Oral Liken Planusun Periodontal Dokular Üzerindeki Klinik Etkileri ve Klinik Yönetimi
Özet
Oral liken planus (OLP), bağışıklık sistemi aracılı, kronik inflamatuar ve ağız mukozasını sık etkileyen bir hastalıktır. Özellikle orta yaş kadınlarda daha sık görülür ve en yaygın olarak bukkal mukoza, dil ve gingivada ortaya çıkar. Klinik olarak retiküler, atrofik, eroziv, plak, papüler ve büllöz formlarda izlenebilir. Eroziv ve atrofik tipler genellikle ağrılıdır ve oral hijyenin bozulmasına neden olabilir. OLP’nin periodontal dokular üzerindeki en önemli etkisi, gingival tutulum sonucu deskuamatif gingivit tablosu oluşturmasıdır. Bu durum epitel bütünlüğünü bozarak sondalamada kanamayı artırır, plak kontrolünü zorlaştırır ve sekonder periodontal inflamasyonu şiddetlendirebilir. Ayrıca OLP ile periodontal hastalıklar arasında ortak immünolojik mekanizmalar bulunduğu düşünülmektedir. Tedavide hafif ve asemptomatik olgularda düzenli takip yeterli olabilirken, semptomatik olgularda ilk seçenek topikal kortikosteroidlerdir. Dirençli veya yaygın vakalarda intralezyonel ya da sistemik tedaviler gündeme gelir. Periodontal tedaviler ise mümkün olduğunca hastalığın aktif eroziv döneminde değil, stabil fazında planlanmalıdır. Ayrıca OLP’nin düşük de olsa malign dönüşüm riski nedeniyle uzun dönemli klinik takip büyük önem taşır.
Referanslar
Tziotzios C, Lee JYW, Brier T, Saito R, Hsu CK, Bhargava K, et al. Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses: clinical overview and molecular basis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(5):789–804. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.010
Eisen D. The clinical features, malignant potential, and systemic associations of oral lichen planus: a study of 723 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(2):207–214. doi:10.1067/mjd.2002.120452
Sugerman PB, Savage NW. Oral lichen planus: causes, diagnosis and management. Aust Dent J. 2002;47(4):290–297. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2002.tb00540.x
González-Moles MÁ, Warnakulasuriya S, González-Ruiz I, González-Ruiz L, Ayén Á, Lenouvel D, et al. Worldwide prevalence of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2021;27(4):813–828. doi:10.1111/odi.13323
Warnakulasuriya S, Kujan O, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Bagan JV, González-Moles MÁ, Kerr AR, et al. Oral potentially malignant disorders: a consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer. Oral Dis. 2021;27(8):1862–1880. doi:10.1111/odi.13704
Depaoli M. Dati clinico-statistici sul lichen ruber planus. Minerva Dermatol. 1964;39:45–52.
Sigurgeirsson B, Lindelöf B. Frequency, duration and localization of lichen planus. A study based on 181 patients. Acta Derm Venereol. 1961;41:279–286.
Bhattacharya M, Kaur I, Kumar B. Lichen planus: a clinical and epidemiological study. J Dermatol. 2000;27(9):576–582. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2000.tb02232.x
9.Le Cleach L, Chosidow O. Lichen planus. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(8):723–732. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1103641
10.Wagner G, Rose C, Sachse MM. Clinical variants of lichen planus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2013;11(4):309–319. doi:10.1111/ddg.12031
Lehman JS, Tollefson MM, Gibson LE. Lichen planus. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48(7):682–694. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04062.x
Lee JY, Lee ES, Kim YC. Lichen planus specific antigen and antibodies. J Korean Med Sci. 1987;2(4):259–262. doi:10.3346/jkms.1987.2.4.259
Akarsu S, İlknur T, Özer E, Feti̇l E. Lichen planus pigmentosus distributed along the lines of Blaschko. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52(7):858–860. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05303.x
14.Suresh S, Chokshi K, Desai S, Malu R, Chokshi A. Medical management of oral lichen planus: a systematic review. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(2):ZE01–ZE05. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/17698.7263
Schlosser BJ. Lichen planus and lichenoid reactions of the oral mucosa. Dermatol Ther. 2010;23(3):251–267. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01323.x
Rice PJ, Hamburger J. Oral lichenoid drug eruptions: their recognition and management. Dent Update. 2002;29(9):442–447. doi:10.12968/denu.2002.29.9.442
Patel S, Yeoman CM, Murphy R. Oral lichen planus in childhood: a report of three cases. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2005;15(2):118–122. doi:10.1111/j.1365-263X.2005.00601.x
van der Hem PS, Egges M, van der Wal JE, Roodenburg JL. CO₂ laser evaporation of oral lichen planus. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66(9):1731–1735. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2008.04.005
Nosratzehi T. Oral lichen planus: an overview of potential risk factors, biomarkers and treatments. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(5):1161–1167. doi:10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.5.1161
De Porras-Carrique T, Ramos-García P, Aguilar-Diosdado M, Warnakulasuriya S, González-Moles MÁ. Autoimmune disorders in oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2023;29(4):1382–1394. doi:10.1111/odi.14127
García-Pola M, Rodríguez-Fonseca L, Suárez-Fernández C, Sanjuán-Pardavila R, Seoane-Romero J, Rodríguez-López S. Bidirectional association between lichen planus and hepatitis C—an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(18):5777. doi:10.3390/jcm12185777
González-Moles MÁ, Ramos-García P. An evidence-based update on the potential for malignancy of oral lichen planus and related conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2024;16(3):608. doi:10.3390/cancers16030608
Andreasen JO. Oral lichen planus: I. A clinical evaluation of 115 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1968;25(1):31–42. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(68)90194-1
Akhtar N, Brizuela M. Oral lichen planus. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.
Nukaly HY, Halawani IR, Alghamdi SMS, Alruwaili AG, Binhezaim A, Algahamdi RAA, et al. Oral lichen planus: a narrative review navigating etiologies, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and therapeutic approaches. J Clin Med. 2024;13(17):5280. doi:10.3390/jcm13175280
Thorn JJ, Holmstrup P, Rindum J, Pindborg JJ. Course of various clinical forms of oral lichen planus. A prospective follow-up study of 611 patients. J Oral Pathol Med. 1988;17(5):213–218. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01527.x
27.Arya R, Sharma RK, Tanwar N, Gupta A. Assessment of periodontal status in patients with oral lichen planus. Quintessence Int. 2024;55(1):4–16. doi:10.3290/j.qi.b4343127
Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Walsh LJ, Zhao ZZ, Zhou XJ, Khan A, et al. The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002;13(4):350–365. doi:10.1177/154411130201300405
Cheng YS, Gould A, Kurago Z, Fantasia J, Muller S. Diagnosis of oral lichen planus: a position paper of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;74(12):2495–2503. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2016.05.004
Ansar A, Farshchian M, Seyed MG. Comparison of the frequency of diabetes mellitus in the patients with lichen planus and normal controls: a case-control study. J Res Med Sci. 2011;16(8):1039–1043.
Van der Meij EH, Van der Waal I. Lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on the presently available diagnostic criteria and suggestions for modifications. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003;32(9):507–512. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.00125.x
Shen ZY, Liu W, Zhu LK, Feng JQ, Tang GY, Zhou ZT. A retrospective clinicopathological study on oral lichen planus and malignant transformation: analysis of 518 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012;17(6):e943–e947. doi:10.4317/medoral.17807
Mignogna MD, Lo Muzio L, Russo LL, Fedele S, Ruoppo E, Bucci E. Clinical guidelines in early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma arising in oral lichen planus: a 5-year experience. Oral Oncol. 2001;37(3):262–267. doi:10.1016/S1368-8375(00)00096-8
Yang H, Wu Y, Ma H, Jiang L, Zeng X, Dan H. Possible alternative therapies for oral lichen planus cases refractory to steroid treatments. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;121(5):496–509. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2016.01.022
González-Moles MÁ, Scully C, Gil-Montoya JA. Oral lichen planus: controversies surrounding malignant transformation. Oral Dis. 2008;14(3):229–243. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01441.x
Sanadi RM, Khandekar PD, Chaudhari SR, Javali MA, Gurav NU. Association of periodontal disease with oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2023;27(1):173–180. doi:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_178_22
Paya L, Parhizkar A, Hosseinpour Sarmadi M, Faramarzi M. Comparing oral hygiene, periodontal health and decayed, missing and filled teeth indexes in patients with oral lichen planus and healthy individuals. Int J Med Invest. 2024;13(4):148–154.
Davari P, Hsiao HH, Fazel N. Mucosal lichen planus: an evidence-based treatment update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15(3):181–195. doi:10.1007/s40257-014-0068-6
Carbone M, Goss E, Carrozzo M, Castellano S, Conrotto D, Broccoletti R, et al. Systemic and topical corticosteroid treatment of oral lichen planus: a comparative study with long-term follow-up. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003;32(6):323–329. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.00173.x
Schlosser BJ. Lichen planus and lichenoid reactions of the oral mucosa. Dermatol Ther. 2010;23(3):251–267. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01322.x
Xia J, Li C, Hong Y, Yang L, Huang Y, Cheng B. Short-term clinical evaluation of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection for ulcerative oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med. 2006;35(6):327–331. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00441.x
Vincent SD, Fotos PG, Baker KA, Williams TP. Oral lichen planus: the clinical, historical, and therapeutic features of 100 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;70(2):165–171. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(90)90112-6
Cinotti E, D’Onghia M, Calabrese L, Bardazzi F, Corazza M, Cozzani EC, et al. Italian consensus on the treatment of oral lichen planus. Ital J Dermatol Venerol. 2025;160(2):83–96. doi:10.23736/S2784-8671.25.08143-5
Wongpakorn P, Chantarangsu S, Prapinjumrune C. Factors involved in the remission of oral lichen planus treated with topical corticosteroids. BDJ Open. 2024;10(1):34. doi:10.1038/s41405-024-00217-4
Andabak-Rogulj A, Vindiš E, Aleksijević LH, Škrinjar I, Juras DV, Aščić A, et al. Different treatment modalities of oral lichen planus—a narrative review. Dent J (Basel). 2023;11(1):26. doi:10.3390/dj11010026
Eisen D, Ellis CN, Duell EA, Griffiths CEM, Voorhees JJ. Effect of topical cyclosporine rinse on oral lichen planus. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(5):290–294. doi:10.1056/NEJM199008023230502
Hersle K, Mobacken H, Sloberg K, Thilander H. Severe oral lichen planus: treatment with an aromatic retinoid (etretinate). Br J Dermatol. 1982;106(1):77–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1982.tb00904.x
Albaghli F, Zhou Y, Hsu CC, Nibali L. The effect of plaque control in the treatment of oral lichen planus with gingival manifestations: a systematic review. Community Dent Health. 2021;38(2):112–118. doi:10.1922/CDH_00202Albaghli07
Zhao W, Lin D, Deng S, Wang S, Guo Y, Yang J, et al. Synergistic efficacy of plaque control with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection on erosive non-gingival oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):13787. doi:10.3390/ijerph192113787
Referanslar
Tziotzios C, Lee JYW, Brier T, Saito R, Hsu CK, Bhargava K, et al. Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses: clinical overview and molecular basis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(5):789–804. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.010
Eisen D. The clinical features, malignant potential, and systemic associations of oral lichen planus: a study of 723 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(2):207–214. doi:10.1067/mjd.2002.120452
Sugerman PB, Savage NW. Oral lichen planus: causes, diagnosis and management. Aust Dent J. 2002;47(4):290–297. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2002.tb00540.x
González-Moles MÁ, Warnakulasuriya S, González-Ruiz I, González-Ruiz L, Ayén Á, Lenouvel D, et al. Worldwide prevalence of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2021;27(4):813–828. doi:10.1111/odi.13323
Warnakulasuriya S, Kujan O, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Bagan JV, González-Moles MÁ, Kerr AR, et al. Oral potentially malignant disorders: a consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer. Oral Dis. 2021;27(8):1862–1880. doi:10.1111/odi.13704
Depaoli M. Dati clinico-statistici sul lichen ruber planus. Minerva Dermatol. 1964;39:45–52.
Sigurgeirsson B, Lindelöf B. Frequency, duration and localization of lichen planus. A study based on 181 patients. Acta Derm Venereol. 1961;41:279–286.
Bhattacharya M, Kaur I, Kumar B. Lichen planus: a clinical and epidemiological study. J Dermatol. 2000;27(9):576–582. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2000.tb02232.x
9.Le Cleach L, Chosidow O. Lichen planus. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(8):723–732. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1103641
10.Wagner G, Rose C, Sachse MM. Clinical variants of lichen planus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2013;11(4):309–319. doi:10.1111/ddg.12031
Lehman JS, Tollefson MM, Gibson LE. Lichen planus. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48(7):682–694. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04062.x
Lee JY, Lee ES, Kim YC. Lichen planus specific antigen and antibodies. J Korean Med Sci. 1987;2(4):259–262. doi:10.3346/jkms.1987.2.4.259
Akarsu S, İlknur T, Özer E, Feti̇l E. Lichen planus pigmentosus distributed along the lines of Blaschko. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52(7):858–860. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05303.x
14.Suresh S, Chokshi K, Desai S, Malu R, Chokshi A. Medical management of oral lichen planus: a systematic review. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(2):ZE01–ZE05. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/17698.7263
Schlosser BJ. Lichen planus and lichenoid reactions of the oral mucosa. Dermatol Ther. 2010;23(3):251–267. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01323.x
Rice PJ, Hamburger J. Oral lichenoid drug eruptions: their recognition and management. Dent Update. 2002;29(9):442–447. doi:10.12968/denu.2002.29.9.442
Patel S, Yeoman CM, Murphy R. Oral lichen planus in childhood: a report of three cases. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2005;15(2):118–122. doi:10.1111/j.1365-263X.2005.00601.x
van der Hem PS, Egges M, van der Wal JE, Roodenburg JL. CO₂ laser evaporation of oral lichen planus. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66(9):1731–1735. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2008.04.005
Nosratzehi T. Oral lichen planus: an overview of potential risk factors, biomarkers and treatments. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(5):1161–1167. doi:10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.5.1161
De Porras-Carrique T, Ramos-García P, Aguilar-Diosdado M, Warnakulasuriya S, González-Moles MÁ. Autoimmune disorders in oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2023;29(4):1382–1394. doi:10.1111/odi.14127
García-Pola M, Rodríguez-Fonseca L, Suárez-Fernández C, Sanjuán-Pardavila R, Seoane-Romero J, Rodríguez-López S. Bidirectional association between lichen planus and hepatitis C—an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(18):5777. doi:10.3390/jcm12185777
González-Moles MÁ, Ramos-García P. An evidence-based update on the potential for malignancy of oral lichen planus and related conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2024;16(3):608. doi:10.3390/cancers16030608
Andreasen JO. Oral lichen planus: I. A clinical evaluation of 115 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1968;25(1):31–42. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(68)90194-1
Akhtar N, Brizuela M. Oral lichen planus. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.
Nukaly HY, Halawani IR, Alghamdi SMS, Alruwaili AG, Binhezaim A, Algahamdi RAA, et al. Oral lichen planus: a narrative review navigating etiologies, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and therapeutic approaches. J Clin Med. 2024;13(17):5280. doi:10.3390/jcm13175280
Thorn JJ, Holmstrup P, Rindum J, Pindborg JJ. Course of various clinical forms of oral lichen planus. A prospective follow-up study of 611 patients. J Oral Pathol Med. 1988;17(5):213–218. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01527.x
27.Arya R, Sharma RK, Tanwar N, Gupta A. Assessment of periodontal status in patients with oral lichen planus. Quintessence Int. 2024;55(1):4–16. doi:10.3290/j.qi.b4343127
Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Walsh LJ, Zhao ZZ, Zhou XJ, Khan A, et al. The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002;13(4):350–365. doi:10.1177/154411130201300405
Cheng YS, Gould A, Kurago Z, Fantasia J, Muller S. Diagnosis of oral lichen planus: a position paper of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;74(12):2495–2503. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2016.05.004
Ansar A, Farshchian M, Seyed MG. Comparison of the frequency of diabetes mellitus in the patients with lichen planus and normal controls: a case-control study. J Res Med Sci. 2011;16(8):1039–1043.
Van der Meij EH, Van der Waal I. Lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on the presently available diagnostic criteria and suggestions for modifications. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003;32(9):507–512. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.00125.x
Shen ZY, Liu W, Zhu LK, Feng JQ, Tang GY, Zhou ZT. A retrospective clinicopathological study on oral lichen planus and malignant transformation: analysis of 518 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012;17(6):e943–e947. doi:10.4317/medoral.17807
Mignogna MD, Lo Muzio L, Russo LL, Fedele S, Ruoppo E, Bucci E. Clinical guidelines in early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma arising in oral lichen planus: a 5-year experience. Oral Oncol. 2001;37(3):262–267. doi:10.1016/S1368-8375(00)00096-8
Yang H, Wu Y, Ma H, Jiang L, Zeng X, Dan H. Possible alternative therapies for oral lichen planus cases refractory to steroid treatments. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;121(5):496–509. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2016.01.022
González-Moles MÁ, Scully C, Gil-Montoya JA. Oral lichen planus: controversies surrounding malignant transformation. Oral Dis. 2008;14(3):229–243. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01441.x
Sanadi RM, Khandekar PD, Chaudhari SR, Javali MA, Gurav NU. Association of periodontal disease with oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2023;27(1):173–180. doi:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_178_22
Paya L, Parhizkar A, Hosseinpour Sarmadi M, Faramarzi M. Comparing oral hygiene, periodontal health and decayed, missing and filled teeth indexes in patients with oral lichen planus and healthy individuals. Int J Med Invest. 2024;13(4):148–154.
Davari P, Hsiao HH, Fazel N. Mucosal lichen planus: an evidence-based treatment update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15(3):181–195. doi:10.1007/s40257-014-0068-6
Carbone M, Goss E, Carrozzo M, Castellano S, Conrotto D, Broccoletti R, et al. Systemic and topical corticosteroid treatment of oral lichen planus: a comparative study with long-term follow-up. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003;32(6):323–329. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.00173.x
Schlosser BJ. Lichen planus and lichenoid reactions of the oral mucosa. Dermatol Ther. 2010;23(3):251–267. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01322.x
Xia J, Li C, Hong Y, Yang L, Huang Y, Cheng B. Short-term clinical evaluation of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection for ulcerative oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med. 2006;35(6):327–331. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00441.x
Vincent SD, Fotos PG, Baker KA, Williams TP. Oral lichen planus: the clinical, historical, and therapeutic features of 100 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;70(2):165–171. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(90)90112-6
Cinotti E, D’Onghia M, Calabrese L, Bardazzi F, Corazza M, Cozzani EC, et al. Italian consensus on the treatment of oral lichen planus. Ital J Dermatol Venerol. 2025;160(2):83–96. doi:10.23736/S2784-8671.25.08143-5
Wongpakorn P, Chantarangsu S, Prapinjumrune C. Factors involved in the remission of oral lichen planus treated with topical corticosteroids. BDJ Open. 2024;10(1):34. doi:10.1038/s41405-024-00217-4
Andabak-Rogulj A, Vindiš E, Aleksijević LH, Škrinjar I, Juras DV, Aščić A, et al. Different treatment modalities of oral lichen planus—a narrative review. Dent J (Basel). 2023;11(1):26. doi:10.3390/dj11010026
Eisen D, Ellis CN, Duell EA, Griffiths CEM, Voorhees JJ. Effect of topical cyclosporine rinse on oral lichen planus. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(5):290–294. doi:10.1056/NEJM199008023230502
Hersle K, Mobacken H, Sloberg K, Thilander H. Severe oral lichen planus: treatment with an aromatic retinoid (etretinate). Br J Dermatol. 1982;106(1):77–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1982.tb00904.x
Albaghli F, Zhou Y, Hsu CC, Nibali L. The effect of plaque control in the treatment of oral lichen planus with gingival manifestations: a systematic review. Community Dent Health. 2021;38(2):112–118. doi:10.1922/CDH_00202Albaghli07
Zhao W, Lin D, Deng S, Wang S, Guo Y, Yang J, et al. Synergistic efficacy of plaque control with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection on erosive non-gingival oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):13787. doi:10.3390/ijerph192113787
