Sonlu Elemanlar Analizi ve Endodonti
Özet
Sonlu elemanlar analizi (SEA), endodontide yalnızca mekanik davranışların değerlendirilmesiyle sınırlı olmayan, ısı transferi, akışkan dinamiği ve çoklu fiziksel etkileşimlerin bütüncül biçimde incelenmesine olanak tanıyan ileri düzeyde hesaplamalı bir mühendislik yöntemidir. Bu yöntem sayesinde kök kanal preparasyonu, kök kanal dolgu teknikleri, apikal bariyer uygulamaları, post–kor sistemleri ve restoratif protokollerin diş ve periodontal dokular üzerindeki gerilme ve deformasyon etkileri sayısal olarak analiz edilebilmektedir. Isıtılmış irrigasyon solüsyonları, termoplastik dolgu yöntemleri ile ultrasonik ve lazer destekli işlemlerin dentin ve çevre dokularda oluşturduğu termal dağılımlar SEA kullanılarak değerlendirilebilmektedir. Buna ek olarak, farklı irrigasyon protokollerinin kök kanal içerisindeki akış ve basınç paternleri, akışkan dinamiği temelli SEA modelleri aracılığıyla ayrıntılı olarak incelenebilmektedir. SEA, deneysel ve klinik koşullarda doğrudan ölçülmesi güç olan mekanik, termal ve hidrodinamik parametrelerin tek bir model içerisinde değerlendirilmesine olanak tanıyarak, endodontik işlemlerin biyogüvenliği ve doku yanıtına ilişkin öngörüler sunar. Gelişen görüntüleme teknolojileri ve hesaplama altyapılarındaki ilerlemelerle birlikte, üç boyutlu, hasta-spesifik ve çok-alanlı (mekanik, termal ve akışkan) SEA modellerinin kullanımı giderek artmaktadır. Bu modeller, travmatik yaralanmalar, açık apeksli dişler, periapikal lezyon varlığı ve kompleks kök kanal anatomileri gibi klinik açıdan zorlu durumlarda; yük aktarımı, ısı dağılımı ve akış paternlerinin eş zamanlı olarak değerlendirilmesine olanak tanımaktadır. Böylece klinik karar süreçlerinin bilimsel temelleri güçlenmektedir. Bununla birlikte, SEA bulgularının klinik açıdan güvenilir ve anlamlı olabilmesi; model geometrisinin doğruluğu, malzeme özelliklerinin gerçekçi biçimde tanımlanması ve sınır koşullarının fizyolojik senaryolarla uyumuna doğrudan bağlıdır. Bu kitap bölümünde, sonlu elemanlar analizinin endodontideki mekanik, termal ve akışkan temelli uygulamaları literatür ışığında derlenmiş ve yöntemin mevcut katkıları ile gelecekteki kullanım potansiyeli ortaya konmuştur.
Finite element analysis (FEA) is an advanced computational engineering method in endodontics that is not limited to the evaluation of mechanical behavior but also enables the comprehensive investigation of heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and multiphysics interactions. Through this method, the stress and deformation effects of root canal preparation, obturation techniques, apical barrier applications, post–core systems, and restorative protocols on dental and periodontal tissues can be numerically analyzed. Thermal distributions generated in dentin and surrounding tissues during procedures such as heated irrigation solutions, thermoplastic obturation techniques, and ultrasonic or laser-assisted treatments can also be evaluated using FEA. In addition, the flow and pressure patterns within the root canal under different irrigation protocols can be examined in detail through fluid dynamics–based FEA models. FEA allows the simultaneous evaluation of mechanical, thermal, and hydrodynamic parameters that are difficult to measure directly under experimental and clinical conditions, thereby providing predictions regarding the biosafety of endodontic procedures and tissue responses. With advancements in imaging technologies and computational infrastructure, the use of three-dimensional, patient-specific, and multiphysics (mechanical, thermal, and fluid) FEA models has been steadily increasing. These models enable the simultaneous assessment of load transfer, heat distribution, and flow patterns in clinically challenging conditions such as traumatic injuries, immature teeth, the presence of periapical lesions, and complex root canal anatomies. Consequently, the scientific basis of clinical decision-making processes can be strengthened. However, the clinical reliability and relevance of FEA findings depend directly on the accuracy of the model geometry, the realistic definition of material properties, and the consistency of boundary conditions with physiological scenarios. In this book chapter, the mechanical, thermal, and fluid-based applications of finite element analysis in endodontics are reviewed in light of the literature, and the current contributions and future potential of the method are presented.
Referanslar
Hammond D, Whitty J. Finite element analysis and dentistry. Faculty Dental Journal. 2015;6(3):134-9. doi: 10.1308/rcsfdj.2015.134
Thresher R W, Saito G E. The stress analysis of human teeth. Journal of biomechanics. 1973;6(5):443-9. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(73)90003-1
Farah J, Craig R G. Finite element stress analysis of a restored axisymmetric first molar. Journal of dental research. 1974;53(4):859-66. doi: 10.1177/00220345740530041701
Versluis A, Tantbirojn D. Relationship between shrinkage and stress. Dental computing and applications: advanced techniques for clinical dentistry: IGI Global; 2009. p. 45-64. doi: 10.4018/978-1-60566-292-3.ch003.
Moatamedi M, Khawaja H. Finite element analysis: CRC Press; 2018. doi: 10.1201/9780429453076
Bandela V, Kanaparthi S. Finite element analysis and its applications in dentistry. Finite Element Methods and Their Applications: IntechOpen; 2020.
Aktı A, Kaya D. Finite Element Analysis and Application in Dental Implantology. Stress. 2020;17:18.
Jm P. Craig's restorative dental materials. Mechanical properties. 2006:51-96.
Fung Y-c. Biomechanics: mechanical properties of living tissues: Springer Science & Business Media; 2013.
Marghitu D B. Mechanical engineer's handbook: Elsevier; 2001, Sung S J, Baik H S, Moon Y S, et al. A comparative evaluation of different compensating curves in the lingual and labial techniques using 3D FEM. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2003;123(4):441-50. doi: 10.1067/mod.2003.9
Küçükkurt S. Sonlu Elemanlar Stres Analiz Yöntemi ve Dental İmplantoloji Alanında Yapılan Araştırmalar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2019;29(4):701-10.
Rho J Y, Ashman R B, Turner C H. Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. Journal of biomechanics. 1993;26(2):111-9. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(93)90042-D
Baccouch M. A brief summary of the finite element method for differential equations: IntechOpen; 2021. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.95423
Reddy J N. An Introduction to Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis: with applications to heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and solid mechanics: Oxford university press; 2015.
Dorado S, Arias A, Jimenez-Octavio J R. Biomechanical modelling for tooth survival studies: mechanical properties, loads and boundary conditions—a narrative review. Materials. 2022;15(21):7852. doi: 10.3390/ma15217852
Atif M, Tewari N, Reshikesh M, et al. Methods and applications of finite element analysis in dental trauma research: A scoping review. Dental Traumatology. 2024;40(4):366-88. doi: 10.1111/edt.12933
Morakul S, Hiran-us S, Singhatanadgid P. Finite element analysis of the mechanical behaviors of endodontic nickel–titanium rotary files: a review. Engineering Journal. 2023;27(8):29-49. doi: 10.4186/ej.2023.27.8.29
Conte J P, Vijalapura P, Meghella M. Consistent finite-element response sensitivity analysis. Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 2003;129(12):1380-93. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2003)129:12(138)
Meirelles L C F, Pierre F Z, Tribst J P M, et al. Influence of preparation design, restorative material and load direction on the stress distribution of ceramic veneer in upper central incisor. Brazilian Dental Science. 2021;24(3). doi: 10.14295/bds.2021.v24i3.2494
Jamshid U M, Rohit R, Shajahan P. The Effect of Stress Distribution by Fiberglass Post System With Different Designs on Endodontically Treated Maxillary Central Incisors: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis. Cureus. 2025;17(3). doi: 10.7759/cureus.81545
Boolakee O, Geier M, De Lorenzis L. Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions for a lattice Boltzmann scheme for linear elastic solids on arbitrary domains. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 2023;415:116225. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2023.116225
Uzel Ö S, Ayna B. Farklı Fiberle Güçlendirilmiş Kompozit Rezinler ile Tedavi Edilen Kök Kanal Tedavili Maksiller Kesici Dişlerde Oluşan Stres Dağılımının Sonlu Elemanlar Analizi ile Değerlendirilmesi. HRU International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Research.3(2):91-8. doi: 10.61139/ijdor.1310349
Abdelhafeez M M. Applications of finite element analysis in endodontics: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 2024;16(Suppl 3):S1977-S80. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_393_24
Yu M, Li Y, Zhao M, et al. Computational fluid dynamics investigation on the irrigation of a real root canal with a side-vented needle. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):321. doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-03966-8
Silva B R d, Ferreira N C, Moreira-Neto J J S, et al. Stress distribution on maxillary central incisor under similar traumatic situations with different loading forces: a 3-D finite element analysis. Arquivos em Odontologia. 2013;49(2):52-9.
Mitra D, Gurav P, Rodrigues S, et al. Evaluation of stress distribution in and around dental implants using three different implant–abutment interfaces with platform-switched and non-platform-switched abutments: A three-dimensional finite element analysis. Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects. 2023;17(4):256. doi: 10.34172/joddd.2023.40723
Mohamed A M A, Askar M G, El Homossany M E-M B. Stresses induced by one piece and two piece dental implants in All-on-4® implant supported prosthesis under simulated lateral occlusal loading: non linear finite element analysis study. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):196. doi: 10.1186/s12903-022-02228-9
Reddy K U K, Seth A, Vuppuluri A, et al. Exploring the bio-mechanical behavior of PEEK and CFR-PEEK materials for dental implant applications using finite element analysis. Journal of Prosthodontic Research. 2024;69(1):41-8. doi: 10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_23_00296
Satpathy M, Duan Y, Betts L, et al. Effect of bone remodeling on dental implant fatigue limit predicted using 3D finite element analysis. Journal of dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2022;2(1). doi: 10.54289/jdoe2200102.
Huang M, Wang B, Zhang K, et al. Comparative analysis of stress distribution in residual roots with different canal morphologies: evaluating CAD/CAM glass fiber and other post-core materials. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):337.
Ellendula Y, Sekar A C, Nalla S, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of stress distribution in equicrestal and sub-crestally placed, platform-switched Morse taper dental implants in D3 bone: Finite Element Analysis. Cureus. 2022;14(4).
Nikolova N, Raykovska M, Petkov N, et al. The Integration of Micro-CT Imaging and Finite Element Simulations for Modelling Tooth-Inlay Systems for Mechanical Stress Analysis: A Preliminary Study. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2025;16(7):267.
Dal Piva A M d O, Tribst J P M, Borges A L S, et al. CAD-FEA modeling and analysis of different full crown monolithic restorations. Dental Materials. 2018;34(9):1342-50.
Gomes É A, Gueleri D B, da Silva S R C, et al. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of endodontically treated teeth with weakened radicular walls restored with different protocols. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2015;114(3):383-9.
Cen R, Wang R, Cheung G S. Periodontal blood flow protects the alveolar bone from thermal injury during thermoplasticized obturation: a finite element analysis study. Journal of Endodontics. 2018;44(1):139-44. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.004
Zhou X, Chen Y, Wei X, et al. Heat transfers to periodontal tissues and gutta-percha during thermoplasticized root canal obturation in a finite element analysis model. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2010;110(2):257-63. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.04.005
Guerrero L G S, Balseca M A, Freitas K M S, et al. Mechanical evaluation of EGUH burs in dentin during guided endodontics: Finite element analysis. Saudi Endodontic Journal. 2025;15(3):237-44. doi: 10.4103/sej.sej_11_25
Haider A. Enhancing Transparency and Reproducibility in Finite Element Analysis through Comprehensive Reporting Parameters A Review. El-Cezeri. 2024;11(3):212-22. doi: 10.31202/ecjse.1436203
Tanaka R, Yamaguchi S, Takahashi Y, et al. Mechanical behavior of endodontically treated teeth: A three‐dimensional finite element analysis using displacement vector. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2025;34(3):281-9. doi: 10.1111/jopr.13810
Rivera-Peña M E, Duarte M A H, Alcalde M P, et al. A novel ultrasonic tip for removal of filling material in flattened/oval-shaped root canals: a microCT study. Brazilian Oral Research. 2018;32:e88. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0088
Gharechahi M, Moezzi S, Karimpour S. Comparative analysis of stress distribution through finite-element models of 3 NiTi endodontic instruments while operating in different canal types. Journal of Dentistry. 2023;24(1):60. doi: 10.30476/DENTJODS.2022.90785.1522
Esim E, Er Ö, Aslan T, et al. Finite Element Analysis of 3D Transient Linear Temperature Changes in the Periodontal Ligament During Thermoplasticized Gutta-Percha Obturation Techniques. Meandros Medical And Dental Journal. 2024;25(4):379-95. doi: 10.69601/meandrosmdj.1541566
Hegde V R, Jain P B, Bhagat P S. Assessment of heat transfer to periodontal tissues and stress distribution in a tooth with simulated internal resorption cavities at different root levels using two thermoplasticized obturation systems–A finite element analysis study. Endodontology. 2022;34(4):275-81. doi: 10.4103/endo.endo_144_22
Zheng L, Yang S, Gao H, et al. Micromechanical Modeling and Damage Mechanism Analysis of M55J High‐Modulus Carbon Fiber Composites With Diverse Fiber Arrangements. Polymer Composites. 2026;47(2):1644-60. doi: 10.1002/pc.70242
Mon A, Kim M-E, Kum K-Y, et al. 3D finite element analysis of stress distribution on the shape of resected root-end or with/without bone graft of a maxillary premolar during endodontic microsurgery. Journal of Dental Sciences. 2024;19(2):837-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.08.029
Kaiser A H, Bourauel C. Towards a reduced order model of the periodontal ligament. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):5779. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-88767-x
Wang D, Akbari A, Jiang F, et al. The effects of different types of periodontal ligament material models on stresses computed using finite element models. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2022;162(6):e328-e36. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.09.008
Battle H, Lallier T E, Boenke L, et al. Comparing Gutta Percha Backfill Leakage Over Multiple Heating Cycles. SVOA Dentistry. 2025;6(4). doi: 10.58624/SVOADE.2025.06.019
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Kırmalı Ö, Akar M B, Çelik H K, et al. Stress distribution in endodontically treated and differently restored teeth with periapical lesions: a 3D FEA study. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):1326. doi: 10.1186/s12903-025-06682-z
Kharboutly N A-D, Allaf M, Kanout S. Three-dimensional finite element study of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors restored using different post and crown materials. Cureus. 2023;15(1):e33778. doi: 10.7759/cureus.33778
Çelik Köycü B, İmirzalıoğlu P. Heat transfer and thermal stress analysis of a mandibular molar tooth restored by different indirect restorations using a three‐dimensional finite element method. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2017;26(5):460-73. doi: 10.1111/jopr.12397
Toparli M, Sasaki S. Finite element analysis of the temperature and thermal stress in a postrestored tooth. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 2003;30(9):921-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2842.2003.01071.x
Babaei B, Shouha P, Birman V, et al. The effect of dental restoration geometry and material properties on biomechanical behaviour of a treated molar tooth: A 3D finite element analysis. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials. 2022;125. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104892
Kirmali Ö, Icen G, Celik H K, et al. Evaluation of stress distribution on an endodontically treated maxillary central tooth with lesion restored with different crown materials: A finite element analysis. Heliyon. 2024;10(3). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25829
Referanslar
Hammond D, Whitty J. Finite element analysis and dentistry. Faculty Dental Journal. 2015;6(3):134-9. doi: 10.1308/rcsfdj.2015.134
Thresher R W, Saito G E. The stress analysis of human teeth. Journal of biomechanics. 1973;6(5):443-9. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(73)90003-1
Farah J, Craig R G. Finite element stress analysis of a restored axisymmetric first molar. Journal of dental research. 1974;53(4):859-66. doi: 10.1177/00220345740530041701
Versluis A, Tantbirojn D. Relationship between shrinkage and stress. Dental computing and applications: advanced techniques for clinical dentistry: IGI Global; 2009. p. 45-64. doi: 10.4018/978-1-60566-292-3.ch003.
Moatamedi M, Khawaja H. Finite element analysis: CRC Press; 2018. doi: 10.1201/9780429453076
Bandela V, Kanaparthi S. Finite element analysis and its applications in dentistry. Finite Element Methods and Their Applications: IntechOpen; 2020.
Aktı A, Kaya D. Finite Element Analysis and Application in Dental Implantology. Stress. 2020;17:18.
Jm P. Craig's restorative dental materials. Mechanical properties. 2006:51-96.
Fung Y-c. Biomechanics: mechanical properties of living tissues: Springer Science & Business Media; 2013.
Marghitu D B. Mechanical engineer's handbook: Elsevier; 2001, Sung S J, Baik H S, Moon Y S, et al. A comparative evaluation of different compensating curves in the lingual and labial techniques using 3D FEM. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2003;123(4):441-50. doi: 10.1067/mod.2003.9
Küçükkurt S. Sonlu Elemanlar Stres Analiz Yöntemi ve Dental İmplantoloji Alanında Yapılan Araştırmalar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2019;29(4):701-10.
Rho J Y, Ashman R B, Turner C H. Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. Journal of biomechanics. 1993;26(2):111-9. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(93)90042-D
Baccouch M. A brief summary of the finite element method for differential equations: IntechOpen; 2021. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.95423
Reddy J N. An Introduction to Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis: with applications to heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and solid mechanics: Oxford university press; 2015.
Dorado S, Arias A, Jimenez-Octavio J R. Biomechanical modelling for tooth survival studies: mechanical properties, loads and boundary conditions—a narrative review. Materials. 2022;15(21):7852. doi: 10.3390/ma15217852
Atif M, Tewari N, Reshikesh M, et al. Methods and applications of finite element analysis in dental trauma research: A scoping review. Dental Traumatology. 2024;40(4):366-88. doi: 10.1111/edt.12933
Morakul S, Hiran-us S, Singhatanadgid P. Finite element analysis of the mechanical behaviors of endodontic nickel–titanium rotary files: a review. Engineering Journal. 2023;27(8):29-49. doi: 10.4186/ej.2023.27.8.29
Conte J P, Vijalapura P, Meghella M. Consistent finite-element response sensitivity analysis. Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 2003;129(12):1380-93. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2003)129:12(138)
Meirelles L C F, Pierre F Z, Tribst J P M, et al. Influence of preparation design, restorative material and load direction on the stress distribution of ceramic veneer in upper central incisor. Brazilian Dental Science. 2021;24(3). doi: 10.14295/bds.2021.v24i3.2494
Jamshid U M, Rohit R, Shajahan P. The Effect of Stress Distribution by Fiberglass Post System With Different Designs on Endodontically Treated Maxillary Central Incisors: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis. Cureus. 2025;17(3). doi: 10.7759/cureus.81545
Boolakee O, Geier M, De Lorenzis L. Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions for a lattice Boltzmann scheme for linear elastic solids on arbitrary domains. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 2023;415:116225. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2023.116225
Uzel Ö S, Ayna B. Farklı Fiberle Güçlendirilmiş Kompozit Rezinler ile Tedavi Edilen Kök Kanal Tedavili Maksiller Kesici Dişlerde Oluşan Stres Dağılımının Sonlu Elemanlar Analizi ile Değerlendirilmesi. HRU International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Research.3(2):91-8. doi: 10.61139/ijdor.1310349
Abdelhafeez M M. Applications of finite element analysis in endodontics: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 2024;16(Suppl 3):S1977-S80. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_393_24
Yu M, Li Y, Zhao M, et al. Computational fluid dynamics investigation on the irrigation of a real root canal with a side-vented needle. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):321. doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-03966-8
Silva B R d, Ferreira N C, Moreira-Neto J J S, et al. Stress distribution on maxillary central incisor under similar traumatic situations with different loading forces: a 3-D finite element analysis. Arquivos em Odontologia. 2013;49(2):52-9.
Mitra D, Gurav P, Rodrigues S, et al. Evaluation of stress distribution in and around dental implants using three different implant–abutment interfaces with platform-switched and non-platform-switched abutments: A three-dimensional finite element analysis. Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects. 2023;17(4):256. doi: 10.34172/joddd.2023.40723
Mohamed A M A, Askar M G, El Homossany M E-M B. Stresses induced by one piece and two piece dental implants in All-on-4® implant supported prosthesis under simulated lateral occlusal loading: non linear finite element analysis study. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):196. doi: 10.1186/s12903-022-02228-9
Reddy K U K, Seth A, Vuppuluri A, et al. Exploring the bio-mechanical behavior of PEEK and CFR-PEEK materials for dental implant applications using finite element analysis. Journal of Prosthodontic Research. 2024;69(1):41-8. doi: 10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_23_00296
Satpathy M, Duan Y, Betts L, et al. Effect of bone remodeling on dental implant fatigue limit predicted using 3D finite element analysis. Journal of dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2022;2(1). doi: 10.54289/jdoe2200102.
Huang M, Wang B, Zhang K, et al. Comparative analysis of stress distribution in residual roots with different canal morphologies: evaluating CAD/CAM glass fiber and other post-core materials. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):337.
Ellendula Y, Sekar A C, Nalla S, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of stress distribution in equicrestal and sub-crestally placed, platform-switched Morse taper dental implants in D3 bone: Finite Element Analysis. Cureus. 2022;14(4).
Nikolova N, Raykovska M, Petkov N, et al. The Integration of Micro-CT Imaging and Finite Element Simulations for Modelling Tooth-Inlay Systems for Mechanical Stress Analysis: A Preliminary Study. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2025;16(7):267.
Dal Piva A M d O, Tribst J P M, Borges A L S, et al. CAD-FEA modeling and analysis of different full crown monolithic restorations. Dental Materials. 2018;34(9):1342-50.
Gomes É A, Gueleri D B, da Silva S R C, et al. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of endodontically treated teeth with weakened radicular walls restored with different protocols. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2015;114(3):383-9.
Cen R, Wang R, Cheung G S. Periodontal blood flow protects the alveolar bone from thermal injury during thermoplasticized obturation: a finite element analysis study. Journal of Endodontics. 2018;44(1):139-44. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.004
Zhou X, Chen Y, Wei X, et al. Heat transfers to periodontal tissues and gutta-percha during thermoplasticized root canal obturation in a finite element analysis model. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2010;110(2):257-63. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.04.005
Guerrero L G S, Balseca M A, Freitas K M S, et al. Mechanical evaluation of EGUH burs in dentin during guided endodontics: Finite element analysis. Saudi Endodontic Journal. 2025;15(3):237-44. doi: 10.4103/sej.sej_11_25
Haider A. Enhancing Transparency and Reproducibility in Finite Element Analysis through Comprehensive Reporting Parameters A Review. El-Cezeri. 2024;11(3):212-22. doi: 10.31202/ecjse.1436203
Tanaka R, Yamaguchi S, Takahashi Y, et al. Mechanical behavior of endodontically treated teeth: A three‐dimensional finite element analysis using displacement vector. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2025;34(3):281-9. doi: 10.1111/jopr.13810
Rivera-Peña M E, Duarte M A H, Alcalde M P, et al. A novel ultrasonic tip for removal of filling material in flattened/oval-shaped root canals: a microCT study. Brazilian Oral Research. 2018;32:e88. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0088
Gharechahi M, Moezzi S, Karimpour S. Comparative analysis of stress distribution through finite-element models of 3 NiTi endodontic instruments while operating in different canal types. Journal of Dentistry. 2023;24(1):60. doi: 10.30476/DENTJODS.2022.90785.1522
Esim E, Er Ö, Aslan T, et al. Finite Element Analysis of 3D Transient Linear Temperature Changes in the Periodontal Ligament During Thermoplasticized Gutta-Percha Obturation Techniques. Meandros Medical And Dental Journal. 2024;25(4):379-95. doi: 10.69601/meandrosmdj.1541566
Hegde V R, Jain P B, Bhagat P S. Assessment of heat transfer to periodontal tissues and stress distribution in a tooth with simulated internal resorption cavities at different root levels using two thermoplasticized obturation systems–A finite element analysis study. Endodontology. 2022;34(4):275-81. doi: 10.4103/endo.endo_144_22
Zheng L, Yang S, Gao H, et al. Micromechanical Modeling and Damage Mechanism Analysis of M55J High‐Modulus Carbon Fiber Composites With Diverse Fiber Arrangements. Polymer Composites. 2026;47(2):1644-60. doi: 10.1002/pc.70242
Mon A, Kim M-E, Kum K-Y, et al. 3D finite element analysis of stress distribution on the shape of resected root-end or with/without bone graft of a maxillary premolar during endodontic microsurgery. Journal of Dental Sciences. 2024;19(2):837-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.08.029
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