Stres Üriner İnkontinans ve Karma Üriner İnkontinans: Klinik Yönetim
Özet
Referanslar
Rostami P, Mostafaei H, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Hajebrahimi S. An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Prevalence of Female Urinary Incontinence in Developing Countries—A Collaborative Report by the International Continence Society (Developing World Committee) and the Iranian Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2025;44(8):1639–68. doi:10.1002/nau.70127
Harding CK, Lapitan MC, Arlandis S, Bø K, Cobussen-Boekhorst H, Costantini H, et al. EAU Guidelines on Management of Non-Neurogenic Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [Internet]. Madrid: EAU Guidelines Office, Arnhem, The Netherlands. http://uroweb.org/guidelines/compilations-of-all-guidelines/; 2025. Available from: https://uroweb.org/guidelines
Moroni RM, Magnani PS, Haddad JM, Castro R de A, Brito LGO. Conservative Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2016 Feb;38(2):97–111. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1571252 PubMed PMID: 26883864; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10309479.
Game X, Dmochowski R, Robinson D. Mixed urinary incontinence: Are there effective treatments? Neurourol Urodyn. 2023 Feb;42(2):401–8. doi:10.1002/nau.25065 PubMed PMID: 36762411; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10092712.
Jha S, Jeppson PC, Dokmeci F, Marquini GV, Sartori MGF, Moalli P, et al. Management of mixed urinary incontinence: IUGA committee opinion. Int Urogynecol J. 2024 Feb;35(2):291–301. doi:10.1007/s00192-023-05694-z
Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women: management [Internet]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2019 [cited 2026 Jan 24]. (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines). Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542416/ PubMed PMID: 31211537.
Sebesta EM, Dmochowski RR. Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Diagnosis and Management. OBM Geriatr. 2023 Oct 5;07(04):1–22. doi:10.21926/obm.geriatr.2304251
Haylen BT, Freeman RM, Lee J, Swift SE, Cosson M, Deprest J, et al. International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint terminology and classification of the complications related to native tissue female pelvic floor surgery. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012 Apr;31(4):406–14. doi:10.1002/nau.22199 PubMed PMID: 22517067.
Kammerer-Doak D, Rizk DEE, Sorinola O, Agur W, Ismail S, Bazi T. Mixed urinary incontinence: international urogynecological association research and development committee opinion. Int Urogynecol J. 2014 Oct;25(10):1303–12. doi:10.1007/s00192-014-2485-8 PubMed PMID: 25091925.
Welk B, Baverstock RJ. The management of mixed urinary incontinence in women. CUAJ. 2017 Jun 13;11(6S2):121. doi:10.5489/cuaj.4584
Hunskaar S, Lose G, Sykes D, Voss S. The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women in four European countries. BJU Int. 2004 Feb;93(3):324–30. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2003.04609.x PubMed PMID: 14764130.
Damián J, Pastor-Barriuso R, García López FJ, de Pedro-Cuesta J. Urinary incontinence and mortality among older adults residing in care homes. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2017;73(3):688–99. doi:10.1111/jan.13170
Harris S, Leslie SW, Riggs J. Mixed Urinary Incontinence. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2026 Jan 24]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534234/ PubMed PMID: 30480967.
Gray T, Li W, Campbell P, Jha S, Radley S. Evaluation of coital incontinence by electronic questionnaire: prevalence, associations and outcomes in women attending a urogynaecology clinic. Int Urogynecol J. 2018 Jul;29(7):969–78. doi:10.1007/s00192-017-3380-x PubMed PMID: 28620792.
DeLancey JO. Structural support of the urethra as it relates to stress urinary incontinence: the hammock hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Jun;170(6):1713–20; discussion 1720-1723. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(94)70346-9 PubMed PMID: 8203431.
Yang X, Wang X, Gao Z, Li L, Lin H, Wang H, et al. The Anatomical Pathogenesis of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Dec 20;59(1):5. doi:10.3390/medicina59010005 PubMed PMID: 36676629; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9865065.
Kobashi K, Albo M, Dmochowski R, Goldman H, Kraus S, Sandhu JS, et al. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF FEMALE STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE: AUA/SUFU GUIDELINE (Published 2017; Amended 2023). 2023.
Mahony DT, Laferte RO, Blais DJ. Integral storage and voiding reflexes. Neurophysiologic concept of continence and micturition. Urology. 1977 Jan;9(1):95–106. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(77)90297-7 PubMed PMID: 556658.
de Boer TA, Salvatore S, Cardozo L, Chapple C, Kelleher C, van Kerrebroeck P, et al. Pelvic organ prolapse and overactive bladder. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(1):30–9. doi:10.1002/nau.20858 PubMed PMID: 20025017.
Poenaru MO, Ples L, Toma CV, Augustin FE, Sima RM, Amza M, et al. Conservative Treatment in Stress Urinary Incontinence—Narrative Literature Review. Life. 2026 Jan 2;16(1). doi:10.3390/life16010069
Stress Urinary Incontinence Guideline - American Urological Association [Internet]. [cited 2026 Jan 25]. Available from: https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/stress-urinary-incontinence-(sui)-guideline
Cameron AP, Chung DE, Dielubanza EJ, Ginsberg DA, Helfand BT, Linder BJ, et al. The AUA/SUFU Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Idiopathic Overactive Bladder (2024). 2024.
Jefferson FA, Linder BJ. Evaluation and Management of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2024 Nov;99(11):1802–14. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2024.07.003
Abrams P, Constable LD, Cooper D, MacLennan G, Drake MJ, Harding C, et al. Outcomes of a Noninferiority Randomised Controlled Trial of Surgery for Men with Urodynamic Stress Incontinence After Prostate Surgery (MASTER). Eur Urol. 2021 Jun;79(6):812–23. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2021.01.024 PubMed PMID: 33551297; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8175331.
Carlson K, Andrews M, Bascom A, Baverstock R, Campeau L, Dumoulin C, et al. 2024 Canadian Urological Association guideline: Female stress urinary incontinence. Can Urol Assoc J. 2024 Apr;18(4):83–102. doi:10.5489/cuaj.8751 PubMed PMID: 38648655; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC11034962.
Todhunter-Brown A, Hazelton C, Campbell P, Elders A, Hagen S, McClurg D. Conservative interventions for treating urinary incontinence in women: an Overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Incontinence Group, editor. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 Sep 2;2022(9). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012337.pub2
Petca A, Fotă A, Petca RC, Rotar IC. Modern Conservative Management Strategies for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025 May 8;14(10). doi:10.3390/jcm14103268
Chen CCG, Gatmaitan P, Koepp S, Barber MD, Chand B, Schauer PR, et al. Obesity is associated with increased prevalence and severity of pelvic floor disorders in women considering bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2009;5(4):411–5. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2008.10.006 PubMed PMID: 19136310.
Subak LL, Wing R, West DS, Franklin F, Vittinghoff E, Creasman JM, et al. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 29;360(5):481–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0806375 PubMed PMID: 19179316; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2877497.
Hashim H, Abrams P. How should patients with an overactive bladder manipulate their fluid intake? BJU Int. 2008 Jul;102(1):62–6. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07463.x PubMed PMID: 18284414.
Zubieta M, Carr RL, Drake MJ, Bø K. Influence of voluntary pelvic floor muscle contraction and pelvic floor muscle training on urethral closure pressures: a systematic literature review. Int Urogynecol J. 2016 May;27(5):687–96. doi:10.1007/s00192-015-2856-9 PubMed PMID: 26407561.
Bø K. Mechanisms for pelvic floor muscle training: Morphological changes and associations between changes in pelvic floor muscle variables and symptoms of female stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse—A narrative review. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2024;43(8):1977–96. doi:10.1002/nau.25551
Mangır N, Uçar M, Gülpınar Ö, Özkürkçügil C, Demirkesen O, Tarcan T, et al. Duloxetine in the Treatment of Women with Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Efficacy Data from Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Journal of Urological Surgery. 2023 Oct 3. doi:10.4274/jus.galenos.2022.2022.0027
Jost W, Marsalek P. Duloxetine: mechanism of action at the lower urinary tract and Onuf?s nucleus. Clin Auton Res. 2004 Aug;14(4). doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0197-8
van Kerrebroeck P, Abrams P, Lange R, Slack M, Wyndaele JJ, Yalcin I, et al. Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of European and Canadian women with stress urinary incontinence. BJOG. 2004 Mar;111(3):249–57. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00067.x PubMed PMID: 14961887.
Maund E, Guski LS, Gøtzsche PC. Considering benefits and harms of duloxetine for treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a meta-analysis of clinical study reports. CMAJ. 2017 Feb 6;189(5):E194–203. doi:10.1503/cmaj.151104 PubMed PMID: 28246265; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5289870.
Herschorn S, Chapple CR, Abrams P, Arlandis S, Mitcheson D, Lee KS, et al. Efficacy and safety of combinations of mirabegron and solifenacin compared with monotherapy and placebo in patients with overactive bladder (SYNERGY study). BJU Int. 2017 Oct;120(4):562–75. doi:10.1111/bju.13882 PubMed PMID: 28418102.
MacDiarmid S, Al-Shukri S, Barkin J, Fianu-Jonasson A, Grise P, Herschorn S, et al. Mirabegron as Add-On Treatment to Solifenacin in Patients with Incontinent Overactive Bladder and an Inadequate Response to Solifenacin Monotherapy: Responder Analyses and Patient-Reported Outcomes from the BESIDE Study [corrected]. J Urol. 2016 Sep;196(3):809–18. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2016.03.174 PubMed PMID: 27063854.
Ulmsten U, Henriksson L, Johnson P, Varhos G. An ambulatory surgical procedure under local anesthesia for treatment of female urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 1996 Mar;7(2):81–6. doi:10.1007/BF01902378
Nilsson CG, Palva K, Aarnio R, Morcos E, Falconer C. Seventeen years’ follow-up of the tension-free vaginal tape procedure for female stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 2013 Aug 1;24(8):1265–9. doi:10.1007/s00192-013-2090-2
Moris L, Heesakkers J, Nitti V, O’Connell HE, Peyronnet B, Serati M, et al. Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Management of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Collaborative Review. Eur Urol. 2025 Mar;87(3):292–301. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2024.12.017 PubMed PMID: 39848866.
He P, Zou J, Gong B, Qiu M, Li L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of tension-free vaginal tape on pelvic organ prolapse complicated by stress urinary incontinence. Ann Palliat Med. 2021 Dec;10(12):12589–97. doi:10.21037/apm-21-3385 PubMed PMID: 35016449.
Kim A, Kim MS, Park YJ, Choi WS, Park HK, Paick SH, et al. Retropubic versus Transobturator Mid Urethral Slings in Patients at High Risk for Recurrent Stress Incontinence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Urol. 2019 Jul;202(1):132–42. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000000222 PubMed PMID: 30865553.
Wang H, Liu J, Fang K, Liu J, Chen T, Yang T, et al. Transobturator tape, tension-free vaginal tape, and transvaginal tension-free vaginal tape-obturator for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022 Jun;157(3):527–35. doi:10.1002/ijgo.13790 PubMed PMID: 34139022.
Karmakar D, Mostafa A, Abdel-Fattah M. Long-term outcomes of transobturator tapes in women with stress urinary incontinence: E-TOT randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2017;124(6):973–81. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14561
Padmanabhan P, Panfili Z, Parker W, Gomelsky A. Change in urinary storage symptoms following treatment for female stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 2016 Aug;27(8):1169–74. doi:10.1007/s00192-016-2951-6 PubMed PMID: 26797098.
Nikolopoulos KI, Betschart C, Doumouchtsis SK. The surgical management of recurrent stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2015 Jun;94(6):568–76. doi:10.1111/aogs.12625 PubMed PMID: 25737292.
Chen HC, Hu PC, Yao JT, Ye SJ, Ma Q. Male sling versus artificial urinary sphincter for the treatment of incontinence after prostate surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Transl Androl Urol. 2024 Aug 31;13(8):1416–24. doi:10.21037/tau-24-107 PubMed PMID: 39280681; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC11399032.
EAU Guidelines on the Management of Non-neurogenic Male LUTS - DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION - Uroweb [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 23]. Available from: https://uroweb.org/guidelines/management-of-non-neurogenic-male-luts/chapter/diagnostic-evaluation
Khouri RK, Ortiz NM, Baumgarten AS, Ward EE, VanDyke ME, Hudak SJ, et al. Artificial Urinary Sphincter Outperforms Sling for Moderate Male Stress Urinary Incontinence. Urology. 2020 Jul;141:168–72. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2020.03.028 PubMed PMID: 32289365.
Donovan JL, Peters TJ, Abrams P, Brookes ST, de aa Rosette JJ, Schäfer W. Scoring the short form ICSmaleSF questionnaire. International Continence Society. J Urol. 2000 Dec;164(6):1948–55. PubMed PMID: 11061889.
Kotecha P, Sahai A, Malde S. Use of Duloxetine for Postprostatectomy Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review. European Urology Focus. 2021 May;7(3):618–28. doi:10.1016/j.euf.2020.06.007
Referanslar
Rostami P, Mostafaei H, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Hajebrahimi S. An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Prevalence of Female Urinary Incontinence in Developing Countries—A Collaborative Report by the International Continence Society (Developing World Committee) and the Iranian Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2025;44(8):1639–68. doi:10.1002/nau.70127
Harding CK, Lapitan MC, Arlandis S, Bø K, Cobussen-Boekhorst H, Costantini H, et al. EAU Guidelines on Management of Non-Neurogenic Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [Internet]. Madrid: EAU Guidelines Office, Arnhem, The Netherlands. http://uroweb.org/guidelines/compilations-of-all-guidelines/; 2025. Available from: https://uroweb.org/guidelines
Moroni RM, Magnani PS, Haddad JM, Castro R de A, Brito LGO. Conservative Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2016 Feb;38(2):97–111. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1571252 PubMed PMID: 26883864; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10309479.
Game X, Dmochowski R, Robinson D. Mixed urinary incontinence: Are there effective treatments? Neurourol Urodyn. 2023 Feb;42(2):401–8. doi:10.1002/nau.25065 PubMed PMID: 36762411; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10092712.
Jha S, Jeppson PC, Dokmeci F, Marquini GV, Sartori MGF, Moalli P, et al. Management of mixed urinary incontinence: IUGA committee opinion. Int Urogynecol J. 2024 Feb;35(2):291–301. doi:10.1007/s00192-023-05694-z
Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women: management [Internet]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2019 [cited 2026 Jan 24]. (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines). Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542416/ PubMed PMID: 31211537.
Sebesta EM, Dmochowski RR. Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Diagnosis and Management. OBM Geriatr. 2023 Oct 5;07(04):1–22. doi:10.21926/obm.geriatr.2304251
Haylen BT, Freeman RM, Lee J, Swift SE, Cosson M, Deprest J, et al. International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint terminology and classification of the complications related to native tissue female pelvic floor surgery. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012 Apr;31(4):406–14. doi:10.1002/nau.22199 PubMed PMID: 22517067.
Kammerer-Doak D, Rizk DEE, Sorinola O, Agur W, Ismail S, Bazi T. Mixed urinary incontinence: international urogynecological association research and development committee opinion. Int Urogynecol J. 2014 Oct;25(10):1303–12. doi:10.1007/s00192-014-2485-8 PubMed PMID: 25091925.
Welk B, Baverstock RJ. The management of mixed urinary incontinence in women. CUAJ. 2017 Jun 13;11(6S2):121. doi:10.5489/cuaj.4584
Hunskaar S, Lose G, Sykes D, Voss S. The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women in four European countries. BJU Int. 2004 Feb;93(3):324–30. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2003.04609.x PubMed PMID: 14764130.
Damián J, Pastor-Barriuso R, García López FJ, de Pedro-Cuesta J. Urinary incontinence and mortality among older adults residing in care homes. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2017;73(3):688–99. doi:10.1111/jan.13170
Harris S, Leslie SW, Riggs J. Mixed Urinary Incontinence. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2026 Jan 24]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534234/ PubMed PMID: 30480967.
Gray T, Li W, Campbell P, Jha S, Radley S. Evaluation of coital incontinence by electronic questionnaire: prevalence, associations and outcomes in women attending a urogynaecology clinic. Int Urogynecol J. 2018 Jul;29(7):969–78. doi:10.1007/s00192-017-3380-x PubMed PMID: 28620792.
DeLancey JO. Structural support of the urethra as it relates to stress urinary incontinence: the hammock hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Jun;170(6):1713–20; discussion 1720-1723. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(94)70346-9 PubMed PMID: 8203431.
Yang X, Wang X, Gao Z, Li L, Lin H, Wang H, et al. The Anatomical Pathogenesis of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Dec 20;59(1):5. doi:10.3390/medicina59010005 PubMed PMID: 36676629; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9865065.
Kobashi K, Albo M, Dmochowski R, Goldman H, Kraus S, Sandhu JS, et al. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF FEMALE STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE: AUA/SUFU GUIDELINE (Published 2017; Amended 2023). 2023.
Mahony DT, Laferte RO, Blais DJ. Integral storage and voiding reflexes. Neurophysiologic concept of continence and micturition. Urology. 1977 Jan;9(1):95–106. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(77)90297-7 PubMed PMID: 556658.
de Boer TA, Salvatore S, Cardozo L, Chapple C, Kelleher C, van Kerrebroeck P, et al. Pelvic organ prolapse and overactive bladder. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(1):30–9. doi:10.1002/nau.20858 PubMed PMID: 20025017.
Poenaru MO, Ples L, Toma CV, Augustin FE, Sima RM, Amza M, et al. Conservative Treatment in Stress Urinary Incontinence—Narrative Literature Review. Life. 2026 Jan 2;16(1). doi:10.3390/life16010069
Stress Urinary Incontinence Guideline - American Urological Association [Internet]. [cited 2026 Jan 25]. Available from: https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/stress-urinary-incontinence-(sui)-guideline
Cameron AP, Chung DE, Dielubanza EJ, Ginsberg DA, Helfand BT, Linder BJ, et al. The AUA/SUFU Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Idiopathic Overactive Bladder (2024). 2024.
Jefferson FA, Linder BJ. Evaluation and Management of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2024 Nov;99(11):1802–14. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2024.07.003
Abrams P, Constable LD, Cooper D, MacLennan G, Drake MJ, Harding C, et al. Outcomes of a Noninferiority Randomised Controlled Trial of Surgery for Men with Urodynamic Stress Incontinence After Prostate Surgery (MASTER). Eur Urol. 2021 Jun;79(6):812–23. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2021.01.024 PubMed PMID: 33551297; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8175331.
Carlson K, Andrews M, Bascom A, Baverstock R, Campeau L, Dumoulin C, et al. 2024 Canadian Urological Association guideline: Female stress urinary incontinence. Can Urol Assoc J. 2024 Apr;18(4):83–102. doi:10.5489/cuaj.8751 PubMed PMID: 38648655; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC11034962.
Todhunter-Brown A, Hazelton C, Campbell P, Elders A, Hagen S, McClurg D. Conservative interventions for treating urinary incontinence in women: an Overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Incontinence Group, editor. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 Sep 2;2022(9). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012337.pub2
Petca A, Fotă A, Petca RC, Rotar IC. Modern Conservative Management Strategies for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025 May 8;14(10). doi:10.3390/jcm14103268
Chen CCG, Gatmaitan P, Koepp S, Barber MD, Chand B, Schauer PR, et al. Obesity is associated with increased prevalence and severity of pelvic floor disorders in women considering bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2009;5(4):411–5. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2008.10.006 PubMed PMID: 19136310.
Subak LL, Wing R, West DS, Franklin F, Vittinghoff E, Creasman JM, et al. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 29;360(5):481–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0806375 PubMed PMID: 19179316; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2877497.
Hashim H, Abrams P. How should patients with an overactive bladder manipulate their fluid intake? BJU Int. 2008 Jul;102(1):62–6. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07463.x PubMed PMID: 18284414.
Zubieta M, Carr RL, Drake MJ, Bø K. Influence of voluntary pelvic floor muscle contraction and pelvic floor muscle training on urethral closure pressures: a systematic literature review. Int Urogynecol J. 2016 May;27(5):687–96. doi:10.1007/s00192-015-2856-9 PubMed PMID: 26407561.
Bø K. Mechanisms for pelvic floor muscle training: Morphological changes and associations between changes in pelvic floor muscle variables and symptoms of female stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse—A narrative review. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2024;43(8):1977–96. doi:10.1002/nau.25551
Mangır N, Uçar M, Gülpınar Ö, Özkürkçügil C, Demirkesen O, Tarcan T, et al. Duloxetine in the Treatment of Women with Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Efficacy Data from Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Journal of Urological Surgery. 2023 Oct 3. doi:10.4274/jus.galenos.2022.2022.0027
Jost W, Marsalek P. Duloxetine: mechanism of action at the lower urinary tract and Onuf?s nucleus. Clin Auton Res. 2004 Aug;14(4). doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0197-8
van Kerrebroeck P, Abrams P, Lange R, Slack M, Wyndaele JJ, Yalcin I, et al. Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of European and Canadian women with stress urinary incontinence. BJOG. 2004 Mar;111(3):249–57. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00067.x PubMed PMID: 14961887.
Maund E, Guski LS, Gøtzsche PC. Considering benefits and harms of duloxetine for treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a meta-analysis of clinical study reports. CMAJ. 2017 Feb 6;189(5):E194–203. doi:10.1503/cmaj.151104 PubMed PMID: 28246265; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5289870.
Herschorn S, Chapple CR, Abrams P, Arlandis S, Mitcheson D, Lee KS, et al. Efficacy and safety of combinations of mirabegron and solifenacin compared with monotherapy and placebo in patients with overactive bladder (SYNERGY study). BJU Int. 2017 Oct;120(4):562–75. doi:10.1111/bju.13882 PubMed PMID: 28418102.
MacDiarmid S, Al-Shukri S, Barkin J, Fianu-Jonasson A, Grise P, Herschorn S, et al. Mirabegron as Add-On Treatment to Solifenacin in Patients with Incontinent Overactive Bladder and an Inadequate Response to Solifenacin Monotherapy: Responder Analyses and Patient-Reported Outcomes from the BESIDE Study [corrected]. J Urol. 2016 Sep;196(3):809–18. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2016.03.174 PubMed PMID: 27063854.
Ulmsten U, Henriksson L, Johnson P, Varhos G. An ambulatory surgical procedure under local anesthesia for treatment of female urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 1996 Mar;7(2):81–6. doi:10.1007/BF01902378
Nilsson CG, Palva K, Aarnio R, Morcos E, Falconer C. Seventeen years’ follow-up of the tension-free vaginal tape procedure for female stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 2013 Aug 1;24(8):1265–9. doi:10.1007/s00192-013-2090-2
Moris L, Heesakkers J, Nitti V, O’Connell HE, Peyronnet B, Serati M, et al. Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Management of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Collaborative Review. Eur Urol. 2025 Mar;87(3):292–301. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2024.12.017 PubMed PMID: 39848866.
He P, Zou J, Gong B, Qiu M, Li L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of tension-free vaginal tape on pelvic organ prolapse complicated by stress urinary incontinence. Ann Palliat Med. 2021 Dec;10(12):12589–97. doi:10.21037/apm-21-3385 PubMed PMID: 35016449.
Kim A, Kim MS, Park YJ, Choi WS, Park HK, Paick SH, et al. Retropubic versus Transobturator Mid Urethral Slings in Patients at High Risk for Recurrent Stress Incontinence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Urol. 2019 Jul;202(1):132–42. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000000222 PubMed PMID: 30865553.
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