Endodontik Cerrahide Güncel Durum Değerlendirmesi ve Geleceğe Bakış
Özet
Endodontik cerrahi, başarısız kök kanal tedavisi öyküsüne sahip dişlerin yönetiminde başvurulan; kök ucu cerrahisi, kron ve kök rezeksiyonları, perforasyonun cerrahi yöntemlerle onarımı ve kasıtlı replantasyon gibi çeşitli girişimleri kapsayan kapsamlı bir tedavi alanıdır. Endodontik mikrocerrahi ise geleneksel apikoektomi tekniklerinin gelişmiş bir formu olup; yüksek büyütme altında (dental operasyon mikroskobu) çalışma, ultrasonik kök ucu preparasyonu ve biyouyumlu materyallerle kök ucu dolgusunun uygulanması gibi çağdaş yaklaşımları içermektedir. Bu kitap bölümü, endodontik mikrocerrahi kapsamında uygulanan güncel teknik ve materyalleri, geçmişte yaygın olarak kullanılan yöntem ve materyallerle karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirerek kök ucu cerrahisinin mevcut durumunu ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Klinik protokole eklenen güncel uygulamalar ve teknik yenilikler ayrıntılı biçimde tartışılmakta; ayrıca alanın gelecekteki gelişim yönelimlerine ilişkin öngörüler sunulmaktadır. Cerrahi olmayan yeniden tedavi, endodontik başarısızlık olgularının büyük bölümünde öncelikli yaklaşım olmaya devam etmekle birlikte, modern endodontik mikrocerrahi doğal dişlerin korunmasında öngörülebilir, güvenilir ve minimal invaziv bir alternatif olarak giderek daha fazla kabul görmektedir.
Endodontic surgery is a comprehensive treatment field used in the management of teeth with a history of failed root canal therapy. It encompasses various procedures such as apical surgery, crown and root resections, surgical repair of perforations, and intentional replantation. Endodontic microsurgery represents an advanced form of traditional apicoectomy techniques and incorporates contemporary approaches, including working under high magnification with a dental operating microscope, ultrasonic root-end preparation, and root-end filling with biocompatible materials. This book chapter aims to present the current status of root-end surgery by comparatively evaluating contemporary techniques and materials used in endodontic microsurgery alongside those commonly employed in the past. Newly integrated clinical protocols and technical innovations are discussed in detail, and future directions in the field are explored. Although nonsurgical retreatment remains the primary approach in most cases of endodontic failure, modern endodontic microsurgery is increasingly recognized as a predictable, reliable, and minimally invasive alternative for the preservation of natural teeth.
Referanslar
Setzer FC, Karabucak B. Surgical endodontics. Essential Endodontology: Prevention and Treatment of Apical Periodontitis. 2019:345-85.
Regan J, Gutmann J, Witherspoon D. Comparison of Diaket and MTA when used as root-end filling materials to support regeneration of the periradicular tissues. International endodontic journal. 2002;35(10): 840-847.
Partsch C. Drifter Bericht der Poliklinik fur Zahn-und Mundkrankheiten des zahnärztlichen Instituts der Königl. Universität Breslau Dtsch Monatsschr Zahnheilkd. 1896;14:486-499.
Partsch C, Kunert A. Über Wurzelspitzenresection. Deutsche Monatszeitschrift für Zahnheilkunde. 1898;16:80-86.
Faulhaber B, Neumann R. Die chirurgische Behandlung der Wurzelerkrankungen. Berlin: Hermann Meusser; 1912; p. 19.
Oginni AO, Olusile AO. Follow-up study of apicectomised anterior teeth. South African Dental Journal. 2002;57(4):136–140.
Frank AL, Glick DH, Patterson SS, Weine FS. Long-term evaluation of surgically placed amalgam fillings. Journal of Endodontics. 1992;18(8):391-398.
Kim S, Kratchman S. Modern endodontic surgery concepts and practice: a review. Journal of endodontics. 2006;32(7):601-623.
Setzer FC, Hinckley N, Kohli MR, Karabucak B. A survey of cone-beam computed tomographic use among endodontic practitioners in the United States. Journal of endodontics. 2017;43(5):699-704.
Menezes RFd, Araújo NCd, Santa Rosa JMC, Carneiro VSM, Santos Neto APd, Costa V, et al. Detection of vertical root fractures in endodontically treated teeth in the absence and in the presence of metal post by cone-beam computed tomography. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16(1):48.
Bornstein MM, Lauber R, Sendi P, Von Arx T. Comparison of periapical radiography and limited cone-beam computed tomography in mandibular molars for analysis of anatomical landmarks before apical surgery. Journal of endodontics. 2011;37(2):151-157.
Mitsis F. Flap operation techniques for the treatment of certain endodontic and periodontic problems. International Endodontic Journal. 1970;4(1):6-9.
von Arx T, Salvi GE. Incision techniques and flap designs for apical surgery in the anterior maxilla. European Journal of Esthetic Dentistry. 2008;3(2):110-122
Jang J, Kwak S, Ha J, Kim H. Anatomical relationship of maxillary posterior teeth with the sinus floor and buccal cortex. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 2017;44(8):617-625.
Rubinstein RA, Kim S. Short-term observation of the results of endodontic surgery with the use of a surgical operation microscope and Super-EBA as root-end filling material. Journal of Endodontics. 1999;25(1):43-48.
Lin L, Chen MY-H, Ricucci D, Rosenberg PA. Guided tissue regeneration in periapical surgery. Journal of Endodontics. 2010;36(4):618-625.
Nesari R, Kratchman S, Saad M, Kohli MR. Selective curettage: a conservative microsurgical approach to treating large and complicated lesions. Journal of endodontics. 2020;46(11):1782-1790.
Kim S, Pecora G, Rubinstein R. Comparison of traditional and microsurgery in endodontics. In: Kim S, Pecora G, Rubinstein R, editors. Color Atlas of Microsurgery in Endodontics. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2001. p. 5–11.
Gutmann JL, Harrison JW. Posterior endodontic surgery: anatomical considerations and clinical techniques. International Endodontic Journal. 1985;18(1):8-34.
Gilheany PA, Figdor D, Tyas MJ. Apical dentin permeability and microleakage associated with root end resection and retrograde filling. Journal of Endodontics. 1994;20(1):22-26.
Mannocci F, Peru M, Sherriff M, Cook R, Pitt Ford T. The isthmuses of the mesial root of mandibular molars: a micro‐computed tomographic study. International Endodontic Journal. 2005;38(8):558-563.
Shovelton D. The presence and distribution of micro-organisms within non-vital teeth. British Dental Journal. 1964;117:101–107.
Carr GB, Bentkover S. Surgical endodontics. Pathways of the pulp. 1994;6:531-567.
Sultan M, Ford TP. Ultrasonic preparation and obturation of root‐end cavities. International Endodontic Journal. 1995;28(5):231-238.
Layton CA, Marshall JG, Morgan LA, Baumgartner JC. Evaluation of cracks associated with ultrasonic root-end preparation. Journal of endodontics. 1996;22(4):157-160.
Beling KL, Marshall JG, Morgan LA, Baumgartner JC. Evaluation of cracks associated with ultrasonic root-end preparation of gutta-percha filled canals. Journal of endodontics. 1997;23(5):323-326.
Stropko JJ, Doyon GE, Gutmann JL. Root‐end management: resection, cavity preparation, and material placement. Endodontic Topics. 2005;11(1):131-151.
Chong BS, Pitt Ford TR. Root‐end filling materials: rationale and tissue response. Endodontic topics. 2005;11(1):114-130.
Shinbori N, Grama AM, Patel Y, Woodmansey K, He J. Clinical outcome of endodontic microsurgery that uses EndoSequence BC root repair material as the root-end filling material. Journal of endodontics. 2015;41(5):607-612.
Bortoluzzi EA, Niu L-n, Palani CD, El-Awady AR, Hammond BD, Pei D-d, et al. Cytotoxicity and osteogenic potential of silicate calcium cements as potential protective materials for pulpal revascularization. Dental Materials. 2015;31(12):1510-1522.
Collado‐González M, García‐Bernal D, Oñate‐Sánchez RE, Ortolani‐Seltenerich PS, Álvarez‐Muro T, Lozano A, et al. Cytotoxicity and bioactivity of various pulpotomy materials on stem cells from human exfoliated primary teeth. International endodontic journal. 2017;50:e19-e30.
Degerliyurt K, Akar V, Denizci S, Yucel E. Bone lid technique with piezosurgery to preserve inferior alveolar nerve. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2009;108(6):e1-e5.
Lee S-M, Yu Y-H, Wang Y, Kim E, Kim S. The application of “bone window” technique in endodontic microsurgery. Journal of endodontics. 2020;46(6):872-880.
Hirsch V, Kohli MR, Kim S. Apicoectomy of maxillary anterior teeth through a piezoelectric bony-window osteotomy: two case reports introducing a new technique to preserve cortical bone. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics. 2016;41(4):310-315.
Pappalardo S, Guarnieri R. Randomized clinical study comparing piezosurgery and conventional rotatory surgery in mandibular cyst enucleation. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 2014;42(5):e80-e85.
Horton J. The healing of surgical defects in alveolar bone produced with ultrasonic instrumentation, chisel, and rotary bur. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1976;57(2):257.
Maurer P, Kriwalsky MS, Block Veras R, Brandt J, Heiss C. Auflichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Kaninchenkalotte nach ultraschallgestützter und konventioneller Osteotomie [Light microscopic examination of rabbit skulls following conventional and piezosurgery osteotomy]. Biomedizinische Technik. 2007;52:351–355.
Bharathi J, Mittal S, Tewari S, Tewari S, Duhan J, Sangwan P, et al. Effect of the piezoelectric device on intraoperative hemorrhage control and quality of life after endodontic microsurgery: a randomized clinical study. Journal of Endodontics. 2021;47(7):1052-1060.
Schloss T, Sonntag D, Kohli MR, Setzer FC. A comparison of 2-and 3-dimensional healing assessment after endodontic surgery using cone-beam computed tomographic volumes or periapical radiographs. Journal of Endodontics. 2017;43(7):1072-1079.
Safi C, Kohli MR, Kratchman SI, Setzer FC, Karabucak B. Outcome of endodontic microsurgery using mineral trioxide aggregate or root repair material as root-end filling material: a randomized controlled trial with cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation. Journal of Endodontics. 2019;45(7):831-839.
von Arx T, Steiner RG, Tay F. Apical surgery: endoscopic findings at the resection level of 168 consecutively treated roots. International endodontic journal. 2011;44(4):290-302.
Curtis DM, VanderWeele RA, Ray JJ, Wealleans JA. Clinician-centered outcomes assessment of retreatment and endodontic microsurgery using cone-beam computed tomographic volumetric analysis. Journal of Endodontics. 2018;44(8):1251-1256.
Scarfe WC, Levin MD, Gane D, Farman AG. Use of cone beam computed tomography in endodontics. International Journal of Dentistry. 2009;1:1–20.
Strbac GD, Schnappauf A, Giannis K, Moritz A, Ulm C. Guided modern endodontic surgery: a novel approach for guided osteotomy and root resection. Journal of Endodontics. 2017;43(3):496-501.
Ahn S-Y, Kim N-H, Kim S, Karabucak B, Kim E. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing–guided endodontic surgery: guided osteotomy and apex localization in a mandibular molar with a thick buccal bone plate. Journal of Endodontics. 2018;44(4):665-670.
Giacomino CM, Ray JJ, Wealleans JA. Targeted endodontic microsurgery: a novel approach to anatomically challenging scenarios using 3-dimensional–printed guides and trephine burs—a report of 3 cases. Journal of Endodontics. 2018;44(4):671-677.
Ray JJ, Giacomino CM, Wealleans JA, Sheridan RR. Targeted endodontic microsurgery: digital workflow options. Journal of endodontics. 2020;46(6):863-871.
Smith BG, Pratt AM, Anderson JA, Ray JJ. Targeted endodontic microsurgery: implications of the greater palatine artery. Journal of Endodontics. 2021;47(1):19-27.
Dianat O, Nosrat A, Mostoufi B, Price J, Gupta S, Martinho F. Accuracy and efficiency of guided root‐end resection using a dynamic navigation system: a human cadaver study. International endodontic journal. 2021;54(5):793-801.
Orhan K, Bayrakdar I, Ezhov M, Kravtsov A, Özyürek T. Evaluation of artificial intelligence for detecting periapical pathosis on cone‐beam computed tomography scans. International endodontic journal. 2020;53(5):680-689.
Shah H, Hernandez P, Budin F, Chittajallu D, Vimort JB, Walters R, et al. Automatic quantification framework to detect cracks in teeth. Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. 2018;10578:105781K.
Lahoud P, EzEldeen M, Beznik T, Willems H, Leite A, Van Gerven A, et al. Artificial intelligence for fast and accurate 3-dimensional tooth segmentation on cone-beam computed tomography. Journal of Endodontics. 2021;47(5):827-835.
Kwak GH, Kwak E-J, Song JM, Park HR, Jung Y-H, Cho B-H, et al. Automatic mandibular canal detection using a deep convolutional neural network. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):5711.
Okada K, Rysavy S, Flores A, Linguraru MG. Noninvasive differential diagnosis of dental periapical lesions in cone‐beam CT scans. Medical physics. 2015;42(4):1653-1665.
Haidar ZS. Autonomous robotics: A fresh era of implant dentistry… is a reality! Oral Research. 2017;6:230–231.
Wu Y, Wang F, Fan S, Chow J. Robotics in Dental Implantology. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America. 2019;31(3):513-518.
Referanslar
Setzer FC, Karabucak B. Surgical endodontics. Essential Endodontology: Prevention and Treatment of Apical Periodontitis. 2019:345-85.
Regan J, Gutmann J, Witherspoon D. Comparison of Diaket and MTA when used as root-end filling materials to support regeneration of the periradicular tissues. International endodontic journal. 2002;35(10): 840-847.
Partsch C. Drifter Bericht der Poliklinik fur Zahn-und Mundkrankheiten des zahnärztlichen Instituts der Königl. Universität Breslau Dtsch Monatsschr Zahnheilkd. 1896;14:486-499.
Partsch C, Kunert A. Über Wurzelspitzenresection. Deutsche Monatszeitschrift für Zahnheilkunde. 1898;16:80-86.
Faulhaber B, Neumann R. Die chirurgische Behandlung der Wurzelerkrankungen. Berlin: Hermann Meusser; 1912; p. 19.
Oginni AO, Olusile AO. Follow-up study of apicectomised anterior teeth. South African Dental Journal. 2002;57(4):136–140.
Frank AL, Glick DH, Patterson SS, Weine FS. Long-term evaluation of surgically placed amalgam fillings. Journal of Endodontics. 1992;18(8):391-398.
Kim S, Kratchman S. Modern endodontic surgery concepts and practice: a review. Journal of endodontics. 2006;32(7):601-623.
Setzer FC, Hinckley N, Kohli MR, Karabucak B. A survey of cone-beam computed tomographic use among endodontic practitioners in the United States. Journal of endodontics. 2017;43(5):699-704.
Menezes RFd, Araújo NCd, Santa Rosa JMC, Carneiro VSM, Santos Neto APd, Costa V, et al. Detection of vertical root fractures in endodontically treated teeth in the absence and in the presence of metal post by cone-beam computed tomography. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16(1):48.
Bornstein MM, Lauber R, Sendi P, Von Arx T. Comparison of periapical radiography and limited cone-beam computed tomography in mandibular molars for analysis of anatomical landmarks before apical surgery. Journal of endodontics. 2011;37(2):151-157.
Mitsis F. Flap operation techniques for the treatment of certain endodontic and periodontic problems. International Endodontic Journal. 1970;4(1):6-9.
von Arx T, Salvi GE. Incision techniques and flap designs for apical surgery in the anterior maxilla. European Journal of Esthetic Dentistry. 2008;3(2):110-122
Jang J, Kwak S, Ha J, Kim H. Anatomical relationship of maxillary posterior teeth with the sinus floor and buccal cortex. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 2017;44(8):617-625.
Rubinstein RA, Kim S. Short-term observation of the results of endodontic surgery with the use of a surgical operation microscope and Super-EBA as root-end filling material. Journal of Endodontics. 1999;25(1):43-48.
Lin L, Chen MY-H, Ricucci D, Rosenberg PA. Guided tissue regeneration in periapical surgery. Journal of Endodontics. 2010;36(4):618-625.
Nesari R, Kratchman S, Saad M, Kohli MR. Selective curettage: a conservative microsurgical approach to treating large and complicated lesions. Journal of endodontics. 2020;46(11):1782-1790.
Kim S, Pecora G, Rubinstein R. Comparison of traditional and microsurgery in endodontics. In: Kim S, Pecora G, Rubinstein R, editors. Color Atlas of Microsurgery in Endodontics. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2001. p. 5–11.
Gutmann JL, Harrison JW. Posterior endodontic surgery: anatomical considerations and clinical techniques. International Endodontic Journal. 1985;18(1):8-34.
Gilheany PA, Figdor D, Tyas MJ. Apical dentin permeability and microleakage associated with root end resection and retrograde filling. Journal of Endodontics. 1994;20(1):22-26.
Mannocci F, Peru M, Sherriff M, Cook R, Pitt Ford T. The isthmuses of the mesial root of mandibular molars: a micro‐computed tomographic study. International Endodontic Journal. 2005;38(8):558-563.
Shovelton D. The presence and distribution of micro-organisms within non-vital teeth. British Dental Journal. 1964;117:101–107.
Carr GB, Bentkover S. Surgical endodontics. Pathways of the pulp. 1994;6:531-567.
Sultan M, Ford TP. Ultrasonic preparation and obturation of root‐end cavities. International Endodontic Journal. 1995;28(5):231-238.
Layton CA, Marshall JG, Morgan LA, Baumgartner JC. Evaluation of cracks associated with ultrasonic root-end preparation. Journal of endodontics. 1996;22(4):157-160.
Beling KL, Marshall JG, Morgan LA, Baumgartner JC. Evaluation of cracks associated with ultrasonic root-end preparation of gutta-percha filled canals. Journal of endodontics. 1997;23(5):323-326.
Stropko JJ, Doyon GE, Gutmann JL. Root‐end management: resection, cavity preparation, and material placement. Endodontic Topics. 2005;11(1):131-151.
Chong BS, Pitt Ford TR. Root‐end filling materials: rationale and tissue response. Endodontic topics. 2005;11(1):114-130.
Shinbori N, Grama AM, Patel Y, Woodmansey K, He J. Clinical outcome of endodontic microsurgery that uses EndoSequence BC root repair material as the root-end filling material. Journal of endodontics. 2015;41(5):607-612.
Bortoluzzi EA, Niu L-n, Palani CD, El-Awady AR, Hammond BD, Pei D-d, et al. Cytotoxicity and osteogenic potential of silicate calcium cements as potential protective materials for pulpal revascularization. Dental Materials. 2015;31(12):1510-1522.
Collado‐González M, García‐Bernal D, Oñate‐Sánchez RE, Ortolani‐Seltenerich PS, Álvarez‐Muro T, Lozano A, et al. Cytotoxicity and bioactivity of various pulpotomy materials on stem cells from human exfoliated primary teeth. International endodontic journal. 2017;50:e19-e30.
Degerliyurt K, Akar V, Denizci S, Yucel E. Bone lid technique with piezosurgery to preserve inferior alveolar nerve. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2009;108(6):e1-e5.
Lee S-M, Yu Y-H, Wang Y, Kim E, Kim S. The application of “bone window” technique in endodontic microsurgery. Journal of endodontics. 2020;46(6):872-880.
Hirsch V, Kohli MR, Kim S. Apicoectomy of maxillary anterior teeth through a piezoelectric bony-window osteotomy: two case reports introducing a new technique to preserve cortical bone. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics. 2016;41(4):310-315.
Pappalardo S, Guarnieri R. Randomized clinical study comparing piezosurgery and conventional rotatory surgery in mandibular cyst enucleation. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 2014;42(5):e80-e85.
Horton J. The healing of surgical defects in alveolar bone produced with ultrasonic instrumentation, chisel, and rotary bur. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1976;57(2):257.
Maurer P, Kriwalsky MS, Block Veras R, Brandt J, Heiss C. Auflichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Kaninchenkalotte nach ultraschallgestützter und konventioneller Osteotomie [Light microscopic examination of rabbit skulls following conventional and piezosurgery osteotomy]. Biomedizinische Technik. 2007;52:351–355.
Bharathi J, Mittal S, Tewari S, Tewari S, Duhan J, Sangwan P, et al. Effect of the piezoelectric device on intraoperative hemorrhage control and quality of life after endodontic microsurgery: a randomized clinical study. Journal of Endodontics. 2021;47(7):1052-1060.
Schloss T, Sonntag D, Kohli MR, Setzer FC. A comparison of 2-and 3-dimensional healing assessment after endodontic surgery using cone-beam computed tomographic volumes or periapical radiographs. Journal of Endodontics. 2017;43(7):1072-1079.
Safi C, Kohli MR, Kratchman SI, Setzer FC, Karabucak B. Outcome of endodontic microsurgery using mineral trioxide aggregate or root repair material as root-end filling material: a randomized controlled trial with cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation. Journal of Endodontics. 2019;45(7):831-839.
von Arx T, Steiner RG, Tay F. Apical surgery: endoscopic findings at the resection level of 168 consecutively treated roots. International endodontic journal. 2011;44(4):290-302.
Curtis DM, VanderWeele RA, Ray JJ, Wealleans JA. Clinician-centered outcomes assessment of retreatment and endodontic microsurgery using cone-beam computed tomographic volumetric analysis. Journal of Endodontics. 2018;44(8):1251-1256.
Scarfe WC, Levin MD, Gane D, Farman AG. Use of cone beam computed tomography in endodontics. International Journal of Dentistry. 2009;1:1–20.
Strbac GD, Schnappauf A, Giannis K, Moritz A, Ulm C. Guided modern endodontic surgery: a novel approach for guided osteotomy and root resection. Journal of Endodontics. 2017;43(3):496-501.
Ahn S-Y, Kim N-H, Kim S, Karabucak B, Kim E. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing–guided endodontic surgery: guided osteotomy and apex localization in a mandibular molar with a thick buccal bone plate. Journal of Endodontics. 2018;44(4):665-670.
Giacomino CM, Ray JJ, Wealleans JA. Targeted endodontic microsurgery: a novel approach to anatomically challenging scenarios using 3-dimensional–printed guides and trephine burs—a report of 3 cases. Journal of Endodontics. 2018;44(4):671-677.
Ray JJ, Giacomino CM, Wealleans JA, Sheridan RR. Targeted endodontic microsurgery: digital workflow options. Journal of endodontics. 2020;46(6):863-871.
Smith BG, Pratt AM, Anderson JA, Ray JJ. Targeted endodontic microsurgery: implications of the greater palatine artery. Journal of Endodontics. 2021;47(1):19-27.
Dianat O, Nosrat A, Mostoufi B, Price J, Gupta S, Martinho F. Accuracy and efficiency of guided root‐end resection using a dynamic navigation system: a human cadaver study. International endodontic journal. 2021;54(5):793-801.
Orhan K, Bayrakdar I, Ezhov M, Kravtsov A, Özyürek T. Evaluation of artificial intelligence for detecting periapical pathosis on cone‐beam computed tomography scans. International endodontic journal. 2020;53(5):680-689.
Shah H, Hernandez P, Budin F, Chittajallu D, Vimort JB, Walters R, et al. Automatic quantification framework to detect cracks in teeth. Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. 2018;10578:105781K.
Lahoud P, EzEldeen M, Beznik T, Willems H, Leite A, Van Gerven A, et al. Artificial intelligence for fast and accurate 3-dimensional tooth segmentation on cone-beam computed tomography. Journal of Endodontics. 2021;47(5):827-835.
Kwak GH, Kwak E-J, Song JM, Park HR, Jung Y-H, Cho B-H, et al. Automatic mandibular canal detection using a deep convolutional neural network. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):5711.
Okada K, Rysavy S, Flores A, Linguraru MG. Noninvasive differential diagnosis of dental periapical lesions in cone‐beam CT scans. Medical physics. 2015;42(4):1653-1665.
Haidar ZS. Autonomous robotics: A fresh era of implant dentistry… is a reality! Oral Research. 2017;6:230–231.
Wu Y, Wang F, Fan S, Chow J. Robotics in Dental Implantology. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America. 2019;31(3):513-518.
