Günümüz Diş Hekimliğinde Eklemeli Üretim Sistemleri ve Kullanılan Cihazlar
Özet
Bu derlemede, günümüz diş hekimliğinde giderek kullanımı artan eklemeli üretim sistemleri, kullanılan teknolojiler, materyaller ve cihazlar incelenmiştir. Eklemeli üretim, CAD tabanlı dijital tasarımların katmanlı üretim prensibiyle fiziksel objelere dönüştürülmesini sağlayan bir teknolojidir ve diş hekimliğinde cerrahi kılavuzlar, ortodontik apareyler, dental modeller ve geçici kron-köprülerin üretiminde kullanılmaktadır. Diş hekimliğinde kullanılan başlıca eklemeli üretim yöntemleri; vat fotopolimerizasyon (SLA, DLP), seçici lazer sinterleme ve eritme (SLS/SLE), elektron ışınlı eritme (EBM), malzeme püskürtme, bağlayıcı püskürtme ve eriyik yığma modelleme (FDM) olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Bu yöntemlerle yapılan üretimlerde polimerler, seramikler ve metal alaşımları gibi farklı materyaller kullanılabilmekte olup her bir materyal klinik uygulama açısından farklı mekanik ve biyolojik özellikler göstermektedir. Ayrıca Formlabs, NextDent ve EOS gibi sistemler, dijital iş akışının önemli bileşenleri olarak dental üretim süreçlerinde yüksek doğruluk ve tekrarlanabilirlik sağlamaktadır. Eklemeli üretim teknolojileri; malzeme israfını azaltması, kişiye özel üretim imkânı sunması ve klinik süreçleri hızlandırması gibi önemli avantajlar sunmakla birlikte maliyet, üretim sonrası yüzey işlemleri ve uzun dönem klinik performanstaki belirsizlikler gibi bazı sınırlılıklara da sahiptir.
This review examines additive manufacturing systems, whose use has been increasing in contemporary dentistry, as well as the technologies, materials, and devices employed in these systems. Additive manufacturing is a technology that enables the transformation of CAD based digital designs into physical objects through a layer by layer fabrication process. In dentistry, it is widely used for the fabrication of surgical guides, orthodontic appliances, dental models, provisional crowns and bridges. The principal additive manufacturing techniques used in dentistry are classified as vat photopolymerization (SLA, DLP), selective laser sintering and selective laser melting (SLS/SLM), electron beam melting (EBM), material jetting, binder jetting, and fused deposition modeling (FDM). In these production methods, various materials such as polymers, ceramics, and metal alloys can be utilized, each exhibiting different mechanical and biological properties relevant to clinical applications. Furthermore, systems such as Formlabs, NextDent, and EOS play a significant role in the digital workflow by providing high accuracy and reproducibility in dental manufacturing processes. Although additive manufacturing technologies offer important advantages such as reduced material waste, the possibility of patient specific production, and acceleration clinical workflows they also present certain limitations, including high costs, the need for post-processing surface treatments, uncertainties regarding long-term clinical performance.
Referanslar
Hull, C. W. (1986). Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography. U.S. Patent No. 4,575,330
3D Systems. (n.d.). Our History.
Dawood, Andrew, et al. "3D printing in dentistry." British Dental Journal 219.11 (2015): 521-529.
Alharbi, N., Wismeijer, D., & Osman, R. B. (2016). Additive Manufacturing Techniques in Prosthodontics: Where Do We Currently Stand? Journal of Prosthodontics, 25(6), 474–481.
Revilla-León, M., & Özcan, M. (2019). Additive Manufacturing Technologies Used for Processing Polymers: Current Status and Potential Application in Prosthetic Dentistry. Journal of Prosthodontics, 28(2), 146–158.
Doyle, Michael, et al. "Effect of layer thickness and orientation on mechanical behavior of binder jet stainless steel 420+ bronze parts." Procedia Manufacturing 1 (2015): 251-262.
Giannatsis, J., and V. Dedoussis. "Additive fabrication technologies applied to medicine and health care: a review." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 40.1 (2009): 116-127.
Çelik, İsmet, et al. "Hizli prototipleme teknolojileri ve uygulama alanlari." Journal of Science and Technology of Dumlupınar University 031 (2013): 53-70.
Gross BC, Erkal JL, Lockwood SY, Chen C, Spence DM. Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences. Anal Chem 2014; 86(7): 3240-3253.
Melchels, Ferry PW, Jan Feijen, and Dirk W. Grijpma. "A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering." Biomaterials 31.24 (2010): 6121-6130.
Jacobs, Paul Francis. Rapid prototyping & manufacturing: fundamentals of stereolithography. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1992.
Stansbury, Jeffrey W., and Mike J. Idacavage. "3D printing with polymers: Challenges among expanding options and opportunities." Dental Materials 32.1 (2016): 54-64.
Cebeci, Nuran Özyemişci, and Hacer Hancı Tokmakcıoğlu. "Protetik diş tedavisinde ekleme yöntemi ile üretim." Sağlık Akademisi Kastamonu 3.1 (2018): 66-86.
Hornbeck L: Digital Micromirror Device. US Patent No. 5.061.049. 2009
Jang, Yeon, et al. "Accuracy of 3-unit fixed dental prostheses fabricated on 3D-printed casts." The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 123.1 (2020): 135-142.
Groth C, Kravitz ND, Jones PE. Three-dimensional printing technology. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 2014; 48: 475 485.
Chaudhary, Rajat, et al. "Additive manufacturing by digital light processing: a review." Progress in Additive Manufacturing 8.2 (2023): 331-351.
Kruth, Jean-Pierre, et al. "Lasers and materials in selective laser sintering." Assembly Automation 23.4 (2003): 357-371.
Karagöz, İdris, Ayşe Danış Bekdemir, and Özlem Tuna. "3B yazıcı teknolojilerindeki kullanılan yöntemler ve gelişmeler üzerine bir derleme." Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 9.4 (2021): 1186-1213.
Van Noort, Richard. "The future of dental devices is digital." Dental Materials 28.1 (2012): 3-12.
Türk, Ayşe Gözde, Mine Dündar Çömlekoğlu, and M. Erhan Çömlekoğlu. "Additive computer aided manufacturing methods." International Archives Of Dental Sciences 43.Supp: Ozel Sayi (2022): 85-94.
Schweiger, Josef, Daniel Edelhoff, and Jan-Frederik Güth. "3D printing in digital prosthetic dentistry: an overview of recent developments in additive manufacturing." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10.9 (2021): 2010.
Gülcan, Orhan, Kadir Günaydın, and Aykut Tamer. "The state of the art of material jetting—a critical review." Polymers 13.16 (2021): 2829.
M.S.-H. Arghavan Farzadi, Mitra Asadi-Eydivand, Noor Azuan Abu Osman, Effect of layer thickness and printing orientation on mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy of 3D printed porous samples for bone tissue engineering, PLoS One 9 (9) (2014)
Gaytan, S. M., et al. "Fabrication of barium titanate by binder jetting additive manufacturing technology." Ceramics International 41.5 (2015): 6610-6619.
Etemad-Shahidi, Yasaman, et al. "Accuracy of 3-dimensionally printed full-arch dental models: a systematic review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9.10 (2020): 3357.
Luechtenborg, Joerg, et al. "Implementation of fused filament fabrication in dentistry." Applied Sciences 11.14 (2021): 6444.
Jasiuk, Iwona, et al. "An overview on additive manufacturing of polymers." Jom 70.3 (2018): 275-283.
Huang, Samuel H., et al. "Additive manufacturing and its societal impact: a literature review." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 67.5 (2013): 1191-1203.
Sulaiman, Taiseer A. "Materials in digital dentistry—A review." Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 32.2 (2020): 171-181.
Xing, Hongyu, et al. "Study on surface quality, precision and mechanical properties of 3D printed ZrO2 ceramic components by laser scanning stereolithography." Ceramics International 43.18 (2017): 16340-16347.
Denry, Isabelle, and J. Robert Kelly. "State of the art of zirconia for dental applications." Dental Materials 24.3 (2008): 299-307.
Methani, Mohammad Mujtaba, Marta Revilla‐León, and Amirali Zandinejad. "The potential of additive manufacturing technologies and their processing parameters for the fabrication of all‐ceramic crowns: A review." Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 32.2 (2020): 182-192.
Ngo, Tuan D., et al. "Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges." Composites Part B: Engineering 143 (2018): 172-196.
Barazanchi, Abdullah, et al. "Additive technology: update on current materials and applications in dentistry." Journal of Prosthodontics 26.2 (2017): 156-163.
Kanazawa, Manabu, et al. "Fabrication of titanium alloy frameworks for complete dentures by selective laser melting." The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 112.6 (2014): 1441-1447.
Revilla-León, Marta, et al. "Discrepancy of complete-arch titanium frameworks manufactured using selective laser melting and electron beam melting additive manufacturing technologies." The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 120.6 (2018): 942-947.
https://dental.formlabs.com/indications/surgical-guides/guide/
https://formlabs.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-stereolithography-sla-3d-printing/
Khorsandi, Danial, et al. "3D and 4D printing in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery: recent advances and future perspectives." arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.15455 (2021).
Park, J. M., et al. (2020). Accuracy of SLA dental models. AJODO, 157(2), 304–315.
https://dental.formlabs.com/blog/scan-to-model-preform/
Formlabs Inc. Light Processing Unit (LPU) White Paper. 2021
Formlabs.com
https://support.formlabs.com/s/article/Introduction-to-Post-Curing-Prints
Formlabs Inc. Dental Materials Library. 2023.
3D Systems. NextDent 5100 Technical Guide. 3D Systems, 2023.
3D Systems. NextDent Material Safety Data Sheets and IFUs. 3D Systems Documentation Portal, 2022–2024.
3D Systems. Figure 4® Technology Overview: Digital Light Processing for Clinical-Grade Production. 3D Systems White Paper, 2022.
3D Systems.com
NextDent. NextDent Material Portfolio Brochure. NextDent/3D Systems, 2024.
EOS GmbH. Additive Manufacturing in Dentistry. EOS White Paper; 2020.
Kruth JP, et al. Binding mechanisms in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2005;11(1):26–36.
Store.eos.info
DebRoy, Tarasankar, et al. "Additive manufacturing of metallic components–process, structure and properties." Progress in Materials Science 92 (2018): 112-224.
Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B. Additive Manufacturing Technologies. 2nd ed. Springer; 2015.
Revilla-León M, Özcan M. Additive manufacturing technologies used for processing metals in implant dentistry. Journal of Prosthodontics 2020;29(2):129–136.
Örtorp, Anders, et al. "The fit of cobalt–chromium three-unit fixed dental prostheses fabricated with four different techniques: A comparative in vitro study." Dental Materials 27.4 (2011): 356-363.
EOS GmbH. Metal Materials for Additive Manufacturing. EOS Technical Documentation; 2019.
Referanslar
Hull, C. W. (1986). Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography. U.S. Patent No. 4,575,330
3D Systems. (n.d.). Our History.
Dawood, Andrew, et al. "3D printing in dentistry." British Dental Journal 219.11 (2015): 521-529.
Alharbi, N., Wismeijer, D., & Osman, R. B. (2016). Additive Manufacturing Techniques in Prosthodontics: Where Do We Currently Stand? Journal of Prosthodontics, 25(6), 474–481.
Revilla-León, M., & Özcan, M. (2019). Additive Manufacturing Technologies Used for Processing Polymers: Current Status and Potential Application in Prosthetic Dentistry. Journal of Prosthodontics, 28(2), 146–158.
Doyle, Michael, et al. "Effect of layer thickness and orientation on mechanical behavior of binder jet stainless steel 420+ bronze parts." Procedia Manufacturing 1 (2015): 251-262.
Giannatsis, J., and V. Dedoussis. "Additive fabrication technologies applied to medicine and health care: a review." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 40.1 (2009): 116-127.
Çelik, İsmet, et al. "Hizli prototipleme teknolojileri ve uygulama alanlari." Journal of Science and Technology of Dumlupınar University 031 (2013): 53-70.
Gross BC, Erkal JL, Lockwood SY, Chen C, Spence DM. Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences. Anal Chem 2014; 86(7): 3240-3253.
Melchels, Ferry PW, Jan Feijen, and Dirk W. Grijpma. "A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering." Biomaterials 31.24 (2010): 6121-6130.
Jacobs, Paul Francis. Rapid prototyping & manufacturing: fundamentals of stereolithography. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1992.
Stansbury, Jeffrey W., and Mike J. Idacavage. "3D printing with polymers: Challenges among expanding options and opportunities." Dental Materials 32.1 (2016): 54-64.
Cebeci, Nuran Özyemişci, and Hacer Hancı Tokmakcıoğlu. "Protetik diş tedavisinde ekleme yöntemi ile üretim." Sağlık Akademisi Kastamonu 3.1 (2018): 66-86.
Hornbeck L: Digital Micromirror Device. US Patent No. 5.061.049. 2009
Jang, Yeon, et al. "Accuracy of 3-unit fixed dental prostheses fabricated on 3D-printed casts." The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 123.1 (2020): 135-142.
Groth C, Kravitz ND, Jones PE. Three-dimensional printing technology. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 2014; 48: 475 485.
Chaudhary, Rajat, et al. "Additive manufacturing by digital light processing: a review." Progress in Additive Manufacturing 8.2 (2023): 331-351.
Kruth, Jean-Pierre, et al. "Lasers and materials in selective laser sintering." Assembly Automation 23.4 (2003): 357-371.
Karagöz, İdris, Ayşe Danış Bekdemir, and Özlem Tuna. "3B yazıcı teknolojilerindeki kullanılan yöntemler ve gelişmeler üzerine bir derleme." Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 9.4 (2021): 1186-1213.
Van Noort, Richard. "The future of dental devices is digital." Dental Materials 28.1 (2012): 3-12.
Türk, Ayşe Gözde, Mine Dündar Çömlekoğlu, and M. Erhan Çömlekoğlu. "Additive computer aided manufacturing methods." International Archives Of Dental Sciences 43.Supp: Ozel Sayi (2022): 85-94.
Schweiger, Josef, Daniel Edelhoff, and Jan-Frederik Güth. "3D printing in digital prosthetic dentistry: an overview of recent developments in additive manufacturing." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10.9 (2021): 2010.
Gülcan, Orhan, Kadir Günaydın, and Aykut Tamer. "The state of the art of material jetting—a critical review." Polymers 13.16 (2021): 2829.
M.S.-H. Arghavan Farzadi, Mitra Asadi-Eydivand, Noor Azuan Abu Osman, Effect of layer thickness and printing orientation on mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy of 3D printed porous samples for bone tissue engineering, PLoS One 9 (9) (2014)
Gaytan, S. M., et al. "Fabrication of barium titanate by binder jetting additive manufacturing technology." Ceramics International 41.5 (2015): 6610-6619.
Etemad-Shahidi, Yasaman, et al. "Accuracy of 3-dimensionally printed full-arch dental models: a systematic review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9.10 (2020): 3357.
Luechtenborg, Joerg, et al. "Implementation of fused filament fabrication in dentistry." Applied Sciences 11.14 (2021): 6444.
Jasiuk, Iwona, et al. "An overview on additive manufacturing of polymers." Jom 70.3 (2018): 275-283.
Huang, Samuel H., et al. "Additive manufacturing and its societal impact: a literature review." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 67.5 (2013): 1191-1203.
Sulaiman, Taiseer A. "Materials in digital dentistry—A review." Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 32.2 (2020): 171-181.
Xing, Hongyu, et al. "Study on surface quality, precision and mechanical properties of 3D printed ZrO2 ceramic components by laser scanning stereolithography." Ceramics International 43.18 (2017): 16340-16347.
Denry, Isabelle, and J. Robert Kelly. "State of the art of zirconia for dental applications." Dental Materials 24.3 (2008): 299-307.
Methani, Mohammad Mujtaba, Marta Revilla‐León, and Amirali Zandinejad. "The potential of additive manufacturing technologies and their processing parameters for the fabrication of all‐ceramic crowns: A review." Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 32.2 (2020): 182-192.
Ngo, Tuan D., et al. "Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges." Composites Part B: Engineering 143 (2018): 172-196.
Barazanchi, Abdullah, et al. "Additive technology: update on current materials and applications in dentistry." Journal of Prosthodontics 26.2 (2017): 156-163.
Kanazawa, Manabu, et al. "Fabrication of titanium alloy frameworks for complete dentures by selective laser melting." The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 112.6 (2014): 1441-1447.
Revilla-León, Marta, et al. "Discrepancy of complete-arch titanium frameworks manufactured using selective laser melting and electron beam melting additive manufacturing technologies." The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 120.6 (2018): 942-947.
https://dental.formlabs.com/indications/surgical-guides/guide/
https://formlabs.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-stereolithography-sla-3d-printing/
Khorsandi, Danial, et al. "3D and 4D printing in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery: recent advances and future perspectives." arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.15455 (2021).
Park, J. M., et al. (2020). Accuracy of SLA dental models. AJODO, 157(2), 304–315.
https://dental.formlabs.com/blog/scan-to-model-preform/
Formlabs Inc. Light Processing Unit (LPU) White Paper. 2021
Formlabs.com
https://support.formlabs.com/s/article/Introduction-to-Post-Curing-Prints
Formlabs Inc. Dental Materials Library. 2023.
3D Systems. NextDent 5100 Technical Guide. 3D Systems, 2023.
3D Systems. NextDent Material Safety Data Sheets and IFUs. 3D Systems Documentation Portal, 2022–2024.
3D Systems. Figure 4® Technology Overview: Digital Light Processing for Clinical-Grade Production. 3D Systems White Paper, 2022.
3D Systems.com
NextDent. NextDent Material Portfolio Brochure. NextDent/3D Systems, 2024.
EOS GmbH. Additive Manufacturing in Dentistry. EOS White Paper; 2020.
Kruth JP, et al. Binding mechanisms in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2005;11(1):26–36.
Store.eos.info
DebRoy, Tarasankar, et al. "Additive manufacturing of metallic components–process, structure and properties." Progress in Materials Science 92 (2018): 112-224.
Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B. Additive Manufacturing Technologies. 2nd ed. Springer; 2015.
Revilla-León M, Özcan M. Additive manufacturing technologies used for processing metals in implant dentistry. Journal of Prosthodontics 2020;29(2):129–136.
Örtorp, Anders, et al. "The fit of cobalt–chromium three-unit fixed dental prostheses fabricated with four different techniques: A comparative in vitro study." Dental Materials 27.4 (2011): 356-363.
EOS GmbH. Metal Materials for Additive Manufacturing. EOS Technical Documentation; 2019.
