Bifosfonatlar ve Dental İmplant Cerrahisi
Özet
Bifosfonatlar; kemik hidroksiapatitine yüksek afinitesi olan, osteoklast aktivitesini ve kemik yıkımını azaltmak için yaygın olarak kullanılan, pirofosfat analoğu antirezorptif bir ilaç grubudur. Bifosfonatlar, oral veya intravenöz yolla verilebilirler. Oral yolla özellikle postmenopozal osteoporoz ve osteopeni tedavisinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadırlar. İntravenöz bifosfonatlar ise kanser ve kemik metastazı olan hastalarda kemik komplikasyonlarının önlenmesi ve tümör kaynaklı hiperkalseminin tedavisi için kullanılırlar. Bifosfonatlar birtakım yan etkilere neden olabilirler. Bu yan etkilerden biri, ilaca bağlı çene kemiği osteonekrozudur. Osteonekrozun ortaya çıkmasının asıl sebebinin diş çekimi olduğu düşünülmektedir. Dental implant cerrahisi sonrasında da osteonekrozun ortaya çıktığı bildirilmiştir. İmplantın cerrahi yerleşim sürecinin yanı sıra implantın intraoral varlığı da çenelerde osteopatoloji gelişimi açısından bir risk faktörü olarak görülmektedir. Bu komplikasyonun görülmesini ilaç uygulama yolu, süresi, dozu, hastanın genel sağlık durumu, tütün kullanımı ve oral hijyen gibi faktörler etkileyebilir. Literatürde özellikle intravenöz bifosfonat tedavisi alan kanser hastalarında dental implant uygulamalarından kaçınılması gerektiği konusunda geniş bir fikir birliği mevcuttur. Ancak, oral bifosfonat kullanan osteoporoz hastalarının, çene osteonekrozu açısından klinik olarak anlamlı bir risk taşıyıp taşımadıkları ve bu hasta grubunda cerrahi müdahalelerin güvenilirliği konusunda belirsizlik devam etmektedir. Bu nedenle dental implant uygulanmış veya uygulanacak bifosfonat hastalarında, potansiyel komplikasyonların erken teşhisi amacıyla titiz ve sıkı bir klinik takip protokolü önerilmektedir.
Bisphosphonates are a group of antiresorptive pyrophosphate analogs widely used to decrease osteoclastic activity. Bisphosphonates can be administered via oral or intravenous routes. They are commonly used orally in postmenopausal osteoporosis and osteopenia. Intravenous bisphosphonates are utilized for the prevention of skeletal complications in patients with cancer and bone metastasis, as well as for tumor-induced hypercalcemia. Bisphosphonates may cause drug-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw. It is considered that tooth extraction is the primary cause of osteonecrosis. The occurrence of osteonecrosis following dental implant surgery has also been reported. In addition to the surgical placement process, the intraoral presence of the implant is regarded as a risk factor for the development of osteopathology. Factors such as the route of drug administration, duration, dosage, overall health status, tobacco use, and oral hygiene may influence the occurrence. There is a broad consensus that dental implant procedures should be avoided, especially in cancer patients receiving intravenous bisphosphonate therapy. However, uncertainty remains regarding whether osteoporosis patients using oral bisphosphonates carry a significant risk of osteonecrosis. Therefore, a meticulous and strict clinical follow-up protocol is recommended for bisphosphonate patients who have received or will receive dental implants to ensure the early detection of potential complications.
Referanslar
de-Freitas NR, Lima LB, de-Moura MB, et al. Bisphosphonate treatment and dental implants: A systematic review. Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2016;21(5): 644-651.
Grant BT, Amenedo C, Freeman K, et al. Outcomes of placing dental implants in patients taking oral bisphosphonates: a review of 115 cases. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery. 2008;66(2): 223-230.
Flichy-Fernández A, Balaguer-Martínez J, Peñarrocha-Diago M, et al. Bisphosphonates and dental implants: Current issues. Medicina Oral, Patoogial Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2009;14(7): 355-360.
Glorieux FH, Bishop NJ, Plotkin H, et al. Cyclic administration of pamidronate in children with severe osteogenesis imperfecta. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;339(14): 947-952.
Berenson JR, Hillner BE, Kyle RA, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines: the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2002;20(17): 3719-3736.
Drake MT, Clarke BL, Lewiecki EM. The pathophysiology and treatment of osteoporosis. Clinical Therapeutics. 2015;37(8): 1837-1850.
Sulaiman N, Fadhul F, Chrcanovic BR. Bisphosphonates and dental ımplants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials (Basel). 2023;16(18): 6138.
Perazella MA, Markowitz GS. Bisphosphonate nephrotoxicity. Kidney International. 2008;74(11): 1385-1393.
Mendes V, Dos Santos GO, Calasans-Maia MD, et al. Impact of bisphosphonate therapy on dental implant outcomes: an overview of systematic review evidence. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2019;48(3): 373-381.
Leite AF, Figueiredo PT, Melo NS, et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws. Report of a case and literature review. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2006;102(1): 14-21.
Chrcanovic BR, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Bisphosphonates and dental implants: a meta-analysis. Quintessence International. 2016;47(4): 329-342.
Ata-Ali J, Ata-Ali F, Peñarrocha-Oltra D, et al. What is the impact of bisphosphonate therapy upon dental implant survival? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Oral Implants Research. 2016;27(2): 38-46.
Borromeo GL, Tsao CE, Darby IB, et al. A review of the clinical implications of bisphosphonates in dentistry. Australian Denalt Journal. 2011;56(1): 2-9.
Letocha AD, Cintas HL, Troendle JF, et al. Controlled trial of pamidronate in children with types III and IV osteogenesis imperfecta confirms vertebral gains but not short-term functional improvement. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2005;20(6): 977-986.
Siris ES, Lyles KW, Singer FR, et al. Medical management of Paget's disease of bone: indications for treatment and review of current therapies. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2006;21(Suppl 2): 94-98.
Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Assael LA, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: 2009 update. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2009;67(5 Suppl): 2-12.
Çetin Z, Büyükberber S. Kemik metastazlarına yaklaşım. İç Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2012;19(3): 119-124.
Karaçelebi E, Öztürk M. Oral ve maksillofasial cerrahide bifosfonatlar ve bifosfonatla ilişkili çene osteonekrozu tedavisinde yeni yaklaşımlar. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi. 2012;5(4): 1052-1062.
Reszka AA, Rodan GA. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate mechanism of action. Mini- Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 2004;4(7): 711-719.
Onur ÖD, Kurtuluş B, Çevik P. Bifosfonat kullanan hastalarda oral cerrahi uygulamalarda karşılaşılabilecek sorunlar ve tedavisi. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry. 2009;43(3-4): 113-122.
Marx RE, Sawatari Y, Fortin M, et al. Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery. 2005;63(11): 1567-1575.
Fournier P, Boissier S, Filleur S, et al. Bisphosphonates inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and testosterone-stimulated vascular regrowth in the ventral prostate in castrated rats. Cancer Research. 2002;62(22): 6538-6544.
Khan SA, Kanis JA, Vasikaran S, et al. Elimination and biochemical responses to intravenous alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 1997;12(10): 1700-1707.
Lin JH, Russell G, Gertz B. Pharmacokinetics of alendronate: an overview. International Journal of Clinical Practice Supplement. 1999;101: 18-26.
Shin M, Matsuo K, Tada T, et al. The inhibition of RANKL/RANK signaling by osteoprotegerin suppresses bone invasion by oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis. 2011;32(11): 1634-1640.
Erdem NF, Gümüşer Z. Bifosfonat kullanımına bağlı çene kemiklerinde görülen osteonekroz vakalarının medikal ve cerrahi tedavileri sonrasi uzun dönem takipleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2019;29(1): 89-97.
Naidu A, Dechow PC, Spears R, et al. The effects of bisphosphonates on osteoblasts in vitro. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2008;106(1): 5-13.
Frediani B, Spreafico A, Capperucci C, et al. Long-term effects of neridronate on human osteoblastic cell cultures. Bone. 2004;35(4): 859-869.
Allen MR, Follet H, Khurana M, et al. Antiremodeling agents influence osteoblast activity differently in modeling and remodeling sites of canine rib. Calcified Tissue International. 2006;79(4): 255-261.
Lam DK, Sándor GK, Holmes HI, et al. A review of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws and its management. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 2007;73(5): 417-422.
Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw--2014 update. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2014;72(10): 1938-1956.
Otto S, Schreyer C, Hafner S, et al. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws - characteristics, risk factors, clinical features, localization and impact on oncological treatment. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 2012;40(4): 303-309.
Bassan Marinho Maciel G, Marinho Maciel R, Linhares Ferrazzo K, et al. Etiopathogenesis of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a review. Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2024;102(3): 353-364.
Hokugo A, Christensen R, Chung EM, et al. Increased prevalence of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw with vitamin D deficiency in rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2010;25(6): 1337-1349.
Flichy-Fernández AJ, Balaguer-Martínez J, Peñarrocha-Diago M, et al. Bisphosphonates and dental implants: current problems. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal. 2009;14(7): 355-360.
American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2007;65(3): 369-376.
American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. Dental management of patients receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy: expert panel recommendations. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2006;137(8): 1144-1150.
Tam Y, Kar K, Nowzari H, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw after implant surgery in patients treated with bisphosphonates--a presentation of six consecutive cases. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 2014;16(5): 751-761.
Landesberg R, Woo V, Cremers S, et al. Potential pathophysiological mechanisms in osteonecrosis of the jaw. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2011;1218: 62-79.
Gupta S, Jain P, Kumar P, et al. Zoledronic acid induced osteonecrosis of tibia and femur. Indian Journal of Cancer. 2009;46(3): 249-250.
Chiu WY, Chien JY, Yang WS, et al. The risk of osteonecrosis of the jaws in Taiwanese osteoporotic patients treated with oral alendronate or raloxifene. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(8): 2729-2735.
Marx RE, Cillo Jr JE, Ulloa JJ. Oral bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis: risk factors, prediction of risk using serum CTX testing, prevention, and treatment. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2007;65(12): 2397-2410.
Rosen HN, Moses AC, Garber J, et al. Serum CTX: a new marker of bone resorption that shows treatment effect more often than other markers because of low coefficient of variability and large changes with bisphosphonate therapy. Calcified Tissue International. 2000;66(2): 100-103.
Otomo-Corgel J. Osteoporosis and osteopenia: implications for periodontal and implant therapy. Periodontology 2000. 2012;59(1): 111-139.
Hewitt C, Farah CS. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a comprehensive review. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine. 2007;36(6): 319-328.
Silverman SL, Schousboe JT, Gold DT. Oral bisphosphonate compliance and persistence: a matter of choice? Osteoporosis International. 2011;22(1): 21-26.
Conte P, Guarneri V. Safety of intravenous and oral bisphosphonates and compliance with dosing regimens. The Oncologist. 2004;9(Suppl 4): 28-37.
Cremers SC, Pillai G, Papapoulos SE. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of bisphosphonates: use for optimisation of intermittent therapy for osteoporosis. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2005;44(6): 551-570.
Koka S, Babu NM, Norell A. Survival of dental implants in post-menopausal bisphosphonate users. Journal of Prosthodontic Research. 2010;54(3): 108-111.
Bell BM, Bell RE. Oral bisphosphonates and dental implants: a retrospective study. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2008;66(5): 1022-1024.
Jacobsen C, Metzler P, Rössle M, et al. Osteopathology induced by bisphosphonates and dental implants: clinical observations. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2013;17(1): 167-175.
Lazarovici TS, Yahalom R, Taicher S, et al. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with dental implants. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2010;68(4): 790-796.
Ata-Ali J, Ata-Ali F, Ata-Ali F. Do antibiotics decrease implant failure and postoperative infections? A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2014;43(1): 68-74.
Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Assael LA, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws--2009 update. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2009;67(5 Suppl): 2-12.
Bedogni A, Bettini G, Totola A, et al. Oral bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw after implant surgery: a case report and literature review. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2010;68(7): 1662-1666.
Ruhin B. Implants and biphosphonates: 2012 guidelines for practitioners. Revue de Stomatologie, de Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale et de Chirurgie Orale. 2013;114(1): 1-3.
Referanslar
de-Freitas NR, Lima LB, de-Moura MB, et al. Bisphosphonate treatment and dental implants: A systematic review. Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2016;21(5): 644-651.
Grant BT, Amenedo C, Freeman K, et al. Outcomes of placing dental implants in patients taking oral bisphosphonates: a review of 115 cases. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery. 2008;66(2): 223-230.
Flichy-Fernández A, Balaguer-Martínez J, Peñarrocha-Diago M, et al. Bisphosphonates and dental implants: Current issues. Medicina Oral, Patoogial Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2009;14(7): 355-360.
Glorieux FH, Bishop NJ, Plotkin H, et al. Cyclic administration of pamidronate in children with severe osteogenesis imperfecta. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;339(14): 947-952.
Berenson JR, Hillner BE, Kyle RA, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines: the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2002;20(17): 3719-3736.
Drake MT, Clarke BL, Lewiecki EM. The pathophysiology and treatment of osteoporosis. Clinical Therapeutics. 2015;37(8): 1837-1850.
Sulaiman N, Fadhul F, Chrcanovic BR. Bisphosphonates and dental ımplants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials (Basel). 2023;16(18): 6138.
Perazella MA, Markowitz GS. Bisphosphonate nephrotoxicity. Kidney International. 2008;74(11): 1385-1393.
Mendes V, Dos Santos GO, Calasans-Maia MD, et al. Impact of bisphosphonate therapy on dental implant outcomes: an overview of systematic review evidence. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2019;48(3): 373-381.
Leite AF, Figueiredo PT, Melo NS, et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws. Report of a case and literature review. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2006;102(1): 14-21.
Chrcanovic BR, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Bisphosphonates and dental implants: a meta-analysis. Quintessence International. 2016;47(4): 329-342.
Ata-Ali J, Ata-Ali F, Peñarrocha-Oltra D, et al. What is the impact of bisphosphonate therapy upon dental implant survival? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Oral Implants Research. 2016;27(2): 38-46.
Borromeo GL, Tsao CE, Darby IB, et al. A review of the clinical implications of bisphosphonates in dentistry. Australian Denalt Journal. 2011;56(1): 2-9.
Letocha AD, Cintas HL, Troendle JF, et al. Controlled trial of pamidronate in children with types III and IV osteogenesis imperfecta confirms vertebral gains but not short-term functional improvement. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2005;20(6): 977-986.
Siris ES, Lyles KW, Singer FR, et al. Medical management of Paget's disease of bone: indications for treatment and review of current therapies. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2006;21(Suppl 2): 94-98.
Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Assael LA, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: 2009 update. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2009;67(5 Suppl): 2-12.
Çetin Z, Büyükberber S. Kemik metastazlarına yaklaşım. İç Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2012;19(3): 119-124.
Karaçelebi E, Öztürk M. Oral ve maksillofasial cerrahide bifosfonatlar ve bifosfonatla ilişkili çene osteonekrozu tedavisinde yeni yaklaşımlar. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi. 2012;5(4): 1052-1062.
Reszka AA, Rodan GA. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate mechanism of action. Mini- Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 2004;4(7): 711-719.
Onur ÖD, Kurtuluş B, Çevik P. Bifosfonat kullanan hastalarda oral cerrahi uygulamalarda karşılaşılabilecek sorunlar ve tedavisi. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry. 2009;43(3-4): 113-122.
Marx RE, Sawatari Y, Fortin M, et al. Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery. 2005;63(11): 1567-1575.
Fournier P, Boissier S, Filleur S, et al. Bisphosphonates inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and testosterone-stimulated vascular regrowth in the ventral prostate in castrated rats. Cancer Research. 2002;62(22): 6538-6544.
Khan SA, Kanis JA, Vasikaran S, et al. Elimination and biochemical responses to intravenous alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 1997;12(10): 1700-1707.
Lin JH, Russell G, Gertz B. Pharmacokinetics of alendronate: an overview. International Journal of Clinical Practice Supplement. 1999;101: 18-26.
Shin M, Matsuo K, Tada T, et al. The inhibition of RANKL/RANK signaling by osteoprotegerin suppresses bone invasion by oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis. 2011;32(11): 1634-1640.
Erdem NF, Gümüşer Z. Bifosfonat kullanımına bağlı çene kemiklerinde görülen osteonekroz vakalarının medikal ve cerrahi tedavileri sonrasi uzun dönem takipleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2019;29(1): 89-97.
Naidu A, Dechow PC, Spears R, et al. The effects of bisphosphonates on osteoblasts in vitro. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2008;106(1): 5-13.
Frediani B, Spreafico A, Capperucci C, et al. Long-term effects of neridronate on human osteoblastic cell cultures. Bone. 2004;35(4): 859-869.
Allen MR, Follet H, Khurana M, et al. Antiremodeling agents influence osteoblast activity differently in modeling and remodeling sites of canine rib. Calcified Tissue International. 2006;79(4): 255-261.
Lam DK, Sándor GK, Holmes HI, et al. A review of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws and its management. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 2007;73(5): 417-422.
Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw--2014 update. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2014;72(10): 1938-1956.
Otto S, Schreyer C, Hafner S, et al. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws - characteristics, risk factors, clinical features, localization and impact on oncological treatment. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 2012;40(4): 303-309.
Bassan Marinho Maciel G, Marinho Maciel R, Linhares Ferrazzo K, et al. Etiopathogenesis of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a review. Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2024;102(3): 353-364.
Hokugo A, Christensen R, Chung EM, et al. Increased prevalence of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw with vitamin D deficiency in rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2010;25(6): 1337-1349.
Flichy-Fernández AJ, Balaguer-Martínez J, Peñarrocha-Diago M, et al. Bisphosphonates and dental implants: current problems. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal. 2009;14(7): 355-360.
American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2007;65(3): 369-376.
American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. Dental management of patients receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy: expert panel recommendations. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2006;137(8): 1144-1150.
Tam Y, Kar K, Nowzari H, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw after implant surgery in patients treated with bisphosphonates--a presentation of six consecutive cases. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 2014;16(5): 751-761.
Landesberg R, Woo V, Cremers S, et al. Potential pathophysiological mechanisms in osteonecrosis of the jaw. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2011;1218: 62-79.
Gupta S, Jain P, Kumar P, et al. Zoledronic acid induced osteonecrosis of tibia and femur. Indian Journal of Cancer. 2009;46(3): 249-250.
Chiu WY, Chien JY, Yang WS, et al. The risk of osteonecrosis of the jaws in Taiwanese osteoporotic patients treated with oral alendronate or raloxifene. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(8): 2729-2735.
Marx RE, Cillo Jr JE, Ulloa JJ. Oral bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis: risk factors, prediction of risk using serum CTX testing, prevention, and treatment. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2007;65(12): 2397-2410.
Rosen HN, Moses AC, Garber J, et al. Serum CTX: a new marker of bone resorption that shows treatment effect more often than other markers because of low coefficient of variability and large changes with bisphosphonate therapy. Calcified Tissue International. 2000;66(2): 100-103.
Otomo-Corgel J. Osteoporosis and osteopenia: implications for periodontal and implant therapy. Periodontology 2000. 2012;59(1): 111-139.
Hewitt C, Farah CS. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a comprehensive review. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine. 2007;36(6): 319-328.
Silverman SL, Schousboe JT, Gold DT. Oral bisphosphonate compliance and persistence: a matter of choice? Osteoporosis International. 2011;22(1): 21-26.
Conte P, Guarneri V. Safety of intravenous and oral bisphosphonates and compliance with dosing regimens. The Oncologist. 2004;9(Suppl 4): 28-37.
Cremers SC, Pillai G, Papapoulos SE. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of bisphosphonates: use for optimisation of intermittent therapy for osteoporosis. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2005;44(6): 551-570.
Koka S, Babu NM, Norell A. Survival of dental implants in post-menopausal bisphosphonate users. Journal of Prosthodontic Research. 2010;54(3): 108-111.
Bell BM, Bell RE. Oral bisphosphonates and dental implants: a retrospective study. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2008;66(5): 1022-1024.
Jacobsen C, Metzler P, Rössle M, et al. Osteopathology induced by bisphosphonates and dental implants: clinical observations. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2013;17(1): 167-175.
Lazarovici TS, Yahalom R, Taicher S, et al. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with dental implants. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2010;68(4): 790-796.
Ata-Ali J, Ata-Ali F, Ata-Ali F. Do antibiotics decrease implant failure and postoperative infections? A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2014;43(1): 68-74.
Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Assael LA, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws--2009 update. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2009;67(5 Suppl): 2-12.
Bedogni A, Bettini G, Totola A, et al. Oral bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw after implant surgery: a case report and literature review. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2010;68(7): 1662-1666.
Ruhin B. Implants and biphosphonates: 2012 guidelines for practitioners. Revue de Stomatologie, de Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale et de Chirurgie Orale. 2013;114(1): 1-3.
