Yapay Zeka ve Tıbbi İllüstrasyonda Potansiyeller ve Sınırlamalar
Özet
Bu bölüm, tıbbi illüstrasyonun yapay zeka çağında geçirdiği dönüşümü grafik tasarım disiplini perspektifinden incelemektedir. Çalışmada öncelikle tıbbi illüstrasyonun bilimsel atlas geleneği içindeki yeri Daston ve Galison'un epistemolojik yaklaşımı, görsel dilin kuruluşu ise Kress ve van Leeuwen'in görsel gramer kuramıyla tartışılmaktadır. 2021-2025 yılları arasında yayımlanmış yapay zeka temelli tıbbi görseller, sadeleştirme, vurgu, görsel hiyerarşi, okunabilirlik ve stilizasyon gibi grafik tasarım ilkeleri açısından analiz edilmektedir. Bulgular, yapay zeka modellerinin hızlı üretim ve stil çeşitliliği sunduğunu, ancak anatomik doğruluk, görsel tutarlılık ve etik şeffaflık konularında insan denetimine ihtiyaç duyulduğunu göstermektedir. Bölüm, yapay zeka araçları ile illüstratörün uzmanlığını birleştiren altı aşamalı hibrit bir üretim modeli önererek sonlanmaktadır.
This chapter examines the transformation of medical illustration in the age of artificial intelligence from the perspective of graphic design discipline. The study first discusses the position of medical illustration within the scientific atlas tradition through Daston and Galison's epistemological approach, and the construction of visual language through Kress and van Leeuwen's theory of visual grammar. AI-based medical images published between 2021-2025 are analyzed in terms of graphic design principles such as simplification, emphasis, visual hierarchy, readability, and stylization. Findings indicate that AI models offer rapid production and stylistic diversity, yet require human supervision in matters of anatomical accuracy, visual consistency, and ethical transparency. The chapter concludes by proposing a six-stage hybrid production model that combines AI tools with the illustrator's expertise.
Referanslar
Başgün, F., Altunbey, T., Ay, S., Söylemez, D. Ö., Emre, E., Başgün, N. (2025). Digital age and medicine: Visualization and evaluation of foot anatomy with artificial intelligence. Diagnostics, 15(5), 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15050550
Cheng, K., Wu, H. (2024). Policy framework for the utilization of generative AI. Critical Care, 28, 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-024-04917-z
COPE Council. (2023, February 13). Authorship and AI tools: COPE position statement. Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). 30.11.2025 tarihinde https://publicationethics.org/cope-position-statements/ai-author adresinden erişildi.
Daston, L., Galison, P. (2007). Objectivity. Zone Books.
Eldesoqui, M., Albadawi, E. A., AlQumaizi, K. I., Radwan, M. N. M., Ebrahim, H. A., Elsaid, M. A. E. (2025). Assessing the anatomical accuracy of AI-generated medical illustrations: A comparative study of text-to-image generator tools in anatomy education. Clinical Anatomy, 38(6), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.70002
Floridi, L. (2019). What the near future of artificial intelligence could be. Philosophy Technology, 32(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-019-00345-y
Floridi, L., Cowls, J. (2019). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Harvard Data Science Review, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.8cd550d1
Gray, H. (1858). Anatomy: descriptive and surgical. J. W. Parker. 17.11.2025 tarihinde https://archive.org/details/anatomydescripti1858gray adresinden erişilmiştir.
Haider, S. A., Prabha, S., Gomez-Cabello, C. A., Borna, S., Pressman, S. M., Genovese, A., Trabilsy, M., Galvao, A., Aziz, K. T., Murray, P. M., Parte, Y., Yu, Y., Tao, C., Forte, A. J. (2025). A validity analysis of text-to-image generative artificial intelligence models for craniofacial anatomy illustration. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(7), 2136. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072136
Haragi, M., Hayakawa, M., Watanabe, O., Takayama, T. (2021). An exploratory study of the efficacy of medical illustration detail for delivering cancer information. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 44(1), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453054.2020.1834838
Kemp, M. (2000). Visualizations: The Nature book of art and science. University of California Press.
Kress, G., van Leeuwen, T. (2021). Reading images: The grammar of visual design (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Kumar, A., Burr, P., Young, T. M. (2024). Using AI text-to-image generation to create novel illustrations for medical education. JMIR Medical Education, 10(1), e52155. https://doi.org/10.2196/52155
Lekadir, K., Osuala, R., Gallin, C., Lazrak, N., Kushibar, K., Tsakou, G., Aussó, S., Cerdá Alberich, L., Marias, K., Tsiknakis, M., Colantonio, S., Papanikolaou, N., Salahuddin, Z., Woodruff, H. C., Lambin, P., Martí-Bonmatí, L. (2021). FUTURE-AI: Guiding principles and consensus recommendations for trustworthy artificial intelligence in medical imaging. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2109.09658
Meskó, B., Topol, E. J. (2023). The imperative for regulatory oversight of large language models (or generative AI) in healthcare. npj Digital Medicine, 6(1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00873-0
Netter, F. H. (1974). The CIBA collection of medical illustrations. Vol. 5: Heart. CIBA Pharmaceutical Company.
Netter, F. H. (2019). Atlas of human anatomy (7th ed.). Elsevier.
Noel, J., Campbell, L., De Silva, T. (2024). Errors in AI anatomical illustrations: A comparative study. Anatomical Sciences Education, 17(2), 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2358
Sobotta, J. (1904–1907). Atlas der deskriptiven Anatomie des Menschen (Vols. 1–3). J. F. Lehmanns Verlag.
Stafford, B. M. (1999). Visual analogy: Consciousness as the art of connecting. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Zielinski, C., Winker, M. A., Aggarwal, R., Ferris, L. E., Heinemann, M., Lapeña, J. F., Pai, S. A., Ing, E., Citrome, L., Alam, M., Habibzadeh, F. (2023). Chatbots, generative AI, and scholarly manuscripts: WAME recommendations on chatbots and generative artificial intelligence in relation to scholarly publications. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 40(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2023.2286102
Zoltie, T. (2024). Artificial intelligence in medical photography and illustration: A tool but not a replacement. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 47(3), 75–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453054.2025.2473205
Görseller
Şekil 1. Mezopotamya’da karaciğer falı modeli. Uyarlanmıştır: British Museum. (2025). British Museum collection [Çevrimiçi müze kaydı]. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238?utm_
Şekil 2. Orbital bölge illüstrasyonu. Uyarlanmıştır: Gray, H. (1858). Anatomy: descriptive and surgical. John W. Parker and Son. http://www.archive.org/details/anatomydescript1858gray
Şekil 3. Kalp illüstrasyonu. Uyarlanmıştır: Netter, F. H. (1974). The CIBA collection of medical illustrations. Vol. 5: Heart. CIBA.
Şekil 4. Metin-görüntü modelleri kullanılarak oluşturulan kraniofasiyal anatomi katmanları. Uyarlanmıştır: Haider, S. A., Prabha, S., Gomez-Cabello, C. A., Borna, S., Pressman, S. M., Genovese, A., Trabilsy, M., Galvao, A., Aziz, K. T., Murray, P. M., Parte, Y., Yu, Y., Tao, C., & Forte, A. J. (2025). A validity analysis of text-to-image generative artificial intelligence models for craniofacial anatomy illustration. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(7), 2136. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072136
Şekil 5. Bing Image Creator, DALL·E, Stable Diffusion ve Craiyon kullanılarak oluşturulan kafatası, kalp ve beyin illüstrasyonları. Uyarlanmıştır: Noel, G. P. J. C. (2024). Evaluating AI-powered text-to-image generators for anatomical illustration: A comparative study. Anatomical Sciences Education, 17(5), 979–983. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2336
Referanslar
Başgün, F., Altunbey, T., Ay, S., Söylemez, D. Ö., Emre, E., Başgün, N. (2025). Digital age and medicine: Visualization and evaluation of foot anatomy with artificial intelligence. Diagnostics, 15(5), 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15050550
Cheng, K., Wu, H. (2024). Policy framework for the utilization of generative AI. Critical Care, 28, 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-024-04917-z
COPE Council. (2023, February 13). Authorship and AI tools: COPE position statement. Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). 30.11.2025 tarihinde https://publicationethics.org/cope-position-statements/ai-author adresinden erişildi.
Daston, L., Galison, P. (2007). Objectivity. Zone Books.
Eldesoqui, M., Albadawi, E. A., AlQumaizi, K. I., Radwan, M. N. M., Ebrahim, H. A., Elsaid, M. A. E. (2025). Assessing the anatomical accuracy of AI-generated medical illustrations: A comparative study of text-to-image generator tools in anatomy education. Clinical Anatomy, 38(6), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.70002
Floridi, L. (2019). What the near future of artificial intelligence could be. Philosophy Technology, 32(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-019-00345-y
Floridi, L., Cowls, J. (2019). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Harvard Data Science Review, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.8cd550d1
Gray, H. (1858). Anatomy: descriptive and surgical. J. W. Parker. 17.11.2025 tarihinde https://archive.org/details/anatomydescripti1858gray adresinden erişilmiştir.
Haider, S. A., Prabha, S., Gomez-Cabello, C. A., Borna, S., Pressman, S. M., Genovese, A., Trabilsy, M., Galvao, A., Aziz, K. T., Murray, P. M., Parte, Y., Yu, Y., Tao, C., Forte, A. J. (2025). A validity analysis of text-to-image generative artificial intelligence models for craniofacial anatomy illustration. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(7), 2136. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072136
Haragi, M., Hayakawa, M., Watanabe, O., Takayama, T. (2021). An exploratory study of the efficacy of medical illustration detail for delivering cancer information. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 44(1), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453054.2020.1834838
Kemp, M. (2000). Visualizations: The Nature book of art and science. University of California Press.
Kress, G., van Leeuwen, T. (2021). Reading images: The grammar of visual design (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Kumar, A., Burr, P., Young, T. M. (2024). Using AI text-to-image generation to create novel illustrations for medical education. JMIR Medical Education, 10(1), e52155. https://doi.org/10.2196/52155
Lekadir, K., Osuala, R., Gallin, C., Lazrak, N., Kushibar, K., Tsakou, G., Aussó, S., Cerdá Alberich, L., Marias, K., Tsiknakis, M., Colantonio, S., Papanikolaou, N., Salahuddin, Z., Woodruff, H. C., Lambin, P., Martí-Bonmatí, L. (2021). FUTURE-AI: Guiding principles and consensus recommendations for trustworthy artificial intelligence in medical imaging. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2109.09658
Meskó, B., Topol, E. J. (2023). The imperative for regulatory oversight of large language models (or generative AI) in healthcare. npj Digital Medicine, 6(1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00873-0
Netter, F. H. (1974). The CIBA collection of medical illustrations. Vol. 5: Heart. CIBA Pharmaceutical Company.
Netter, F. H. (2019). Atlas of human anatomy (7th ed.). Elsevier.
Noel, J., Campbell, L., De Silva, T. (2024). Errors in AI anatomical illustrations: A comparative study. Anatomical Sciences Education, 17(2), 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2358
Sobotta, J. (1904–1907). Atlas der deskriptiven Anatomie des Menschen (Vols. 1–3). J. F. Lehmanns Verlag.
Stafford, B. M. (1999). Visual analogy: Consciousness as the art of connecting. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Zielinski, C., Winker, M. A., Aggarwal, R., Ferris, L. E., Heinemann, M., Lapeña, J. F., Pai, S. A., Ing, E., Citrome, L., Alam, M., Habibzadeh, F. (2023). Chatbots, generative AI, and scholarly manuscripts: WAME recommendations on chatbots and generative artificial intelligence in relation to scholarly publications. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 40(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2023.2286102
Zoltie, T. (2024). Artificial intelligence in medical photography and illustration: A tool but not a replacement. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 47(3), 75–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453054.2025.2473205
Görseller
Şekil 1. Mezopotamya’da karaciğer falı modeli. Uyarlanmıştır: British Museum. (2025). British Museum collection [Çevrimiçi müze kaydı]. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238?utm_
Şekil 2. Orbital bölge illüstrasyonu. Uyarlanmıştır: Gray, H. (1858). Anatomy: descriptive and surgical. John W. Parker and Son. http://www.archive.org/details/anatomydescript1858gray
Şekil 3. Kalp illüstrasyonu. Uyarlanmıştır: Netter, F. H. (1974). The CIBA collection of medical illustrations. Vol. 5: Heart. CIBA.
Şekil 4. Metin-görüntü modelleri kullanılarak oluşturulan kraniofasiyal anatomi katmanları. Uyarlanmıştır: Haider, S. A., Prabha, S., Gomez-Cabello, C. A., Borna, S., Pressman, S. M., Genovese, A., Trabilsy, M., Galvao, A., Aziz, K. T., Murray, P. M., Parte, Y., Yu, Y., Tao, C., & Forte, A. J. (2025). A validity analysis of text-to-image generative artificial intelligence models for craniofacial anatomy illustration. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(7), 2136. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072136
Şekil 5. Bing Image Creator, DALL·E, Stable Diffusion ve Craiyon kullanılarak oluşturulan kafatası, kalp ve beyin illüstrasyonları. Uyarlanmıştır: Noel, G. P. J. C. (2024). Evaluating AI-powered text-to-image generators for anatomical illustration: A comparative study. Anatomical Sciences Education, 17(5), 979–983. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2336
