Evcil Kanatlılarda Solunum Sistemini Etkileyen Bakteriyel Hastalıkların Tanısı: Klinik Semptom-Nekropsi-Laboratuvar Tanı
Özet
Kanatlılarda solunum yolu hastalıkları, sürü verimliliğini düşürerek üretim kayıplarına yol açmaktadır. Çiftçiler bunlarla mücadele etmek için önemli çabalar sarf etmektedir. Günümüzde bu hastalıklar, yetiştiriciler için küresel bir tehdit haline gelmiştir. Zoonotik hastalıklar ise ayrıca halk sağlığını da tehdit ederek iş gücü ve ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu bölümde, yaygın bakteriyel solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarıyla ilişkili olduğu düşünülen Mikoplazma enfeksiyonları, Hindi Korizası (Bordetelloz), Bulaşıcı Koriza, Psittakoz, Tavuk Kolerası, Escherichia coli enfeksiyonları, Ornitobakteriyoz, Staphylococcus aureus enfeksiyonu ve Yeni Ördek Hastalığı (Ördek Septisemisi-Anatipestifer Sendromu-Bulaşıcı Serozit) incelenmektedir. Bu hastalıkların tanısı için klinik semptomlar, nekropsi bulguları ve laboratuvar tanı, siz değerli okurlarımız için güncel bilgilerle birlikte ele alınmıştır.
Poultry respiratory diseases reduce flock productivity, leading to production losses, and farmers are making significant efforts to combat them. Today, these diseases have become a global threat to breeders. Zoonotic diseases also threaten public health, causing labor and economic losses. This section examines Mycoplasma infections, Turkey Coryza (Bordetellosis), Infectious Coryza, Psittacosis, Chicken Cholera, Escherichia coli infections, Ornithobacteriosis, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and New Duck Disease (Duck Septicemia-Anatipestifer Syndrome-Infectious Serositis), which are considered related to common bacterial respiratory tract infections. The diagnosis of these diseases is discussed here for our valued readers, including clinical symptoms, necropsy findings, and laboratory diagnoses, along with up-to-date information.
Referanslar
Pellatier N. Environmental performance in the US broiler poultry sector: Life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas, ozone depleting, acidifying and eutrophying emissions. Agricultural Systems, 2008; 98.2:67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2008.03.007
Castro FLS, Chai L, Arango J, et al. Poultry industry paradigms: connecting the dots. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2023; 32.1: 100310. doi: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100310
Furian TQ, Borges KA, Moraes HLS, et al. Respiratory diseases in poultry: A constant challenge. Approaches in Poultry, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences, 2018; 4(1): 1-3.
Ammar AM, Abd El-Aziz NK, Abd El Wanis S, et al. Molecular versus conventional culture for detection of respiratory bacterial pathogens in poultry. Cellular and Molecular Biology 2016; 62(2): 52-56. doi: 10.14715/cmb/2016.62.2.9
Chaidez‐Ibarra MA, Velazquez D, Enriquez‐Verdugo I, et al. Pooled molecular occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Transboundary and emerging diseases 2022; 69(5): 2499-2511. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14302
Al-Baqir A, Hassanin O, Al-Rasheed M, et al. Mycoplasmosis in Poultry: An Evaluation of Diagnostic Schemes and Molecular Analysis of Egyptian Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strains. Pathogens 2023; 12(9): 1131. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12091131
Umar S, Delverdier M, Delpont M, et al. Co-infection of turkeys with Escherichia coli (O78) and H6N1 avian influenza virus. Avian Pathology 2018; 47(3): 314-324. doi: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1449942
Ghadimipour R, Gharibi D, Mayahi M. Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae among commercial poultry in Khouzestan province, Iran. Archives of Razi Institute 2018;73(2): 139-146. doi: 10.22092/ari.2018.116164
Marouf S, Khalf MA, Alorabi M, et al. Mycoplasma gallisepticum: a devastating organism for the poultry industry in Egypt. Poultry Science 2022; 101(3): 101658. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101658
Shoaib M. Mycoplasmosis in poultry, a perpetual problem. The Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 2019; 8(6): 1271. doi: 10.15414/jmbfs.2019.8.6.1271-1275
Fraga AP, Vargas TD, Ikuta N, et al. A Multiplex real-time PCR for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in clinical samples from Brazilian commercial poultry flocks. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 2013; 44: 505-510. doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822013000200028
Hossam M, Wagih A, Mona E, et al. The recovery and molecular diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in commercial poultry flocks in Egypt. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2016; 9, 29. doi: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i29/96001
Gondal MA, Rabbani M, Muhammad K, et al. Characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolated from commercial poultry flocks. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 2015; 25(1).
Yadav JP, Singh Y, Jindal N, et al. Rapid and specific detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infection in poultry using single and duplex PCR assays. Journal of Microbiological Methods 2022; 192: 106365. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106365
Luciano RL, Cardoso ALSP, Stoppa GFZ, et al. Comparative study of serological tests for Mycoplasma synoviae diagnosis in commercial poultry breeders. Veterinary medicine international, 2011. doi: 10.4061/2011/304349
Jackwood MW, Saif YM. Bordetellosis (Turkey Coryza). In: Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE (eds) Diseases of poultry. 12th ed. The USA: Iowa; 2008. p. 774-788.
Elyazeed HA, Al-Atfeehy NM, Abotaleb R, et al. Preparation of ELISA and lateral flow kits for rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in poultry. Scientific Reports 2020; 10(1): 9056. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65848-7
Stockwell SB, Kuzmiak-Ngiam H, Beach NM, et al. The autotransporter protein from Bordetella avium, Baa1, is involved in host cell attachment. Microbiological research 2011; 167(1): 55-60. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.04.003
Grespan A, Camera O, Knöbl T, et al. Virulence and molecular aspects of Bordetella avium isolated from cockatiel chicks (Nymphicus hollandicus) in Brazil. Veterinary microbiology 2012; 160(3-4): 530-534. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.023
Szabó R, Wehmann E, Magyar T. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bordetella avium and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains from wild and domesticated birds in Hungary. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 2015; 63(4): 413-424. doi: 10.1556/004.2015.039
Güllü Yücetepe A. Şanlıurfa Bölgesindeki Evcil Kanatlılardan Mycoplasma gallisepticum İzolasyonu ve Moleküler Karakterizasyonu. Doktora Tezi, Harran Üniversitesi, Şanlıurfa, 2023.
El-Ghany WAA. Avian bordetellosis: a significant bacterial respiratory disease of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research 2022; 12(3): 103-110. doi: 10.51227/ojafr.2022.14
Liang M, Zhao Q, Liu G, et al. Pathogenicity of Bordetella avium under immunosuppression induced by Reticuloendotheliosis virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Microbial pathogenesis 2013; 54, 40-45. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.09.003
Beach NM, Thompson S, Mutnick R, et al. Bordetella avium antibiotic resistance, novel enrichment culture, and antigenic characterization. Veterinary microbiology 2012; 160(1-2): 189-196. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.026
Blackall PJ, Soriano EV. Infectious Coryza and Related Bacterial Infections. In: Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE (eds) Diseases of poultry. 12th ed. The USA: Iowa; 2008. p. 789-803
Firsova MS, Potekhin AV, Evgrafova VA, et al. Characteristics of experimental vaccine samples against infectious rhinitis in chickens. Agricultural Biology 2021; 56(2): 315–325. doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2021.2.315rus
Küng E, Frey J. AvxA, a composite serine-protease-RTX toxin of Avibacterium paragallinarum. Veterinary microbiology 2013; 163(3-4): 290-298. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.029
Ahmed A, Deshmukh S, Banga HS, et al. Assessment of antigenic specificity of polyclonal antisera raised against Avibacterium paragallinarum by ELISA. Veterinary and Animal Science 2020; 9, 100119. doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100119
Anne NS, Malmarugan S, Prabhu M, et al. Isolation and molecular serotyping of Avibacterium paragallinarum from desi birds. Indian Journal of Animal Health 2022; 61(1): 78-83. doi: 10.36062/ijah.2022.12021
Putra FN, Wahyuni AETH, Sutrisno B. Molecular detection and pyrG sequence analysis of Avibacterium paragallinarum using clinical samples of infraorbital exudates from layer chickens with infectious coryza symptoms in Indonesia. Veterinary World 2023; 16(8): 1655. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1655-1660
Sakamoto R, Kino Y, Sakaguchi M. Development of a multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP method for serotyping of Avibacterium paragallinarum. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2012; 74(2): 271-273. doi: 10.1292/jvms.11-0319
Xu Y, Cheng J, Huang X, et al. Characterization of emergent Avibacterium paragallinarum strains and the protection conferred by infectious coryza vaccines against them in China. Poultry Science 2019; 98(12): 6463-6471. doi: 10.3382/ps/pez531
Beeckman DSA, Vanrompay DCG. Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective. Clinical microbiology and infection 2009; 15(1): 11-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x
Pal M. Chlamydophila Psittaci as an emerging zoonotic pathogen of global significance. International Journal of Vaccines and vaccination 2017; 4(3): 00080. doi: 10.15406/ijvv.2017.04.00080
Wang J, Wang J, Geng Y, et al. A recombinase polymerase amplification-based assay for rapid detection of African swine fever virus. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2017; 81(4): 308-312. doi: 10.3138/cjvr-2017-0139
Mahzounieh M, Moloudizargari M, Abadi MGS, et al. Prevalence rate and phylogenetic analysis of Chlamydia psittaci in pigeon and house sparrow specimens and the potential human infection risk in chahrmahal-va-bakhtiari, Iran. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020; 15(2). doi: 10.5812/archcid.67565.
Andersen AA, Vanrompay D. Avian Chlamydiosis (Psittacosis, Ornithosis). In: Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE (eds) Diseases of poultry. 12th ed. The USA: Iowa; 2008. p. 971-986.
Xiao J, Li Y, Hu Z, et al. Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolated from ducks in China from 2017 to 2019. Microbial pathogenesis 2021; 160, 105196. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105196
Manoharan A, Chacko B, Anitha P. et al. A report of Pasteurella multocida Type A infection in an organized poultry farm in Kerala. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8(6): 1623-1627.
Kubatzky KF. Pasteurella multocida toxin–lessons learned from a mitogenic toxin. Frontiers in Immunology 2022; 13, 1058905. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058905
West A. A brief review of Chlamydophila psittaci in birds and humans. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 2011; 20(1): 18-20. doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2010.11.006
Mol N, Peng L, Esnault E, et al. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infection of a chicken lung epithelial cell line. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2019; 210, 55-59. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.007
Coura FM, Diniz SA, Silva MX, et al. Phylogenetic group of Escherichia coli isolates from broilers in Brazilian poultry slaughterhouse. The Scientific World Journal; 2017. doi: 10.1155/2017/5898701
Barnes HJ, Nolan LK, Vaillancourt JP. Colibacillosis. In:Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE (eds) Diseases of poultry. 12th ed. The USA: Iowa; 2008. .p. 691-732
Abd El-Ghany WA. An updated comprehensive review on ornithobacteriosis: A worldwide emerging avian respiratory disease. Open Veterinary Journal 2021; 11(4): 555-568. doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2021.v11.i4.5
Barbosa EV, Cardoso CV, Silva RDCF, et al. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: An update review about an emerging poultry pathogen. Veterinary sciences 2019; 7(1): 3. doi: 10.3390/vetsci7010003
S Abd El Hafez M, Khames M, Ahmed S, et al. Isolatıon and Identıfıcatıon of Ornithobacteriosis from Broiler Chickens in New Valley and Assiut Governorates. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 2021; 67(169): 136-151. doi: 10.21608/avmj.2021.188832
Graham BD, Selby CM, Teague KD, et al. Development of a novel in ovo challenge model for virulent Escherichia coli strains. Poultry Science 2019; 98(11): 5330-5335. doi: 10.3382/ps/pez321
Rasheed BY, Taha DK, Ahmed IM. Detection of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale antibodies in broiler by ELISA in Mosul city. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences 2023. 37(3):739-743. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2023.133761.2291
Ashraf MR, Asif M, Firyal S, et al. Molecular Characterization and Association of Local Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus on The Basis of 16S rRNA in Poultry and Human in Pakistan. Life 2014; 12(3): 160-164.
Ellakany HF, Elbestawy AR, Abd-Elhamid HS, et al. Effect of experimental Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection along with live infectious bronchitis vaccination in broiler chickens. Poultry science 2019; 98(1): 105-111. doi: 10.3382/ps/pey324
Hess C, Enichlmayr H, Jandreski-Cvetkovic D, et al. Riemerella anatipestifer outbreaks in commercial goose flocks and identification of isolates by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Avian Pathology 2013; 42(2): 151-156. doi: 10.1080/03079457.2013.775401
Sandhu TS. Riemerella anatipestifer Infection. In:Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE (eds) Diseases of poultry. 12th ed. The USA: Iowa; 2008. p. 758- 764
Soman M, Nair SR, Mini M. Isolation and polymerase chain reaction-based identification of Riemerella anatipestifer from ducks in Kerala, India. Veterinary World 2014; 7(10). doi: 10.14202/ vetworld.2014.765-769
Referanslar
Pellatier N. Environmental performance in the US broiler poultry sector: Life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas, ozone depleting, acidifying and eutrophying emissions. Agricultural Systems, 2008; 98.2:67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2008.03.007
Castro FLS, Chai L, Arango J, et al. Poultry industry paradigms: connecting the dots. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2023; 32.1: 100310. doi: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100310
Furian TQ, Borges KA, Moraes HLS, et al. Respiratory diseases in poultry: A constant challenge. Approaches in Poultry, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences, 2018; 4(1): 1-3.
Ammar AM, Abd El-Aziz NK, Abd El Wanis S, et al. Molecular versus conventional culture for detection of respiratory bacterial pathogens in poultry. Cellular and Molecular Biology 2016; 62(2): 52-56. doi: 10.14715/cmb/2016.62.2.9
Chaidez‐Ibarra MA, Velazquez D, Enriquez‐Verdugo I, et al. Pooled molecular occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Transboundary and emerging diseases 2022; 69(5): 2499-2511. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14302
Al-Baqir A, Hassanin O, Al-Rasheed M, et al. Mycoplasmosis in Poultry: An Evaluation of Diagnostic Schemes and Molecular Analysis of Egyptian Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strains. Pathogens 2023; 12(9): 1131. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12091131
Umar S, Delverdier M, Delpont M, et al. Co-infection of turkeys with Escherichia coli (O78) and H6N1 avian influenza virus. Avian Pathology 2018; 47(3): 314-324. doi: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1449942
Ghadimipour R, Gharibi D, Mayahi M. Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae among commercial poultry in Khouzestan province, Iran. Archives of Razi Institute 2018;73(2): 139-146. doi: 10.22092/ari.2018.116164
Marouf S, Khalf MA, Alorabi M, et al. Mycoplasma gallisepticum: a devastating organism for the poultry industry in Egypt. Poultry Science 2022; 101(3): 101658. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101658
Shoaib M. Mycoplasmosis in poultry, a perpetual problem. The Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 2019; 8(6): 1271. doi: 10.15414/jmbfs.2019.8.6.1271-1275
Fraga AP, Vargas TD, Ikuta N, et al. A Multiplex real-time PCR for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in clinical samples from Brazilian commercial poultry flocks. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 2013; 44: 505-510. doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822013000200028
Hossam M, Wagih A, Mona E, et al. The recovery and molecular diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in commercial poultry flocks in Egypt. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2016; 9, 29. doi: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i29/96001
Gondal MA, Rabbani M, Muhammad K, et al. Characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolated from commercial poultry flocks. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 2015; 25(1).
Yadav JP, Singh Y, Jindal N, et al. Rapid and specific detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infection in poultry using single and duplex PCR assays. Journal of Microbiological Methods 2022; 192: 106365. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106365
Luciano RL, Cardoso ALSP, Stoppa GFZ, et al. Comparative study of serological tests for Mycoplasma synoviae diagnosis in commercial poultry breeders. Veterinary medicine international, 2011. doi: 10.4061/2011/304349
Jackwood MW, Saif YM. Bordetellosis (Turkey Coryza). In: Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE (eds) Diseases of poultry. 12th ed. The USA: Iowa; 2008. p. 774-788.
Elyazeed HA, Al-Atfeehy NM, Abotaleb R, et al. Preparation of ELISA and lateral flow kits for rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in poultry. Scientific Reports 2020; 10(1): 9056. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65848-7
Stockwell SB, Kuzmiak-Ngiam H, Beach NM, et al. The autotransporter protein from Bordetella avium, Baa1, is involved in host cell attachment. Microbiological research 2011; 167(1): 55-60. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.04.003
Grespan A, Camera O, Knöbl T, et al. Virulence and molecular aspects of Bordetella avium isolated from cockatiel chicks (Nymphicus hollandicus) in Brazil. Veterinary microbiology 2012; 160(3-4): 530-534. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.023
Szabó R, Wehmann E, Magyar T. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bordetella avium and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains from wild and domesticated birds in Hungary. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 2015; 63(4): 413-424. doi: 10.1556/004.2015.039
Güllü Yücetepe A. Şanlıurfa Bölgesindeki Evcil Kanatlılardan Mycoplasma gallisepticum İzolasyonu ve Moleküler Karakterizasyonu. Doktora Tezi, Harran Üniversitesi, Şanlıurfa, 2023.
El-Ghany WAA. Avian bordetellosis: a significant bacterial respiratory disease of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research 2022; 12(3): 103-110. doi: 10.51227/ojafr.2022.14
Liang M, Zhao Q, Liu G, et al. Pathogenicity of Bordetella avium under immunosuppression induced by Reticuloendotheliosis virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Microbial pathogenesis 2013; 54, 40-45. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.09.003
Beach NM, Thompson S, Mutnick R, et al. Bordetella avium antibiotic resistance, novel enrichment culture, and antigenic characterization. Veterinary microbiology 2012; 160(1-2): 189-196. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.026
Blackall PJ, Soriano EV. Infectious Coryza and Related Bacterial Infections. In: Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE (eds) Diseases of poultry. 12th ed. The USA: Iowa; 2008. p. 789-803
Firsova MS, Potekhin AV, Evgrafova VA, et al. Characteristics of experimental vaccine samples against infectious rhinitis in chickens. Agricultural Biology 2021; 56(2): 315–325. doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2021.2.315rus
Küng E, Frey J. AvxA, a composite serine-protease-RTX toxin of Avibacterium paragallinarum. Veterinary microbiology 2013; 163(3-4): 290-298. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.029
Ahmed A, Deshmukh S, Banga HS, et al. Assessment of antigenic specificity of polyclonal antisera raised against Avibacterium paragallinarum by ELISA. Veterinary and Animal Science 2020; 9, 100119. doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100119
Anne NS, Malmarugan S, Prabhu M, et al. Isolation and molecular serotyping of Avibacterium paragallinarum from desi birds. Indian Journal of Animal Health 2022; 61(1): 78-83. doi: 10.36062/ijah.2022.12021
Putra FN, Wahyuni AETH, Sutrisno B. Molecular detection and pyrG sequence analysis of Avibacterium paragallinarum using clinical samples of infraorbital exudates from layer chickens with infectious coryza symptoms in Indonesia. Veterinary World 2023; 16(8): 1655. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1655-1660
Sakamoto R, Kino Y, Sakaguchi M. Development of a multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP method for serotyping of Avibacterium paragallinarum. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2012; 74(2): 271-273. doi: 10.1292/jvms.11-0319
Xu Y, Cheng J, Huang X, et al. Characterization of emergent Avibacterium paragallinarum strains and the protection conferred by infectious coryza vaccines against them in China. Poultry Science 2019; 98(12): 6463-6471. doi: 10.3382/ps/pez531
Beeckman DSA, Vanrompay DCG. Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective. Clinical microbiology and infection 2009; 15(1): 11-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x
Pal M. Chlamydophila Psittaci as an emerging zoonotic pathogen of global significance. International Journal of Vaccines and vaccination 2017; 4(3): 00080. doi: 10.15406/ijvv.2017.04.00080
Wang J, Wang J, Geng Y, et al. A recombinase polymerase amplification-based assay for rapid detection of African swine fever virus. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2017; 81(4): 308-312. doi: 10.3138/cjvr-2017-0139
Mahzounieh M, Moloudizargari M, Abadi MGS, et al. Prevalence rate and phylogenetic analysis of Chlamydia psittaci in pigeon and house sparrow specimens and the potential human infection risk in chahrmahal-va-bakhtiari, Iran. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020; 15(2). doi: 10.5812/archcid.67565.
Andersen AA, Vanrompay D. Avian Chlamydiosis (Psittacosis, Ornithosis). In: Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE (eds) Diseases of poultry. 12th ed. The USA: Iowa; 2008. p. 971-986.
Xiao J, Li Y, Hu Z, et al. Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolated from ducks in China from 2017 to 2019. Microbial pathogenesis 2021; 160, 105196. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105196
Manoharan A, Chacko B, Anitha P. et al. A report of Pasteurella multocida Type A infection in an organized poultry farm in Kerala. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8(6): 1623-1627.
Kubatzky KF. Pasteurella multocida toxin–lessons learned from a mitogenic toxin. Frontiers in Immunology 2022; 13, 1058905. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058905
West A. A brief review of Chlamydophila psittaci in birds and humans. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 2011; 20(1): 18-20. doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2010.11.006
Mol N, Peng L, Esnault E, et al. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infection of a chicken lung epithelial cell line. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2019; 210, 55-59. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.007
Coura FM, Diniz SA, Silva MX, et al. Phylogenetic group of Escherichia coli isolates from broilers in Brazilian poultry slaughterhouse. The Scientific World Journal; 2017. doi: 10.1155/2017/5898701
Barnes HJ, Nolan LK, Vaillancourt JP. Colibacillosis. In:Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE (eds) Diseases of poultry. 12th ed. The USA: Iowa; 2008. .p. 691-732
Abd El-Ghany WA. An updated comprehensive review on ornithobacteriosis: A worldwide emerging avian respiratory disease. Open Veterinary Journal 2021; 11(4): 555-568. doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2021.v11.i4.5
Barbosa EV, Cardoso CV, Silva RDCF, et al. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: An update review about an emerging poultry pathogen. Veterinary sciences 2019; 7(1): 3. doi: 10.3390/vetsci7010003
S Abd El Hafez M, Khames M, Ahmed S, et al. Isolatıon and Identıfıcatıon of Ornithobacteriosis from Broiler Chickens in New Valley and Assiut Governorates. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 2021; 67(169): 136-151. doi: 10.21608/avmj.2021.188832
Graham BD, Selby CM, Teague KD, et al. Development of a novel in ovo challenge model for virulent Escherichia coli strains. Poultry Science 2019; 98(11): 5330-5335. doi: 10.3382/ps/pez321
Rasheed BY, Taha DK, Ahmed IM. Detection of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale antibodies in broiler by ELISA in Mosul city. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences 2023. 37(3):739-743. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2023.133761.2291
Ashraf MR, Asif M, Firyal S, et al. Molecular Characterization and Association of Local Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus on The Basis of 16S rRNA in Poultry and Human in Pakistan. Life 2014; 12(3): 160-164.
Ellakany HF, Elbestawy AR, Abd-Elhamid HS, et al. Effect of experimental Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection along with live infectious bronchitis vaccination in broiler chickens. Poultry science 2019; 98(1): 105-111. doi: 10.3382/ps/pey324
Hess C, Enichlmayr H, Jandreski-Cvetkovic D, et al. Riemerella anatipestifer outbreaks in commercial goose flocks and identification of isolates by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Avian Pathology 2013; 42(2): 151-156. doi: 10.1080/03079457.2013.775401
Sandhu TS. Riemerella anatipestifer Infection. In:Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE (eds) Diseases of poultry. 12th ed. The USA: Iowa; 2008. p. 758- 764
Soman M, Nair SR, Mini M. Isolation and polymerase chain reaction-based identification of Riemerella anatipestifer from ducks in Kerala, India. Veterinary World 2014; 7(10). doi: 10.14202/ vetworld.2014.765-769
