Laminate Veneer Restorasyonlarda Temel Kavramlar, Endikasyonlar Ve Estetik Planlama
Özet
Laminate veneer restorasyonlar, minimal invaziv yaklaşımı ve yüksek estetik performansı nedeniyle modern estetik diş hekimliğinde önemli bir restoratif seçenek olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu bölümde laminate veneer restorasyonların temel kavramları, tarihsel gelişimi, klinik endikasyonları ve estetik planlama prensipleri kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alınmaktadır. Adeziv diş hekimliğinde ve seramik materyallerde meydana gelen teknolojik gelişmeler, diş dokusunun maksimum düzeyde korunmasını mümkün kılan laminate veneer uygulamalarının klinik kullanımını yaygınlaştırmıştır. Bölümde porselen laminate veneerler başta olmak üzere direkt kompozit veneerler, prefabrike kompozit rezin veneerler ve üç boyutlu yazıcı teknolojileri ile üretilen veneer restorasyonlar gibi farklı tedavi yaklaşımları güncel literatür ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca laminate veneer restorasyonların endikasyonları, kontrendikasyonları, avantajları ve sınırlamaları klinik perspektiften incelenmiş; uygun vaka seçimi, doğru materyal tercihi ve adeziv protokollerin tedavi başarısındaki kritik rolü vurgulanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra dental ve fasiyal estetik analizler kapsamında diş şekli ve boyutları, dental orta hat, bukkal koridor, gülme hattı, insizal uzunluk ve altın oran gibi estetik parametreler ayrıntılı biçimde ele alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak laminate veneer restorasyonların başarılı bir estetik rehabilitasyon sağlayabilmesi için biyolojik prensipler, materyal özellikleri ve estetik planlama kriterlerinin multidisipliner bir yaklaşımla değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.
Laminate veneer restorations are considered an important restorative option in modern esthetic dentistry due to their minimally invasive approach and high esthetic performance. This chapter comprehensively addresses the fundamental concepts, historical development, clinical indications, and esthetic planning principles of laminate veneer restorations. Technological advancements in adhesive dentistry and ceramic materials have expanded the clinical application of laminate veneer restorations by enabling maximum preservation of tooth structure. In this chapter, different treatment approaches are discussed in light of current literature, including porcelain laminate veneers, direct composite veneers, prefabricated composite resin veneers, and veneer restorations produced using three-dimensional printing technologies. Furthermore, the indications, contraindications, advantages, and limitations of laminate veneer restorations are evaluated from a clinical perspective, emphasizing the critical role of appropriate case selection, correct material choice, and adhesive protocols in treatment success. In addition, dental and facial esthetic analyses are discussed, including parameters such as tooth shape and dimensions, dental midline, buccal corridor, smile line, incisal length, and the golden proportion. In conclusion, successful esthetic rehabilitation with laminate veneer restorations requires a multidisciplinary evaluation of biological principles, material properties, and esthetic planning criteria.
Referanslar
Edelhoff D, Sorensen JA. Tooth structure removal associated with various preparation designs for anterior teeth. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2002;87(5):503-9. doi:10.1067/mpr.2002.123849
Van Meerbeek B, Vanherle G, Lambrechts P, et al. Dentin-and enamel-bonding agents. Current opinion in dentistry. 1992;2:117-27.
Prosthodontics Ao. The glossary of prosthodontic terms: Mosby; 1999.
Ferro KJ, Morgano SM, Driscoll CF, et al. The glossary of prosthodontic terms. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.12.001
Gür DE, Kesim B. Porselen laminate veneerler. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2004;7(1):72-9.
Shillingburg HT, Hobo S, Whitsett LD, et al. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics: Quintessence Publishing Company Chicago, IL, USA; 1997.
Thaj B, Joseph A, Ramanarayanan V, et al. Fracture resistance of two preparation designs on anterior laminate veneers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Dentistry. 2022;13(6):666-76. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-2100
Freedman GA, McLaughlin G. Color atlas of porcelain laminate veneers. 1990.
Small B. Porcelain laminate veneers: Part I. General dentistry. 1998;46(2):154-7.
Aschheim KW. Esthetic dentistry: a clinical approach to techniques and materials: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.
Belser UC, Macne P, Macne M. Ceramic laminate veneers: continuous evolution of indications. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 1997;9(4):197-207. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8240.1997.tb00331.x
Rufenacht C, Berger R, Lee R, et al. Porcelain veneers: an esthetic therapeutic alternative, fundamentalis of esthetics. Tokyo: Quintessence publishing co; 1992.
Magne P, Belser UC. Biomimetische Restaurative Zahnheilkunde: Quintessenz Verlag; 2023.
Wei S, Tang E. Laminate veneers for the aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth. Annals of the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons. 1989;10:148-59.
Aristidis GA. Etched porcelain veneer restoration of a primary tooth: A clinical report. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2000;83(5):504-7. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3913(00)70004-7
Kelly JR, Benetti P. Ceramic materials in dentistry: historical evolution and current practice. Australian Dental Journal. 2011;56:84-96. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01330.x
Alothman Y, Bamasoud MS. The success of dental veneers according to preparation design and material type. Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences. 2018;6(12):2402. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2018.424
Shetty N, Dandakeri S, Dandekeri S. ‘Porcelain Veneers, a Smile Make Over’: A Short Review. Journal of Orofacial Research. 2013;3(3):186-90.
Jurado C, Watanabe H, Tinoco JV, et al. A conservative approach to ceramic veneers: A case report. Operative dentistry. 2020;45(3):229-34. doi:10.2341/19-037-T
Burke FT. Survival rates for porcelain laminate veneers with special reference to the effect of preparation in dentin: a literature review. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2012;24(4):257-65. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8240.2012.00519.x
Yüksel Ddg, Çekiç Ddc, Özkan Ddp. Metal desteksiz porselen sistemleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2000;2000(2).
Höland W, Rheinberger V, Apel E, et al. Principles and phenomena of bioengineering with glass-ceramics for dental restoration. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2007;27(2-3):1521-6. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.06.007
Korkut B, Yanıkoğlu F, Günday M. Direct composite laminate veneers: three case reports. Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects. 2013;7(2):105. doi:10.5681/joddd.2013.019
Ölmez A, Kisbet S. Kompozit rezin restorasyonlarda bitirme ve polisaj işlemlerindeki yeni gelişmeler. Acta Odontologica Turcica. 2012;30(2):115-22.
Lewis MW, Braxton AD, Wasson W. Prefabricated composite veneers: A conservative solution for the aesthetic zone. Dentistry Today. 2015;34(8).
da Silva TM, Salvia ACRD, de Carvalho RF, et al. Polishing for glass ceramics: which protocol? Journal of Prosthodontic Research. 2014;58(3):160-70. doi:10.1016/j.jpor.2014.02.001
Kemaloglu H, Karacolak G, Turkun LS. Can reduced‐step polishers be as effective as multiple‐step polishers in enhancing surface smoothness? Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2017;29(1):31-40. doi:10.1111/jerd.12257
Lerner H, Nagy K, Pranno N, et al. Trueness and precision of 3D-printed versus milled monolithic zirconia crowns: An in vitro study. Journal of Dentistry. 2021;113:103792. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103792
Daghrery A. Color stability, gloss retention, and surface roughness of 3D-printed versus indirect prefabricated veneers. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2023;14(10):492. doi:10.3390/jfb14100492
Nam NE, Shin SH, Lim JH, et al. Accuracy of implant position reproduction according to exposed length of the scan body during optical scanning: An in vitro study. Applied Sciences. 2021;11(4):1689. doi:10.3390/app11041689
Gürel G, Gürel G. The science and art of porcelain laminate veneers: Quintessence London; 2003.
Dumfahrt H, Schäffer H. Porcelain laminate veneers. A retrospective evaluation after 1 to 10 years of service: Part II--Clinical results. The International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2000;13(1).
Goldstein RE, Chu SJ, Lee EA, et al. Ronald E. Goldstein's Esthetics in Dentistry: John Wiley & Sons; 2018.
Veneziani M. Ceramic laminate veneers: clinical procedures with a multidisciplinary approach. International Journal of Esthetic Dentistry. 2017;12(4):426-48.
De Angelis F, D’Arcangelo C, Angelozzi R, et al. Retrospective clinical evaluation of a no-prep porcelain veneer protocol. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2023;129(1):40-8. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.12.020
Radz GM. Minimum thickness anterior porcelain restorations. Dental Clinics of North America. 2011;55(2):353-70. doi:10.1016/j.cden.2011.01.006
LeSage B. Establishing a classification system and criteria for veneer preparations. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry. 2013;34(2):104-12.
ZARoNe F, LeoNe R, Di Mauro MI, et al. No-preparation ceramic veneers: a systematic review. Journal of Osseointegration. 2018;10(1):17-22.
Wolfart S, Menzel H, Kern M. Inability to relate tooth forms to face shape and gender. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2004;112(6):471-6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2004.00160.x
Çalıkkocaoğlu S. Dişsiz Hastaların Protetik Tedavisi: Klasik Tam Protezler: Quintessence; 2010.
Doğan AN. DİJİTAL GÜLÜŞ TASARIMI: KULLANILAN SİSTEMLER VE AVANTAJLARI. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;29(2):138-43.
Chu SJ, TAN JHP, Stappert CF, et al. Gingival zenith positions and levels of the maxillary anterior dentition. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2009;21(2):113-20. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8240.2009.00242.x
Silva BP, Jiménez‐Castellanos E, Stanley K, et al. Layperson's perception of axial midline angulation in asymmetric faces. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2018;30(2):119-25. doi:10.1111/jerd.12361
Kozak E, Tuna SH. Dental Orta Hat Simetri-Asimetrisinin Dentofasiyal Estetik Algı Üzerine Etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;13(2):263-70.
Machado AW. 10 commandments of smile esthetics. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 2014;19(4):136-57. doi:10.1590/2176-9451.19.4.136-157.sar
Fondriest J. Shade matching in restorative dentistry: the science and strategies. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry. 2003;23(5):467-80.
Silva ADO, Fabre HSC, Ursi WJS, et al. Anterior upper teeth golden proportion analysis with millimetric templates: an invention developed at Londrina State University. International Journal of Dentistry. 2022;2022(1):1520812. doi:10.1155/2022/1520812
Al-Kaisy N, Garib BT. Analysis of the golden proportion and width/height ratios of maxillary anterior teeth in Arab and Kurdish populations. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2018;119(6):981-6. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.05.012
Erkun HF, Güngör MB, Yılmaz H. Porselen laminate veneerler. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016:170-83.
Müller HP, Eger T. Gingival phenotypes in young male adults. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1997;24(1):65-71. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1997.tb01186.x
Nomura S, Freitas KMS, Silva PPCd, et al. Evaluation of the attractiveness of different gingival zeniths in smile esthetics. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 2018;23(05):47-57. doi:10.1590/2177-6709.23.5.047-057.oar
Ahmad I. Anterior dental aesthetics: Dental perspective. British Dental Journal. 2005;199(3):135-41. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4812603
Al-Kaisy N. Measurement of vertical anterior teeth display and lip position at smiling in Kurdish population. Age and gender-based evaluation. Heliyon. 2023;9(9):e19465-e. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19465
Bhuvaneswaran M. Principles of smile design. Journal of Conservative Dentistry. 2010;13(4):225-32. doi:10.4103/0972-0707.73387
Fidan S, Fidan M. Diş Hekimliğinde Gülümseme Estetiği. İçinde: Bilgili, N & Bilgili, A(Ed), Sağlık Bilimlerinde Akademik Araştırma ve Değerlendirmeler. Özgür Yayınları Ss. 2024:47-63.
Basting RT, Trindade R, Flório FM. Comparative study of smile analysis by subjective and computerized methods. Operative Dentistry. 2006;31(6):652-9. doi:10.2341/05-146
Melo M, Ata-Ali J, Ata-Ali F, et al. Evaluation of the maxillary midline, curve of the upper lip, smile line and tooth shape: a prospective study of 140 Caucasian patients. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):42. doi:10.1186/s12903-020-1020-2
Mercado-García J, Rosso P, Gonzalvez-García M, et al. Gummy smile: Mercado-Rosso classification system and dynamic restructuring with hyaluronic acid. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2021;45(5):2338-49. doi:10.1007/s00266-021-02231-6
Sekertzı S. Ortodontik tedavide gülümseme estetiğinin değerlendirilmesi. Aydın Dental Journal. 2022;8(2):143-57.
Referanslar
Edelhoff D, Sorensen JA. Tooth structure removal associated with various preparation designs for anterior teeth. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2002;87(5):503-9. doi:10.1067/mpr.2002.123849
Van Meerbeek B, Vanherle G, Lambrechts P, et al. Dentin-and enamel-bonding agents. Current opinion in dentistry. 1992;2:117-27.
Prosthodontics Ao. The glossary of prosthodontic terms: Mosby; 1999.
Ferro KJ, Morgano SM, Driscoll CF, et al. The glossary of prosthodontic terms. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.12.001
Gür DE, Kesim B. Porselen laminate veneerler. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2004;7(1):72-9.
Shillingburg HT, Hobo S, Whitsett LD, et al. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics: Quintessence Publishing Company Chicago, IL, USA; 1997.
Thaj B, Joseph A, Ramanarayanan V, et al. Fracture resistance of two preparation designs on anterior laminate veneers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Dentistry. 2022;13(6):666-76. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-2100
Freedman GA, McLaughlin G. Color atlas of porcelain laminate veneers. 1990.
Small B. Porcelain laminate veneers: Part I. General dentistry. 1998;46(2):154-7.
Aschheim KW. Esthetic dentistry: a clinical approach to techniques and materials: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.
Belser UC, Macne P, Macne M. Ceramic laminate veneers: continuous evolution of indications. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 1997;9(4):197-207. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8240.1997.tb00331.x
Rufenacht C, Berger R, Lee R, et al. Porcelain veneers: an esthetic therapeutic alternative, fundamentalis of esthetics. Tokyo: Quintessence publishing co; 1992.
Magne P, Belser UC. Biomimetische Restaurative Zahnheilkunde: Quintessenz Verlag; 2023.
Wei S, Tang E. Laminate veneers for the aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth. Annals of the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons. 1989;10:148-59.
Aristidis GA. Etched porcelain veneer restoration of a primary tooth: A clinical report. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2000;83(5):504-7. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3913(00)70004-7
Kelly JR, Benetti P. Ceramic materials in dentistry: historical evolution and current practice. Australian Dental Journal. 2011;56:84-96. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01330.x
Alothman Y, Bamasoud MS. The success of dental veneers according to preparation design and material type. Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences. 2018;6(12):2402. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2018.424
Shetty N, Dandakeri S, Dandekeri S. ‘Porcelain Veneers, a Smile Make Over’: A Short Review. Journal of Orofacial Research. 2013;3(3):186-90.
Jurado C, Watanabe H, Tinoco JV, et al. A conservative approach to ceramic veneers: A case report. Operative dentistry. 2020;45(3):229-34. doi:10.2341/19-037-T
Burke FT. Survival rates for porcelain laminate veneers with special reference to the effect of preparation in dentin: a literature review. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2012;24(4):257-65. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8240.2012.00519.x
Yüksel Ddg, Çekiç Ddc, Özkan Ddp. Metal desteksiz porselen sistemleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2000;2000(2).
Höland W, Rheinberger V, Apel E, et al. Principles and phenomena of bioengineering with glass-ceramics for dental restoration. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2007;27(2-3):1521-6. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.06.007
Korkut B, Yanıkoğlu F, Günday M. Direct composite laminate veneers: three case reports. Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects. 2013;7(2):105. doi:10.5681/joddd.2013.019
Ölmez A, Kisbet S. Kompozit rezin restorasyonlarda bitirme ve polisaj işlemlerindeki yeni gelişmeler. Acta Odontologica Turcica. 2012;30(2):115-22.
Lewis MW, Braxton AD, Wasson W. Prefabricated composite veneers: A conservative solution for the aesthetic zone. Dentistry Today. 2015;34(8).
da Silva TM, Salvia ACRD, de Carvalho RF, et al. Polishing for glass ceramics: which protocol? Journal of Prosthodontic Research. 2014;58(3):160-70. doi:10.1016/j.jpor.2014.02.001
Kemaloglu H, Karacolak G, Turkun LS. Can reduced‐step polishers be as effective as multiple‐step polishers in enhancing surface smoothness? Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2017;29(1):31-40. doi:10.1111/jerd.12257
Lerner H, Nagy K, Pranno N, et al. Trueness and precision of 3D-printed versus milled monolithic zirconia crowns: An in vitro study. Journal of Dentistry. 2021;113:103792. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103792
Daghrery A. Color stability, gloss retention, and surface roughness of 3D-printed versus indirect prefabricated veneers. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2023;14(10):492. doi:10.3390/jfb14100492
Nam NE, Shin SH, Lim JH, et al. Accuracy of implant position reproduction according to exposed length of the scan body during optical scanning: An in vitro study. Applied Sciences. 2021;11(4):1689. doi:10.3390/app11041689
Gürel G, Gürel G. The science and art of porcelain laminate veneers: Quintessence London; 2003.
Dumfahrt H, Schäffer H. Porcelain laminate veneers. A retrospective evaluation after 1 to 10 years of service: Part II--Clinical results. The International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2000;13(1).
Goldstein RE, Chu SJ, Lee EA, et al. Ronald E. Goldstein's Esthetics in Dentistry: John Wiley & Sons; 2018.
Veneziani M. Ceramic laminate veneers: clinical procedures with a multidisciplinary approach. International Journal of Esthetic Dentistry. 2017;12(4):426-48.
De Angelis F, D’Arcangelo C, Angelozzi R, et al. Retrospective clinical evaluation of a no-prep porcelain veneer protocol. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2023;129(1):40-8. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.12.020
Radz GM. Minimum thickness anterior porcelain restorations. Dental Clinics of North America. 2011;55(2):353-70. doi:10.1016/j.cden.2011.01.006
LeSage B. Establishing a classification system and criteria for veneer preparations. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry. 2013;34(2):104-12.
ZARoNe F, LeoNe R, Di Mauro MI, et al. No-preparation ceramic veneers: a systematic review. Journal of Osseointegration. 2018;10(1):17-22.
Wolfart S, Menzel H, Kern M. Inability to relate tooth forms to face shape and gender. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2004;112(6):471-6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2004.00160.x
Çalıkkocaoğlu S. Dişsiz Hastaların Protetik Tedavisi: Klasik Tam Protezler: Quintessence; 2010.
Doğan AN. DİJİTAL GÜLÜŞ TASARIMI: KULLANILAN SİSTEMLER VE AVANTAJLARI. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;29(2):138-43.
Chu SJ, TAN JHP, Stappert CF, et al. Gingival zenith positions and levels of the maxillary anterior dentition. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2009;21(2):113-20. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8240.2009.00242.x
Silva BP, Jiménez‐Castellanos E, Stanley K, et al. Layperson's perception of axial midline angulation in asymmetric faces. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2018;30(2):119-25. doi:10.1111/jerd.12361
Kozak E, Tuna SH. Dental Orta Hat Simetri-Asimetrisinin Dentofasiyal Estetik Algı Üzerine Etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;13(2):263-70.
Machado AW. 10 commandments of smile esthetics. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 2014;19(4):136-57. doi:10.1590/2176-9451.19.4.136-157.sar
Fondriest J. Shade matching in restorative dentistry: the science and strategies. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry. 2003;23(5):467-80.
Silva ADO, Fabre HSC, Ursi WJS, et al. Anterior upper teeth golden proportion analysis with millimetric templates: an invention developed at Londrina State University. International Journal of Dentistry. 2022;2022(1):1520812. doi:10.1155/2022/1520812
Al-Kaisy N, Garib BT. Analysis of the golden proportion and width/height ratios of maxillary anterior teeth in Arab and Kurdish populations. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2018;119(6):981-6. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.05.012
Erkun HF, Güngör MB, Yılmaz H. Porselen laminate veneerler. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016:170-83.
Müller HP, Eger T. Gingival phenotypes in young male adults. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1997;24(1):65-71. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1997.tb01186.x
Nomura S, Freitas KMS, Silva PPCd, et al. Evaluation of the attractiveness of different gingival zeniths in smile esthetics. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 2018;23(05):47-57. doi:10.1590/2177-6709.23.5.047-057.oar
Ahmad I. Anterior dental aesthetics: Dental perspective. British Dental Journal. 2005;199(3):135-41. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4812603
Al-Kaisy N. Measurement of vertical anterior teeth display and lip position at smiling in Kurdish population. Age and gender-based evaluation. Heliyon. 2023;9(9):e19465-e. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19465
Bhuvaneswaran M. Principles of smile design. Journal of Conservative Dentistry. 2010;13(4):225-32. doi:10.4103/0972-0707.73387
Fidan S, Fidan M. Diş Hekimliğinde Gülümseme Estetiği. İçinde: Bilgili, N & Bilgili, A(Ed), Sağlık Bilimlerinde Akademik Araştırma ve Değerlendirmeler. Özgür Yayınları Ss. 2024:47-63.
Basting RT, Trindade R, Flório FM. Comparative study of smile analysis by subjective and computerized methods. Operative Dentistry. 2006;31(6):652-9. doi:10.2341/05-146
Melo M, Ata-Ali J, Ata-Ali F, et al. Evaluation of the maxillary midline, curve of the upper lip, smile line and tooth shape: a prospective study of 140 Caucasian patients. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):42. doi:10.1186/s12903-020-1020-2
Mercado-García J, Rosso P, Gonzalvez-García M, et al. Gummy smile: Mercado-Rosso classification system and dynamic restructuring with hyaluronic acid. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2021;45(5):2338-49. doi:10.1007/s00266-021-02231-6
Sekertzı S. Ortodontik tedavide gülümseme estetiğinin değerlendirilmesi. Aydın Dental Journal. 2022;8(2):143-57.
