Adli Diş Hekimliğinde Protetik Diş Tedavisinin Rolü: Dental Kimliklendirmede Konvansiyonel ve Dijital Yaklaşımlar
Özet
Adli diş hekimliği, bireylerin kimliklendirilmesinde diş ve oral yapıların benzersiz özelliklerinden yararlanan önemli bir bilim dalıdır. Dişlerin yüksek ısıya, travmaya ve çevresel etkilere karşı dirençli olması, onları özellikle kitlesel afetler ve kimliği belirsiz olguların tanımlanmasında değerli biyolojik kanıtlar hâline getirmektedir. Bu bölümde, protetik diş tedavisinin adli kimliklendirme süreçlerindeki rolü konvansiyonel ve dijital yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Protetik restorasyonlar, implant sistemleri ve protez işaretleme yöntemleri bireye özgü morfolojik ve teknik özellikler taşıyarak kimliklendirme sürecine önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca intraoral tarayıcılar, üç boyutlu modelleme teknikleri ve ileri görüntüleme yöntemleri gibi dijital teknolojiler, dental kayıtların daha nesnel ve arşivlenebilir biçimde değerlendirilmesine olanak tanımaktadır. Yapay zekâ temelli analizler ve dijital veri tabanları ise kimliklendirme süreçlerinin hızını ve doğruluğunu artırma potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Bu bilgiler doğrultusunda protetik diş tedavisi, geleneksel yöntemlerden dijital sistemlere uzanan geniş bir perspektifte adli kimliklendirme çalışmalarına önemli katkılar sunmaktadır.
Forensic odontology plays a crucial role in human identification by utilizing the unique anatomical characteristics of teeth and oral structures. Due to their high resistance to heat, trauma, and postmortem degradation, dental tissues often remain preserved even in extreme conditions, making them valuable biological evidence in forensic investigations, particularly in mass disaster scenarios and unidentified remains. This chapter examines the role of prosthodontic treatments in forensic identification within the framework of both conventional and emerging digital approaches. Prosthetic restorations, implant systems, and denture marking techniques may provide individualizing morphological and technical characteristics that support the identification process. In addition, recent advances in digital dentistry—such as intraoral scanning, three-dimensional modeling, and advanced imaging technologies—have enabled dental records to be documented, archived, and analyzed with greater precision and objectivity. Artificial intelligence–based analytical systems and digital databases further enhance the speed and accuracy of identification procedures. Within this context, prosthodontics contributes significantly to forensic identification by integrating traditional dental records with modern digital technologies and analytical methods.
Referanslar
Cordner SM, Ranson DL. Forensic medicine. Grim new role for forensic pathologist. Lancet. 1997;350(3):SIII6.
Karadede Mİ, Hancı İH.. Adli Diş Hekimliği. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitabevleri; 2025.
Amoedo O. L’art Dentaire en Medecine legale. Paris: Editeurs Libraires de l’Academie de Medecine; 1898.
Clark D. Practical Forensic Odontology. London: Butterworth Heinemann; 1992.
Cattaneo C, De Angelis D, Grandi M. Mass disasters in Forensic anthropology and Medicine. New York: Humana Press; 2006.
International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL). INTERPOL DVI Guide Review. Disaster Victim Identification Guide. Lyon; 2018.
Bowers CM. Forensic dental evidence an investigator’s handbook. Elsevier Academic Press; 2006.
Pretty IA, Sweet D. A look at forensic dentistry – Part 1. Br Dent J. 2001;190:359–366.
Keiser-Nielsen S. Forensic odontology. Int Dent J. 1968;18:668–683.
Sweet D. Why a dentist for identification? Dent Clin North Am. 2001;45:237–251.
Flint DJ, Dove SB, Brumit PC, White M, Senn DR. Computer-aided dental identification. J Forensic Sci. 2009;54:177–184.
Forrest AS. Collection and recording of radiological information for forensic purposes. Aust Dent J. 2012;57:24–32.
Thomas T, Muruppel AM, Dinesh N, Gladstone S, George N. Denture in forensic identification. J Adv Med Dent Sci. 2014;2:85–94.
Berketta JW, Hirsch RS, Higgins D, James H. Radiographic recognition of dental implants. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55:66–70.
De Valck E. De tandarts als lid van het DVI team. Belg Tijdschr voor tandheelkunde. 2005;3:171–188.
Beauthier JP, De Valck E, Lefevre P, De Winne J. Mass Disaster Victim Identification. Open Forensic Sci J. 2009;2:54–62.
Leditschke J, Collett S, Ellen R. Mortuary operations after bushfires. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;205:8–14.
Matsuda S, Yoshimura H, Yoshida H. Usefulness of CT image processing by OsiriX. BioMed Res Int. 2017;2017:3104018.
Smitha T. Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Odontology. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2023;13:1–2.
Vodanović M, Subašić M, Milošević DP, Galić I, Brkić H. Artificial intelligence in forensic medicine and dentistry. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2023;41:30–41.
Wood RE. Forensic aspects of maxillofacial radiology. Forensic Sci Int. 2006;159:S47–S55.
Goldstein M, Sweet DJ, Wood RE. Specimen positioning device. J Forensic Sci. 1998;43:185–189.
Tedeschi-Oliveira SV, Melani RF, de Almeida NH, de Paiva LA. Facial soft tissue thickness. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;193:127.e1–127.e7.
Meundi MA, David CM. CBCT in facial soft tissue thickness. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019;23:114–121.
Boyacioglu H, van der Stelt P, Kamburoglu K, Goksuluk D, Avcu N. Frontal sinus and gender. Rom J Leg Med. 2020;28:288–293.
Cameriere R, Ferrante L, Belcastro MG, Bonfiglioli B, Rastelli E, Cingolani M. Age estimation by pulp/tooth ratio. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52:1151–1155.
Cameriere R, Cunha E, Wasterlain SN, De Luca S, Sassaroli E, Pagliara F, Nuzzolese E, Cingolani M, Ferrante L. Age estimation by pulp/tooth ratio. J Forensic Leg Med. 2013;20:530–536.
Rai S, Misra D, Misra A, Kalita P, Krishna A. Forensic outlook of maxillofacial radiology. Univ J Dent Sci. 2022;8.
De Donno A, Angrisani C, Mele F, Introna F, Santoro V. Dental age estimation review. Med Sci Law. 2021;61:125–129.
Gulsahi A, Kulah CK, Bakirarar B, Gulen O, Kamburoglu K. Age estimation on CBCT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2018;47:20170239.
Polat Y, Çelenk S. Age estimation with CBCT and panoramic. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2024;48:149–162.
Dogan OB, Boyacioglu H, Goksuluk D. Machine learning in dental age classification. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2024;53:67–73.
Kharoshah MA, Almadani O, Ghaleb SS, Zaki MK, Fattah YA. Sexual dimorphism of the mandible. J Forensic Leg Med. 2010;17:213–215.
Tanner JM. Growth and maturation during adolescence. Nutr Rev. 1981;39:43–55.
Cameriere R, Ferrante L, de Angelis D, Scarpino F, Galli F. Open apices vs Demirjian. Int J Leg Med. 2008;122:493–497.
Santoro V, Lozito P, Mastrorocco N, Introna F. Third molar root development. J Forensic Sci. 2008;53:904–909.
Introna F, Santoro V, De Donno A, Belviso M. Third molar maturity. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2008;29:55–61.
Solheim T. Dental age estimation in adults. Forensic Sci Int. 1993;59:137–147.
Kvaal S, Solheim T. Non-destructive dental age estimation. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 1994;12:6–11.
Arany S, Ohtani S, Yoshioka N, Gonmori K. Aspartic acid racemization. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;141:127–130.
Helfman PM, Bada JL. Aspartic acid racemisation. Nature. 1976;262:279–281.
Ohtani S, Ito R, Yamamoto T. D/L aspartic acid ratios. Int J Legal Med. 2003;117:149–152.
Spalding KL, Buchholz BA, Bergman LE, Druid H, Frisén J. Age written in teeth. Nature. 2005;437:333–334.
Alkass K, Buchholz BA, Druid H, Spalding KL. 14C and 13C in teeth. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;209:34–41.
Alkass K, Saitoh H, Buchholz BA, Bernard S, Holmlund G, Senn DR. Radiocarbon and DNA in teeth. PLoS One. 2013;8:e69597.
Bathala, Lakshmana Rao; Rachuri, Narendra Kumar; Rayapati, Srinivas Rao; Kondaka, Sudheer. Prosthodontics an “arsenal” in forensic dentistry. Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 8(3):p 173-177, Sep–Dec 2016. | DOI: 10.4103/0975-1475.195102
Borrman HI, DiZinno JA, Wasén J, René N. On denture marking. J Forensic Odontostomatol 1999;17:20 6.
Seals RR Jr., Dianna JS. Hospital dentistry: The importance of denture identification. Spec Care Dentist 1985;5:164 68.
Stavrianos CH, Petalotis N, Metska M, Stavrianou I, Papadopoulos CH. The value of identification marking on dentures. Balk J Stom 2007;11:212 16.
Simon B, Aschheim K, Vag J. Cinsiyet ayrımı ve insan kimliği tespiti için damak geometrik analizinin ayırt edici potansiyeli. J Forensic Sci. 2022;67(6):2334–42.
Thali MJ, Braun M, Markwalder TH, Brueschweiler W, Zollinger U, Malik NJ, Yen K, Dirnhofer R. 3D/CAD bite mark. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;135:115–121.
Di Palma A, Bianchi I, Focardi M, Cioffi C, Bonetti SS, Dalessandri D. Digital scans vs resin casts. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2024;42:76–86.
Johnson A, Jani G, Carew R, Pandey A. Accuracy of 3D printed teeth. Forensic Sci Int. 2021;328:111044.
Queiroz-Fontes R, Ribeiro P, Nunes T, Nogueira A, Marques J, Corte-Real A. 3D printing and CBCT reproducibility. J Forensic Leg Med. 2024;106:102719.
Putrino, A.; Bruti, V.; Enrico, M.; Costantino, C.; Ersilia, B.; Gabriella, G. Intraoral Scanners in Personal Identification of Corpses: Usefulness and Reliability of 3D Technologies in Modern Forensic Dentistry. Open Dent. J. 2020, 14, 255–266.
Bae, E.J.; Woo, E.J. Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation on the Accuracy of Three Intraoral Scanners for Human Identification in Forensic Odontology. Anat. Cell Biol. 2022, 55, 72–78.
Nigliaccio, S.; Fontana, D.A.; Di Vita, E.; Piraino, M.; Messina, P.; Argo, A.; Zerbo, S.; Albano, D.; Cumbo, E.; Scardina, G.A. Post-Mortem Animal Bite Mark Analysis Reimagined: A Pilot Study Evaluating the Use of an Intraoral Scanner and Photogrammetry for Forensic 3D Documentation. Forensic Sci. 2025, 5, 39.
Santhosh Kumar, S.; Chacko, R.; Kaur, A.; Ibrahim, G.; Ye, D. A Systematic Review of the Use of Intraoral Scanning for Human Identification Based on Palatal Morphology. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 531.
Joseph TI, Girish KL, Sathyan P, Kiran MS, Vidya S. Virtopsy. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2017;9:111–114.
Reddy BNK, Swetha P, Manyam R, Supriya AN. Dental radiography in forensic odontology. Oral Maxillofacial Pathology J. 2022;13:124–127.
Adamu LH, Taura MG. Lip prints. J Biomed Sci. 2016;1:78–87.
Bansal AK, Doshi S, Bansal P, Patel R, Barai PH. Cheiloscopy. Indian J Med Forensic Med Toxicol. 2019;13:35–39.
Alzapur A, Nagothu RS, Nalluri HB. Lip prints uniqueness. Indian J Clin Anat Physiol. 2017;4:68–70.
Franco A, Thevissen P, Fieuws S, Souza PHC, Willems G. Willems model in Brazilian children. Forensic Sci Int. 2013;231:1–4.
Basman RS, Achmad RT, Utari DR, Harya Bima TRA, Auerkari EI. Palatal rugae and sex. J Int Dent Med Res. 2019;12:1433–1435.
Jain A, Chowdhary R. Palatal rugae in forensic odontology. J Investig Clin Dent. 2014;5:171–178.
Johnson A. A Morphological Study of Tongue and its Role in Forensics Odontology. Journal of Forensic Science & Criminal Investigation. 2018; doi:10.19080/JFSCI.2018.07.555723
Baliga M. Artificial intelligence in pediatric dentistry. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent.
Chávez EM, Kossioni A, Fukai K. Policies supporting oral health in ageing populations. Int Dent J. 2022;72:S27–S38.
Alafer F. Emerging Imaging Technologies in Forensic Medicine. Diagnostics. 2025;15:1410.
Borbola D, Berkei G, Simon B, Romanszky L, Sersli G, DeFee M, Renne W, Mangano F, Vag J. Ağız içi tarayıcının doğruluğunun değerlendirilmesinde beş masaüstü tarayıcı ve bir endüstriyel tarayıcının in vitro karşılaştırması. J Dent. 2023;129:104391.
Vitai V, Nemeth A, Solyom E, Czumbel LM, Szabo B, Fazekas R, Gerber G, Hegyi P, Hermann P, Borbely J. Tam ark taraması için intraoral tarayıcıların doğruluğunun değerlendirilmesi: sistematik bir inceleme ve ağ meta-analizi. J Dent. 2023;137:104636.
Ramspek CL, Jager KJ, Dekker FW, Zoccali C, van Diepen M. Prognostik modellerin dış doğrulaması: ne, neden, nasıl, ne zaman ve nerede? Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(1):49–58.
Ho SY, Phua K, Wong L, Bin Goh WW. Öğrenilen Modelin Yorumlanabilirliği ve Genelleştirilebilirliğini Kontrol Etmek İçin Harici Doğrulamanın Uzantıları. Patterns (NY). 2020;1(8):100129.
Petju M, Suteerayongprasert A, Thongpud R, Hassiri K. Tayland'daki Hint Okyanusu tsunamisi felaketinin ardından mağdurların kimlik tespiti için diş kayıtlarının önemi. Public Health. 2007;121(4):251–7.
Morgan OW, Sribanditmongkol P, Perera C, Sulasmi Y, Van Alphen D, Sondorp E. Güney Asya tsunamisi felaketinin ardından kitlesel ölümlerin yönetimi: Tayland, Endonezya ve Sri Lanka'daki vaka çalışmaları. PLoS Med. 2006;3(6):e195.
Referanslar
Cordner SM, Ranson DL. Forensic medicine. Grim new role for forensic pathologist. Lancet. 1997;350(3):SIII6.
Karadede Mİ, Hancı İH.. Adli Diş Hekimliği. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitabevleri; 2025.
Amoedo O. L’art Dentaire en Medecine legale. Paris: Editeurs Libraires de l’Academie de Medecine; 1898.
Clark D. Practical Forensic Odontology. London: Butterworth Heinemann; 1992.
Cattaneo C, De Angelis D, Grandi M. Mass disasters in Forensic anthropology and Medicine. New York: Humana Press; 2006.
International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL). INTERPOL DVI Guide Review. Disaster Victim Identification Guide. Lyon; 2018.
Bowers CM. Forensic dental evidence an investigator’s handbook. Elsevier Academic Press; 2006.
Pretty IA, Sweet D. A look at forensic dentistry – Part 1. Br Dent J. 2001;190:359–366.
Keiser-Nielsen S. Forensic odontology. Int Dent J. 1968;18:668–683.
Sweet D. Why a dentist for identification? Dent Clin North Am. 2001;45:237–251.
Flint DJ, Dove SB, Brumit PC, White M, Senn DR. Computer-aided dental identification. J Forensic Sci. 2009;54:177–184.
Forrest AS. Collection and recording of radiological information for forensic purposes. Aust Dent J. 2012;57:24–32.
Thomas T, Muruppel AM, Dinesh N, Gladstone S, George N. Denture in forensic identification. J Adv Med Dent Sci. 2014;2:85–94.
Berketta JW, Hirsch RS, Higgins D, James H. Radiographic recognition of dental implants. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55:66–70.
De Valck E. De tandarts als lid van het DVI team. Belg Tijdschr voor tandheelkunde. 2005;3:171–188.
Beauthier JP, De Valck E, Lefevre P, De Winne J. Mass Disaster Victim Identification. Open Forensic Sci J. 2009;2:54–62.
Leditschke J, Collett S, Ellen R. Mortuary operations after bushfires. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;205:8–14.
Matsuda S, Yoshimura H, Yoshida H. Usefulness of CT image processing by OsiriX. BioMed Res Int. 2017;2017:3104018.
Smitha T. Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Odontology. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2023;13:1–2.
Vodanović M, Subašić M, Milošević DP, Galić I, Brkić H. Artificial intelligence in forensic medicine and dentistry. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2023;41:30–41.
Wood RE. Forensic aspects of maxillofacial radiology. Forensic Sci Int. 2006;159:S47–S55.
Goldstein M, Sweet DJ, Wood RE. Specimen positioning device. J Forensic Sci. 1998;43:185–189.
Tedeschi-Oliveira SV, Melani RF, de Almeida NH, de Paiva LA. Facial soft tissue thickness. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;193:127.e1–127.e7.
Meundi MA, David CM. CBCT in facial soft tissue thickness. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019;23:114–121.
Boyacioglu H, van der Stelt P, Kamburoglu K, Goksuluk D, Avcu N. Frontal sinus and gender. Rom J Leg Med. 2020;28:288–293.
Cameriere R, Ferrante L, Belcastro MG, Bonfiglioli B, Rastelli E, Cingolani M. Age estimation by pulp/tooth ratio. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52:1151–1155.
Cameriere R, Cunha E, Wasterlain SN, De Luca S, Sassaroli E, Pagliara F, Nuzzolese E, Cingolani M, Ferrante L. Age estimation by pulp/tooth ratio. J Forensic Leg Med. 2013;20:530–536.
Rai S, Misra D, Misra A, Kalita P, Krishna A. Forensic outlook of maxillofacial radiology. Univ J Dent Sci. 2022;8.
De Donno A, Angrisani C, Mele F, Introna F, Santoro V. Dental age estimation review. Med Sci Law. 2021;61:125–129.
Gulsahi A, Kulah CK, Bakirarar B, Gulen O, Kamburoglu K. Age estimation on CBCT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2018;47:20170239.
Polat Y, Çelenk S. Age estimation with CBCT and panoramic. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2024;48:149–162.
Dogan OB, Boyacioglu H, Goksuluk D. Machine learning in dental age classification. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2024;53:67–73.
Kharoshah MA, Almadani O, Ghaleb SS, Zaki MK, Fattah YA. Sexual dimorphism of the mandible. J Forensic Leg Med. 2010;17:213–215.
Tanner JM. Growth and maturation during adolescence. Nutr Rev. 1981;39:43–55.
Cameriere R, Ferrante L, de Angelis D, Scarpino F, Galli F. Open apices vs Demirjian. Int J Leg Med. 2008;122:493–497.
Santoro V, Lozito P, Mastrorocco N, Introna F. Third molar root development. J Forensic Sci. 2008;53:904–909.
Introna F, Santoro V, De Donno A, Belviso M. Third molar maturity. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2008;29:55–61.
Solheim T. Dental age estimation in adults. Forensic Sci Int. 1993;59:137–147.
Kvaal S, Solheim T. Non-destructive dental age estimation. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 1994;12:6–11.
Arany S, Ohtani S, Yoshioka N, Gonmori K. Aspartic acid racemization. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;141:127–130.
Helfman PM, Bada JL. Aspartic acid racemisation. Nature. 1976;262:279–281.
Ohtani S, Ito R, Yamamoto T. D/L aspartic acid ratios. Int J Legal Med. 2003;117:149–152.
Spalding KL, Buchholz BA, Bergman LE, Druid H, Frisén J. Age written in teeth. Nature. 2005;437:333–334.
Alkass K, Buchholz BA, Druid H, Spalding KL. 14C and 13C in teeth. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;209:34–41.
Alkass K, Saitoh H, Buchholz BA, Bernard S, Holmlund G, Senn DR. Radiocarbon and DNA in teeth. PLoS One. 2013;8:e69597.
Bathala, Lakshmana Rao; Rachuri, Narendra Kumar; Rayapati, Srinivas Rao; Kondaka, Sudheer. Prosthodontics an “arsenal” in forensic dentistry. Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 8(3):p 173-177, Sep–Dec 2016. | DOI: 10.4103/0975-1475.195102
Borrman HI, DiZinno JA, Wasén J, René N. On denture marking. J Forensic Odontostomatol 1999;17:20 6.
Seals RR Jr., Dianna JS. Hospital dentistry: The importance of denture identification. Spec Care Dentist 1985;5:164 68.
Stavrianos CH, Petalotis N, Metska M, Stavrianou I, Papadopoulos CH. The value of identification marking on dentures. Balk J Stom 2007;11:212 16.
Simon B, Aschheim K, Vag J. Cinsiyet ayrımı ve insan kimliği tespiti için damak geometrik analizinin ayırt edici potansiyeli. J Forensic Sci. 2022;67(6):2334–42.
Thali MJ, Braun M, Markwalder TH, Brueschweiler W, Zollinger U, Malik NJ, Yen K, Dirnhofer R. 3D/CAD bite mark. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;135:115–121.
Di Palma A, Bianchi I, Focardi M, Cioffi C, Bonetti SS, Dalessandri D. Digital scans vs resin casts. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2024;42:76–86.
Johnson A, Jani G, Carew R, Pandey A. Accuracy of 3D printed teeth. Forensic Sci Int. 2021;328:111044.
Queiroz-Fontes R, Ribeiro P, Nunes T, Nogueira A, Marques J, Corte-Real A. 3D printing and CBCT reproducibility. J Forensic Leg Med. 2024;106:102719.
Putrino, A.; Bruti, V.; Enrico, M.; Costantino, C.; Ersilia, B.; Gabriella, G. Intraoral Scanners in Personal Identification of Corpses: Usefulness and Reliability of 3D Technologies in Modern Forensic Dentistry. Open Dent. J. 2020, 14, 255–266.
Bae, E.J.; Woo, E.J. Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation on the Accuracy of Three Intraoral Scanners for Human Identification in Forensic Odontology. Anat. Cell Biol. 2022, 55, 72–78.
Nigliaccio, S.; Fontana, D.A.; Di Vita, E.; Piraino, M.; Messina, P.; Argo, A.; Zerbo, S.; Albano, D.; Cumbo, E.; Scardina, G.A. Post-Mortem Animal Bite Mark Analysis Reimagined: A Pilot Study Evaluating the Use of an Intraoral Scanner and Photogrammetry for Forensic 3D Documentation. Forensic Sci. 2025, 5, 39.
Santhosh Kumar, S.; Chacko, R.; Kaur, A.; Ibrahim, G.; Ye, D. A Systematic Review of the Use of Intraoral Scanning for Human Identification Based on Palatal Morphology. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 531.
Joseph TI, Girish KL, Sathyan P, Kiran MS, Vidya S. Virtopsy. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2017;9:111–114.
Reddy BNK, Swetha P, Manyam R, Supriya AN. Dental radiography in forensic odontology. Oral Maxillofacial Pathology J. 2022;13:124–127.
Adamu LH, Taura MG. Lip prints. J Biomed Sci. 2016;1:78–87.
Bansal AK, Doshi S, Bansal P, Patel R, Barai PH. Cheiloscopy. Indian J Med Forensic Med Toxicol. 2019;13:35–39.
Alzapur A, Nagothu RS, Nalluri HB. Lip prints uniqueness. Indian J Clin Anat Physiol. 2017;4:68–70.
Franco A, Thevissen P, Fieuws S, Souza PHC, Willems G. Willems model in Brazilian children. Forensic Sci Int. 2013;231:1–4.
Basman RS, Achmad RT, Utari DR, Harya Bima TRA, Auerkari EI. Palatal rugae and sex. J Int Dent Med Res. 2019;12:1433–1435.
Jain A, Chowdhary R. Palatal rugae in forensic odontology. J Investig Clin Dent. 2014;5:171–178.
Johnson A. A Morphological Study of Tongue and its Role in Forensics Odontology. Journal of Forensic Science & Criminal Investigation. 2018; doi:10.19080/JFSCI.2018.07.555723
Baliga M. Artificial intelligence in pediatric dentistry. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent.
Chávez EM, Kossioni A, Fukai K. Policies supporting oral health in ageing populations. Int Dent J. 2022;72:S27–S38.
Alafer F. Emerging Imaging Technologies in Forensic Medicine. Diagnostics. 2025;15:1410.
Borbola D, Berkei G, Simon B, Romanszky L, Sersli G, DeFee M, Renne W, Mangano F, Vag J. Ağız içi tarayıcının doğruluğunun değerlendirilmesinde beş masaüstü tarayıcı ve bir endüstriyel tarayıcının in vitro karşılaştırması. J Dent. 2023;129:104391.
Vitai V, Nemeth A, Solyom E, Czumbel LM, Szabo B, Fazekas R, Gerber G, Hegyi P, Hermann P, Borbely J. Tam ark taraması için intraoral tarayıcıların doğruluğunun değerlendirilmesi: sistematik bir inceleme ve ağ meta-analizi. J Dent. 2023;137:104636.
Ramspek CL, Jager KJ, Dekker FW, Zoccali C, van Diepen M. Prognostik modellerin dış doğrulaması: ne, neden, nasıl, ne zaman ve nerede? Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(1):49–58.
Ho SY, Phua K, Wong L, Bin Goh WW. Öğrenilen Modelin Yorumlanabilirliği ve Genelleştirilebilirliğini Kontrol Etmek İçin Harici Doğrulamanın Uzantıları. Patterns (NY). 2020;1(8):100129.
Petju M, Suteerayongprasert A, Thongpud R, Hassiri K. Tayland'daki Hint Okyanusu tsunamisi felaketinin ardından mağdurların kimlik tespiti için diş kayıtlarının önemi. Public Health. 2007;121(4):251–7.
Morgan OW, Sribanditmongkol P, Perera C, Sulasmi Y, Van Alphen D, Sondorp E. Güney Asya tsunamisi felaketinin ardından kitlesel ölümlerin yönetimi: Tayland, Endonezya ve Sri Lanka'daki vaka çalışmaları. PLoS Med. 2006;3(6):e195.
