Karaciğer Tümörlerinin Termal Ablasyonu
Özet
Bu bölüm, karaciğer tümörlerinin termal ablasyonunu güncel onkolojik ve girişimsel radyoloji perspektifinden ele almaktadır. Termal ablasyon; hepatoselüler karsinom, kolorektal karaciğer metastazları ve seçilmiş diğer karaciğer malignitelerinde, küratif veya hastalık kontrolünü destekleyici minimal invaziv bir lokorejyonel tedavi seçeneği olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bölümde standart terminoloji, ablasyon marjı kavramı, teknik başarı, lokal tümör progresyonu ve komplikasyon sınıflaması gibi temel ilkeler özetlenmektedir. Ayrıca tedavi öncesi görüntüleme, hasta seçimi, multidisipliner karar süreci, peri-prosedürel güvenlik, radyofrekans, mikrodalga ve kriyoablasyon teknikleri ile görüntüleme kılavuzluğu ayrıntılı biçimde incelenmektedir. Kritik anatomik komşuluklarda termoprotektif yaklaşımlar, kombine tedavi stratejileri ve post-prosedürel izlem ilkeleri de tartışılmaktadır. Bölümün temel mesajı, termal ablasyonun başarısının yalnızca enerji uygulamasına değil; uygun hasta seçimine, yeterli ablasyon marjına, standart raporlamaya ve görüntüleme temelli yanıt değerlendirmesine bağlı olduğudur.
This chapter reviews thermal ablation of liver tumors from a contemporary interventional radiology and oncologic perspective. Thermal ablation is presented as a minimally invasive locoregional treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal liver metastases, and selected other hepatic malignancies, with roles in both curative-intent treatment and durable local disease control. The chapter summarizes key concepts including standardized terminology, ablative margin, technical success, local tumor progression, and complication grading. It also addresses pre-treatment imaging, patient selection, multidisciplinary decision-making, peri-procedural safety, and the major ablation modalities including radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, and cryoablation. Imaging guidance techniques, adjunctive thermoprotective methods, combined treatment strategies, and post-procedural assessment are also discussed. The central message of the chapter is that the success of liver tumor ablation depends not only on energy delivery, but also on careful patient selection, achievement of adequate ablative margins, standardized reporting, and imaging-based confirmation of treatment response.
Referanslar
Ahmed M, Solbiati L, Brace CL, et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria—a 10-year update. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2014;25(11):1691-705.
Wang X, Sofocleous CT, Erinjeri JP, et al. Margin size is an independent predictor of local tumor progression after ablation of colon cancer liver metastases. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2013;36(1):166-75.
Kim YS, Lee WJ, Rhim H, et al. The minimal ablative margin of radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (>2 and <5 cm) needed to prevent local tumor progression: 3D quantitative assessment using CT image fusion. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2010;195(3):758-65.
Filippiadis DK, Binkert C, Pellerin O, et al. CIRSE quality assurance document and standards for classification of complications: the CIRSE classification system. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2017;40(8):1141-6.
Crocetti L, de Baere T, Lencioni R. Quality improvement guidelines for radiofrequency ablation of liver tumours. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(1):11-7.
American College of Radiology. CT/MRI LI-RADS v2018. Available from:https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Reporting-and-Data-Systems/LI-RADS/CT-MRI-LI-RADS-v2018 (Accessed 3 Jan 2020).
American College of Radiology. CEUS LI-RADS v2017. Available from:https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Reporting-and-Data-Systems/LI-RADS/CEUS-LI-RADS-v2017 (Accessed 3 Jan 2020).
Vreugdenburg TD, Ma N, Duncan JK, et al. Comparative diagnostic accuracy of hepatocyte-specific gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) enhanced MR imaging and contrast enhanced CT for the detection of liver metastases: a systematic review and meta analysis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2016;31(11):1739-49.
Bridgewater J, Galle PR, Khan SA, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Journal of Hepatology. 2014;60(6):1268-89.
Pavel M, Baudin E, Couvelard A, et al. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with liver and other distant metastases from neuroendocrine neoplasms of foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary. Neuroendocrinology. 2012;95(2):157-76.
Senkus E, Kyriakides S, Ohno S, et al. Primary breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 2015;26:8-30.
Pacini F, Castagna MG, Brilli L, et al. Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 2012;23:110-9.
Dummer R, Hauschild A, Lindenblatt N, et al. Cutaneous melanoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 2015;26:126-32.
Crocetti L, Iezzi R, Goldberg SN, et al. The ten commandments of liver ablation: expert discussion and report from Mediterranean Interventional Oncology (MIOLive) congress 2017. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2018;22(12):3896-904.
European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Hepatology. 2018;69(1):182-236.
Agopian VG, Harlander-Locke MP, Ruiz RM, et al. Impact of pretransplant bridging locoregional therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma within Milan criteria undergoing liver transplantation: analysis of 3601 patients from the US multicenter HCC transplant consortium. Annals of Surgery. 2017;266(3):525-35.
Van Cutsem E, Cervantes A, Adam R, et al. ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Annals of Oncology. 2016;27(8):1386-422.
Clavien PA, Petrowsky H, DeOliveira ML, et al. Strategies for safer liver surgery and partial liver transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;356(15):1545-559.
Solbiati L, Ahmed M, Cova L, et al. Small liver colorectal metastases treated with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: local response rate and long-term survival with up to 10-year follow-up. Radiology. 2012;265(3):958-68.
Weiser MR, Jarnagin WR, Saltz LB. Colorectal cancer patients with oligometastatic liver disease: what is the optimal approach? Oncology. 2013;27(11):1074-8.
Ruers T, Van Coevorden F, Punt CJ, et al. Local treatment of unresectable colorectal liver metastases: results of a randomized phase II trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2017;109(9):djx015.
Sofocleous CT, Petre EN, Gonen M, et al. CT-guided radiofrequency ablation as a salvage treatment of colorectal cancer hepatic metastases developing after hepatectomy. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2011;22(6):755-61.
de Baere T, Deschamps F, Tselikas L, et al. GEP-NETS update: interventional radiology: role in the treatment of liver metastases from GEP-NETs. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2015;172(4):151-66.
Wettstein M, Vogt C, Cohnen M, et al. Serotonin release during percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in a patient with symptomatic liver metastases of a neuroendocrine tumor. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004;51:830-2.
Bale R, Schullian P, Schmuth M, et al. Stereotactic radiofrequency ablation for metastatic melanoma to the liver. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(8):1128-35.
Barral M, Auperin A, Hakime A, et al. Percutaneous thermal ablation of breast cancer metastases in oligometastatic patients Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(6):885-93.
Mariani P, Almubarak MM, Kollen M, et al. Radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection of liver metastases from uveal melanoma. European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2016;42(5):706-12.
Cazzato RL, Garnon J, Koch G, et al. Current role of interventional radiology in the management of visceral and bone metastases from thyroid cancer. Gland Surgery. 2018;7(2):80-8.
Patel IJ, Rahim S, Davidson JC, et al. Society of Interventional Radiology consensus guidelines for the periprocedural management of thrombotic and bleeding risk in patients undergoing percutaneous image-guided interventions—part II: recommendations. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2019;30(8):1168-84.
Veltri A, Bargellini I, Giorgi L, et al. CIRSE guidelines on percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2017;40(10):1501-3.
Sutcliffe JA, Briggs JH, Little MW, et al. Antibiotics in interventional radiology. Clinical Radiol. 2015;70:223-34.
Chehab MA, Thakor AS, Tulin-Silver S, et al. Adult and pediatric antibiotic prophylaxis during vascular and IR procedures: a Society of Interventional Radiology Practice Parameter update. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2018;29(11):1483-501.
Hoffmann R, Rempp H, Schmidt D, et al. Prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with bilioenteric anastomosis undergoing percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2012;23(4):545-51.
Lee MJ, Fanelli F, Haage P, et al. Patient safety in interventional radiology: a CIRSE IR checklist. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2012;35(2):244-6.
ASA House of Delegates/Executive Committee. ASA Physical Status Classification System. Available from: https://www.asahq.org/standards-and-guidelines/asa-physical-status-classification-system (Accessed 3 Jan 2020).
Pereira PL, Trübenbach J, Schenk M, et al. Radiofrequency ablation: in vivo comparison of four commercially available devices in pig livers. Radiology. 2004;232(2):482-90.
Hoffmann R, Rempp H, Erhard L, et al. Comparison of four microwave ablation devices: an experimental study in ex vivo bovine liver. Radiology. 2013;268(1):89-97.
Hinshaw JL, Lubner MG, Ziemlewicz TJ, et al. Percutaneous tumor ablation tools: microwave, radiofrequency, or cryoablation—what should you use and why? Radiographics. 2014;34(5):1344-62.
Crocetti L, Della Pina C, Cioni D, et al. Peri-intraprocedural imaging: US, CT, and MRI. Abdominal Imaging. 2011;36(6):648-60.
De Baère T. Computed tomography imaging for tumor ablation. In: van Sonnenberg E, McMullen WN, Solbiati L, et al. (eds.) Tumor ablation. New York: Springer; 2005. p. 104-20.
Clasen S, Rempp H, Hoffmann R, et al. Image-guided radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): is MR guidance more effective than CT guidance? European Journal of Radiology. 2014;83(1):111-6.
Ryan ER, Sofocleous CT, Schöder H, et al. Split-dose technique for FDG PET/CT-guided percutaneous ablation. Radiology. 2013;268(1):288-95.
Vitale A, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Giannini EG, et al. Personalized treatment of patients with very early hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Hepatology. 2017;66(2):412-23.
Garnon J, Cazzato RL, Caudrelier J, et al. Adjunctive thermoprotection during percutaneous thermal ablation procedures: review of current techniques. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2019;42(3):344-57.
Saviano A, Iezzi R, Giuliante F, et al. Liver resection versus radiofrequency ablation plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in cirrhotic patients with solitary large hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2017;28(11):1512-9.
Lu Z, Wen F, Guo Q, et al. Radiofrequency ablation plus chemoembolization versus radiofrequency ablation alone for hepatocellular carcinoma: meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25(2):187-94.
Wang Y, Deng T, Zeng L, et al. Efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: meta analysis. Hepatology Research. 2016;46(1):58-71.
Smolock AR, Cristescu MM, Hinshaw A, et al. Combination transarterial chemoembolization and microwave ablation improves local tumor control for 3- to 5-cm hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdominal Radiology. 2018;43(9):2497-504.
Iezzi R, Pompili M, La Torre MF, et al. Radiofrequency ablation plus drug-eluting beads TACE for single large HCC. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2015;47(3):242-9.
Wah TM, Arellano RS, Gervais DA, et al. Incidence of post-radiofrequency ablation syndrome: prospective survey. Radiology. 2005;237(3):1097-102.
Jansen MC, van Wanrooy S, van Hillegersberg R, et al. Systemic inflammatory response after radiofrequency ablation or partial liver resection. Eur J Surgical Oncol. 2008;34(6):662-7.
Lee S, Rhim H, Kim YS, et al. Factors related to intraprocedural and postprocedural pain after percutaneous RF ablation of HCC. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2009;192(4):1064-70.
Seifert JK, France MP, Zhao J, et al. Large volume hepatic freezing: cytokine release in a rat model. World Journal of Surgery. 2002;26(11):1333-41.
Solbiati M, Muglia R, Goldberg SN, et al. A novel software platform for volumetric assessment of ablation completeness. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2019;36(1):337-43.
Livraghi T, Meloni F, Di Stasi M, et al. Sustained complete response after RF ablation of very early HCC in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2008;47(1):82-9.
Crocetti L, Bargellini I, Cioni R. Loco-regional treatment of HCC: current status. Clinical Radiol. 2017;72(8):626-35.
Vietti Violi N, Duran R, Guiu B, et al. Microwave versus radiofrequency ablation for HCC: randomised controlled phase 2 trial. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2018;3(5):317-25.
Wu S, Hou J, Ding Y, et al. Cryoablation versus radiofrequency ablation for hepatic malignancies: systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(49):e2252.
Puijk RS, Ruarus AH, Vroomen LGPH, et al. Colorectal liver metastases: surgery versus thermal ablation (COLLISION). BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):821.
Han K, Ko HK, Kim KW, et al. RF ablation in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2015;26(7):943-8.
Takahashi EA, Kinsman KA, Schmit GD, et al. Thermal ablation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: safety, efficacy, and factors affecting local tumor progression. Abdominal Radiology. 2018;43(12):3487-92.
Fairweather M, Swanson R, Wang J, et al. Neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases: long-term outcomes and prognostic factors. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2017;24(8):2319-25.
Sofocleous CT, Nascimento RG, Gonen M, et al. RF ablation for liver metastases from breast cancer. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2007;189:883-9.
Meloni MF, Andreano A, Laeseke PF, et al. Breast cancer liver metastases: US-guided RF ablation survival rates. Radiology. 2009;253:861-9.
Jakobs TF, Hoffmann RT, Schrader A, et al. CT-guided RF ablation in hepatic metastases from breast cancer. Cardiovasc Interventl Radiol. 2009;32:38-46.
Bonichon F, Buy X, Godbert Y, et al. Local treatment of metastases from differentiated thyroid cancer. Annales d’Endocrinologie. 2015;76:40-6.
Referanslar
Ahmed M, Solbiati L, Brace CL, et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria—a 10-year update. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2014;25(11):1691-705.
Wang X, Sofocleous CT, Erinjeri JP, et al. Margin size is an independent predictor of local tumor progression after ablation of colon cancer liver metastases. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2013;36(1):166-75.
Kim YS, Lee WJ, Rhim H, et al. The minimal ablative margin of radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (>2 and <5 cm) needed to prevent local tumor progression: 3D quantitative assessment using CT image fusion. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2010;195(3):758-65.
Filippiadis DK, Binkert C, Pellerin O, et al. CIRSE quality assurance document and standards for classification of complications: the CIRSE classification system. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2017;40(8):1141-6.
Crocetti L, de Baere T, Lencioni R. Quality improvement guidelines for radiofrequency ablation of liver tumours. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(1):11-7.
American College of Radiology. CT/MRI LI-RADS v2018. Available from:https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Reporting-and-Data-Systems/LI-RADS/CT-MRI-LI-RADS-v2018 (Accessed 3 Jan 2020).
American College of Radiology. CEUS LI-RADS v2017. Available from:https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Reporting-and-Data-Systems/LI-RADS/CEUS-LI-RADS-v2017 (Accessed 3 Jan 2020).
Vreugdenburg TD, Ma N, Duncan JK, et al. Comparative diagnostic accuracy of hepatocyte-specific gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) enhanced MR imaging and contrast enhanced CT for the detection of liver metastases: a systematic review and meta analysis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2016;31(11):1739-49.
Bridgewater J, Galle PR, Khan SA, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Journal of Hepatology. 2014;60(6):1268-89.
Pavel M, Baudin E, Couvelard A, et al. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with liver and other distant metastases from neuroendocrine neoplasms of foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary. Neuroendocrinology. 2012;95(2):157-76.
Senkus E, Kyriakides S, Ohno S, et al. Primary breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 2015;26:8-30.
Pacini F, Castagna MG, Brilli L, et al. Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 2012;23:110-9.
Dummer R, Hauschild A, Lindenblatt N, et al. Cutaneous melanoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 2015;26:126-32.
Crocetti L, Iezzi R, Goldberg SN, et al. The ten commandments of liver ablation: expert discussion and report from Mediterranean Interventional Oncology (MIOLive) congress 2017. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2018;22(12):3896-904.
European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Hepatology. 2018;69(1):182-236.
Agopian VG, Harlander-Locke MP, Ruiz RM, et al. Impact of pretransplant bridging locoregional therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma within Milan criteria undergoing liver transplantation: analysis of 3601 patients from the US multicenter HCC transplant consortium. Annals of Surgery. 2017;266(3):525-35.
Van Cutsem E, Cervantes A, Adam R, et al. ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Annals of Oncology. 2016;27(8):1386-422.
Clavien PA, Petrowsky H, DeOliveira ML, et al. Strategies for safer liver surgery and partial liver transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;356(15):1545-559.
Solbiati L, Ahmed M, Cova L, et al. Small liver colorectal metastases treated with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: local response rate and long-term survival with up to 10-year follow-up. Radiology. 2012;265(3):958-68.
Weiser MR, Jarnagin WR, Saltz LB. Colorectal cancer patients with oligometastatic liver disease: what is the optimal approach? Oncology. 2013;27(11):1074-8.
Ruers T, Van Coevorden F, Punt CJ, et al. Local treatment of unresectable colorectal liver metastases: results of a randomized phase II trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2017;109(9):djx015.
Sofocleous CT, Petre EN, Gonen M, et al. CT-guided radiofrequency ablation as a salvage treatment of colorectal cancer hepatic metastases developing after hepatectomy. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2011;22(6):755-61.
de Baere T, Deschamps F, Tselikas L, et al. GEP-NETS update: interventional radiology: role in the treatment of liver metastases from GEP-NETs. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2015;172(4):151-66.
Wettstein M, Vogt C, Cohnen M, et al. Serotonin release during percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in a patient with symptomatic liver metastases of a neuroendocrine tumor. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004;51:830-2.
Bale R, Schullian P, Schmuth M, et al. Stereotactic radiofrequency ablation for metastatic melanoma to the liver. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(8):1128-35.
Barral M, Auperin A, Hakime A, et al. Percutaneous thermal ablation of breast cancer metastases in oligometastatic patients Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(6):885-93.
Mariani P, Almubarak MM, Kollen M, et al. Radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection of liver metastases from uveal melanoma. European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2016;42(5):706-12.
Cazzato RL, Garnon J, Koch G, et al. Current role of interventional radiology in the management of visceral and bone metastases from thyroid cancer. Gland Surgery. 2018;7(2):80-8.
Patel IJ, Rahim S, Davidson JC, et al. Society of Interventional Radiology consensus guidelines for the periprocedural management of thrombotic and bleeding risk in patients undergoing percutaneous image-guided interventions—part II: recommendations. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2019;30(8):1168-84.
Veltri A, Bargellini I, Giorgi L, et al. CIRSE guidelines on percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2017;40(10):1501-3.
Sutcliffe JA, Briggs JH, Little MW, et al. Antibiotics in interventional radiology. Clinical Radiol. 2015;70:223-34.
Chehab MA, Thakor AS, Tulin-Silver S, et al. Adult and pediatric antibiotic prophylaxis during vascular and IR procedures: a Society of Interventional Radiology Practice Parameter update. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2018;29(11):1483-501.
Hoffmann R, Rempp H, Schmidt D, et al. Prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with bilioenteric anastomosis undergoing percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2012;23(4):545-51.
Lee MJ, Fanelli F, Haage P, et al. Patient safety in interventional radiology: a CIRSE IR checklist. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2012;35(2):244-6.
ASA House of Delegates/Executive Committee. ASA Physical Status Classification System. Available from: https://www.asahq.org/standards-and-guidelines/asa-physical-status-classification-system (Accessed 3 Jan 2020).
Pereira PL, Trübenbach J, Schenk M, et al. Radiofrequency ablation: in vivo comparison of four commercially available devices in pig livers. Radiology. 2004;232(2):482-90.
Hoffmann R, Rempp H, Erhard L, et al. Comparison of four microwave ablation devices: an experimental study in ex vivo bovine liver. Radiology. 2013;268(1):89-97.
Hinshaw JL, Lubner MG, Ziemlewicz TJ, et al. Percutaneous tumor ablation tools: microwave, radiofrequency, or cryoablation—what should you use and why? Radiographics. 2014;34(5):1344-62.
Crocetti L, Della Pina C, Cioni D, et al. Peri-intraprocedural imaging: US, CT, and MRI. Abdominal Imaging. 2011;36(6):648-60.
De Baère T. Computed tomography imaging for tumor ablation. In: van Sonnenberg E, McMullen WN, Solbiati L, et al. (eds.) Tumor ablation. New York: Springer; 2005. p. 104-20.
Clasen S, Rempp H, Hoffmann R, et al. Image-guided radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): is MR guidance more effective than CT guidance? European Journal of Radiology. 2014;83(1):111-6.
Ryan ER, Sofocleous CT, Schöder H, et al. Split-dose technique for FDG PET/CT-guided percutaneous ablation. Radiology. 2013;268(1):288-95.
Vitale A, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Giannini EG, et al. Personalized treatment of patients with very early hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Hepatology. 2017;66(2):412-23.
Garnon J, Cazzato RL, Caudrelier J, et al. Adjunctive thermoprotection during percutaneous thermal ablation procedures: review of current techniques. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2019;42(3):344-57.
Saviano A, Iezzi R, Giuliante F, et al. Liver resection versus radiofrequency ablation plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in cirrhotic patients with solitary large hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2017;28(11):1512-9.
Lu Z, Wen F, Guo Q, et al. Radiofrequency ablation plus chemoembolization versus radiofrequency ablation alone for hepatocellular carcinoma: meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25(2):187-94.
Wang Y, Deng T, Zeng L, et al. Efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: meta analysis. Hepatology Research. 2016;46(1):58-71.
Smolock AR, Cristescu MM, Hinshaw A, et al. Combination transarterial chemoembolization and microwave ablation improves local tumor control for 3- to 5-cm hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdominal Radiology. 2018;43(9):2497-504.
Iezzi R, Pompili M, La Torre MF, et al. Radiofrequency ablation plus drug-eluting beads TACE for single large HCC. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2015;47(3):242-9.
Wah TM, Arellano RS, Gervais DA, et al. Incidence of post-radiofrequency ablation syndrome: prospective survey. Radiology. 2005;237(3):1097-102.
Jansen MC, van Wanrooy S, van Hillegersberg R, et al. Systemic inflammatory response after radiofrequency ablation or partial liver resection. Eur J Surgical Oncol. 2008;34(6):662-7.
Lee S, Rhim H, Kim YS, et al. Factors related to intraprocedural and postprocedural pain after percutaneous RF ablation of HCC. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2009;192(4):1064-70.
Seifert JK, France MP, Zhao J, et al. Large volume hepatic freezing: cytokine release in a rat model. World Journal of Surgery. 2002;26(11):1333-41.
Solbiati M, Muglia R, Goldberg SN, et al. A novel software platform for volumetric assessment of ablation completeness. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2019;36(1):337-43.
Livraghi T, Meloni F, Di Stasi M, et al. Sustained complete response after RF ablation of very early HCC in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2008;47(1):82-9.
Crocetti L, Bargellini I, Cioni R. Loco-regional treatment of HCC: current status. Clinical Radiol. 2017;72(8):626-35.
Vietti Violi N, Duran R, Guiu B, et al. Microwave versus radiofrequency ablation for HCC: randomised controlled phase 2 trial. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2018;3(5):317-25.
Wu S, Hou J, Ding Y, et al. Cryoablation versus radiofrequency ablation for hepatic malignancies: systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(49):e2252.
Puijk RS, Ruarus AH, Vroomen LGPH, et al. Colorectal liver metastases: surgery versus thermal ablation (COLLISION). BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):821.
Han K, Ko HK, Kim KW, et al. RF ablation in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2015;26(7):943-8.
Takahashi EA, Kinsman KA, Schmit GD, et al. Thermal ablation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: safety, efficacy, and factors affecting local tumor progression. Abdominal Radiology. 2018;43(12):3487-92.
Fairweather M, Swanson R, Wang J, et al. Neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases: long-term outcomes and prognostic factors. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2017;24(8):2319-25.
Sofocleous CT, Nascimento RG, Gonen M, et al. RF ablation for liver metastases from breast cancer. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2007;189:883-9.
Meloni MF, Andreano A, Laeseke PF, et al. Breast cancer liver metastases: US-guided RF ablation survival rates. Radiology. 2009;253:861-9.
Jakobs TF, Hoffmann RT, Schrader A, et al. CT-guided RF ablation in hepatic metastases from breast cancer. Cardiovasc Interventl Radiol. 2009;32:38-46.
Bonichon F, Buy X, Godbert Y, et al. Local treatment of metastases from differentiated thyroid cancer. Annales d’Endocrinologie. 2015;76:40-6.
