Geng W. Accuracy of photogrammetry, intraoral scanning, and conventional impression techniques for complete-arch implant rehabilitation: an in vitro comparative study. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):636.
Agustín-Panadero R, Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Gomar-Vercher S, Peñarrocha-Diago M. Stereophotogrammetry for Recording the Position of Multiple Implants: Technical Description. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2015;28(6).
Revilla-León M, Att W, Özcan M, Rubenstein J. Comparison of conventional, photogrammetry, and intraoral scanning accuracy of complete-arch implant impression procedures evaluated with a coordinate measuring machine. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2021;125(3):470-8.
Pradíes G, Ferreiroa A, Özcan M, Giménez B, Martínez-Rus F. Using stereophotogrammetric technology for obtaining intraoral digital impressions of implants. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2014;145(4):338-44.
Bratos M, Bergin JM, Rubenstein JE, Sorensen JA. Effect of simulated intraoral variables on the accuracy of a photogrammetric imaging technique for complete-arch implant prostheses. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2018;120(2):232-41.
Albayrak B, Sukotjo C, Wee AG, Korkmaz İH, Bayındır F. Three‐dimensional accuracy of conventional versus digital complete arch implant impressions. Journal of Prosthodontics.
Bohner L, Gamba DD, Hanisch M, Marcio BS, Neto PT, Laganá DC, et al. Accuracy of digital technologies for the scanning of facial, skeletal, and intraoral tissues: A systematic review. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2019;121(2):246-51.
Mizumoto RM, Yilmaz B. Intraoral scan bodies in implant dentistry: A systematic review. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2018;120(3):343-52.
Badur S, Sarıdağ S. Tam-Ark İmplant-Destekli Sabit Protezlerde Fotogrametri Tekniğinin Değerlendirilmesi. Dental and Medical Journal-Review. 2022;4(2):90-102.
Paratelli A, Vania S, Gómez-Polo C, Ortega R, Revilla-León M, Gómez-Polo M. Techniques to improve the accuracy of complete arch implant intraoral digital scans: A systematic review. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2023;129(6):844-54.
Negreiros WM, Akhondi S, Quiles HK, Hamilton A. Photogrammetry in Implant Dentistry. Australian Dental Journal. 2025;70:S15-S24.
Sánchez-Monescillo A, Sánchez-Turrión A, Vellon-Domarco E, Salinas-Goodier C, Prados-Frutos JC. Photogrammetry impression technique: a case history report. The International journal of prosthodontics. 2016;29(1):71-3.
Peñarrocha‐Oltra D, Agustín‐Panadero R, Pradíes G, Gomar‐Vercher S, Peñarrocha‐Diago M. Maxillary full‐arch immediately loaded implant‐supported fixed prosthesis designed and produced by photogrammetry and digital printing: a clinical report. Journal of Prosthodontics on Complex Restorations. 2016:241-9.
Tallarico M, Caneva M, Baldini N, Gatti F, Duvina M, Billi M, et al. Patient-centered rehabilitation of single, partial, and complete edentulism with cemented-or screw-retained fixed dental prosthesis: The First Osstem Advanced Dental Implant Research and Education Center Consensus Conference 2017. European journal of dentistry. 2018;12(04):617-26.
Hamilton A, Griseto N, Negreiros WM, Gallucci GO. Digital articulation of a complete arch fixed implant prosthesis using the implant prosthetic connections: A dental technique. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2024;131(5):793-9.
Bedrossian EA, Papaspyridakos P, Bedrossian E, Gurries C. The Reverse Scan Body Protocol: Completing the Digital Workfl ow. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry (15488578). 2023;44(7).
Gómez‐Polo M, Barmak AB, Ortega R, Rutkunas V, Kois JC, Revilla‐León M. Accuracy, scanning time, and patient satisfaction of stereophotogrammetry systems for acquiring 3D dental implant positions: a systematic review. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2023;32(S2):208-24.
Hussein MO. Photogrammetry technology in implant dentistry: A systematic review. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2023;130(3):318-26.
Deli R, Di Gioia E, Galantucci LM, Percoco G. Accurate facial morphologic measurements using a 3-camera photogrammetric method. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2011;22(1):54-9.
Liu C, Artopoulos A. Validation of a low-cost portable 3-dimensional face scanner. Imaging science in dentistry. 2019;49(1):35-43.
Zotti F, Rosolin L, Bersani M, Poscolere A, Pappalardo D, Zerman N. Digital dental models: is photogrammetry an alternative to dental extraoral and intraoral scanners? Dentistry Journal. 2022;10(2):24.
Sallorenzo A, Gómez-Polo M. Comparative study of the accuracy of an implant intraoral scanner and that of a conventional intraoral scanner for complete-arch fixed dental prostheses. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2022;128(5):1009-16.
Pinto RJ, Casado SA, Chmielewski K, Caramês JM, Marques DS. Accuracy of different digital acquisition methods in complete arch implant-supported prostheses: An in vitro study. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2024;132(1):172-7.
