Zirkonya Restorasyonların İçeriği Mekanik ve Optik Özellikleri ile Sinterleme Protokolleri
Özet
Çağdaş protetik diş tedavisinde yaygın kullanım alanı bulan zirkonya esaslı restorasyonların materyal içeriği, mikroyapısal özellikleri, mekanik ve optik performansları ile sinterleme protokollerinin bu parametreler üzerindeki etkileri güncel literatür doğrultusunda kapsamlı biçimde değerlendirilmiştir. Dental seramiklerin sınıflandırılması çerçevesinde zirkonyanın polikristalin seramikler arasındaki yeri açıklanmış; farklı zirkonya türleri, stabilizasyon mekanizmaları ve klinik endikasyonları ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Zirkonyanın yüksek kırılma dayanımı, biyouyumluluğu, düşük plak retansiyonu ve gelişen translüsensi özellikleri, bu materyali sabit protetik restorasyonlar, implant üstü yapılar ve monolitik uygulamalar açısından önemli bir seçenek hâline getirmektedir. Ayrıca yüzey işlemleri, polisaj protokolleri, renklendirme yaklaşımları ve simantasyon yöntemlerinin restorasyonların uzun dönem klinik başarısına katkısı tartışılmıştır. Özellikle sinterleme sıcaklığı ve süresinin; tane boyutu, faz dağılımı, translüsensi, renk stabilitesi, yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve mekanik dayanım üzerinde belirleyici rol oynadığı vurgulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, zirkonya restorasyonlarda optimum klinik performansın; uygun materyal seçimi, doğru yüzey yönetimi ve bilimsel temellere dayalı sinterleme protokollerinin bütüncül olarak planlanmasıyla mümkün olduğu ortaya konmuştur.
The material composition, microstructural characteristics, mechanical and optical performance of zirconia-based restorations, which have become widely used in contemporary prosthetic dentistry, as well as the effects of sintering protocols on these parameters, have been comprehensively evaluated in light of the current literature. Within the framework of dental ceramic classification, the position of zirconia among polycrystalline ceramics has been clarified, and different zirconia types, stabilization mechanisms, and clinical indications have been discussed in detail. The high fracture strength, biocompatibility, low plaque retention, and improving translucency of zirconia make this material an important option for fixed prosthetic restorations, implant-supported structures, and monolithic applications. In addition, the contributions of surface treatments, polishing protocols, coloring approaches, and cementation methods to the long-term clinical success of restorations have been addressed. Particular emphasis has been placed on the decisive role of sintering temperature and duration in determining grain size, phase distribution, translucency, color stability, surface roughness, and mechanical strength. In conclusion, optimal clinical performance of zirconia restorations depends on the holistic planning of appropriate material selection, proper surface management, and scientifically based sintering protocols.
Referanslar
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Referanslar
McMillan PW. The crystallisation of glasses. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 1982;52(1-3):67-76.
Tutal Z, Yamaner İŞ, Tuncer E. Dental seramiklerin tarihsel gelişimi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2015;25:157-166.
Maloney WJ, Maloney MP. Pierre Fauchard: the father of modern dentistry. Journal of the Massachusetts Dental Society. 2009;58(2):28-29.
Jones DW. Development of dental ceramics. An historical perspective. Dental Clinics of North America. 1985;29(4):621-644.
Morgano SM, Brackett SE. Foundation restorations in fixed prosthodontics: current knowledge and future needs. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1999;82(6):643-657.
Kelly JR. Ceramics in restorative and prosthetic dentistry. Annual Review of Materials Science. 1997;27(1):443-468.
Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' Science of Dental Materials, Saunders. St Louis, Mo. 2003.
Babu PJ, Alla RK, Alluri VR, et al. Dental ceramics: Part I–An overview of composition, structure and properties. Am J Mater Eng Technol. 2015;3(1):13-18.
McLaren EA, Cao PT. Ceramics in dentistry—part I: classes of materials. Inside Dent. 2009;5(9):94-103.
Gracis S, Thompson VP, Ferencz JL, et al. A new classification system for all-ceramic and ceramic-like restorative materials. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2015;28(3).
De Almeida B, de Oliveira KF, Caldas RA. Mechanical and optical properties of feldspathic ceramics and lithium disilicate: literature review. Rev Bras Odontol. 2020;77:e1427.
Byeon S-M, Song J-J. Mechanical properties and microstructure of the leucite-reinforced glass-ceramics for dental CAD/CAM. Journal of dental hygiene science. 2018;18(1):42-49.
Kelly JR, Benetti P. Ceramic materials in dentistry: historical evolution and current practice. Australian dental journal. 2011;56:84-96.
Powers JM, Wataha JC. Dental Materials-E-Book: Foundations and Applications: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015.
Skorulska A, Piszko P, Rybak Z, et al. Review on polymer, ceramic and composite materials for cad/cam indirect restorations in dentistry—Application, mechanical characteristics and comparison. Materials. 2021;14(7):1592.
Jurado CA, Mourad F, Trevino DAC, et al. Comparison of full and partial coverage crowns with CAD/CAM leucite reinforced ceramic blocks on fracture resistance and fractographic analysis. Dental materials journal. 2022;41(2):295-301.
Apel E, Deubener J, Bernard A, et al. Phenomena and mechanisms of crack propagation in glass-ceramics. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials. 2008;1(4):313-325.
Warreth A, Elkareimi Y. All-ceramic restorations: A review of the literature. The Saudi Dental Journal. 2020;32(8):365-372.
Traini T, Sinjari B, Pascetta R, et al. The zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic: lights and shadows of a new material. Dental materials journal. 2016;35(5):748-755.
Ünsal DM, Akgüngör G. Zirkonya ile Güçlendirilmiş Lityum Silikat Cam Seramikler Zirconia Reinforced Lithium Silicate Glass Ceramics.
Denry I, Holloway JA. Ceramics for dental applications: a review. Materials. 2010;3(1):351-368.
Sanad AG, Mohsen CA, Mohamed ME. Effect of Different Veneering Techniques on Mechanical Properties and Translucency of Zirconia Framework-veneer Ceramic Crowns. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2025;26(3):294-302.
Kelly JR, Nishimura I, Campbell SD. Ceramics in dentistry: historical roots and current perspectives. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1996;75(1):18-32.
Kelly JR. Dental ceramics: current thinking and trends. Dental Clinics. 2004;48(2):513-530.
Willmann G. Ceramic femoral head retrieval data. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (1976-2007). 2000;379:22-28.
Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial. Biomaterials. 1999;20(1):1-25.
Ban S. Reliability and properties of core materials for all-ceramic dental restorations. Japanese Dental Science Review. 2008;44(1):3-21.
Petrini M, Ferrante M, Su B. Fabrication and characterization of biomimetic ceramic/polymer composite materials for dental restoration. Dental materials. 2013;29(4):375-381.
Mörmann WH, Stawarczyk B, Ender A, et al. Wear characteristics of current aesthetic dental restorative CAD/CAM materials: two-body wear, gloss retention, roughness and Martens hardness. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials. 2013;20:113-125.
El Zhawi H, Kaizer MR, Chughtai A, et al. Polymer infiltrated ceramic network structures for resistance to fatigue fracture and wear. Dental materials. 2016;32(11):1352-1361.
Sevmez H, BANKOĞLU GÜNGÖR M, Yilmaz H. Rezin Matriks Seramikler. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences. 2019;25(3).
Bapat RA, Yang HJ, Chaubal TV, et al. Review on synthesis, properties and multifarious therapeutic applications of nanostructured zirconia in dentistry. RSC advances. 2022;12(20):12773-12793.
Saridag S, Tak O, Alniacik G. Basic properties and types of zirconia: An overview. World Journal of Stomatology. 2013;2(3):40-47.
Kontonasaki E, Rigos AE, Ilia C, et al. Monolithic zirconia: an update to current knowledge. Optical properties, wear, and clinical performance. Dentistry Journal. 2019;7(3):90.
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