Sessiz Pandemi: Veteriner Hekimlikte Antimikrobiyal Dirençin Mevcut Durumu, Gelecek Projeksiyonları ve Yeni Nesil Tanı Yöntemleri

Tang KWK, Millar BC, Moore JE. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR). British journal of biomedical science. 2023; 80: 11387. doi:10.3389/bjbs.2023.11387

Lautan O, Cheng YH, Pranata R, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the food chain: Current challenges and global mitigation strategies. One Health. 2025; 101273. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.101273

Kurum S, Balcı Aİ, Çuhadar AH, et al. Overview Of Antimicrobial Resistance And Epidemiology Of Türkiye With A One Health Approach. Turkish Medical Journal. 2025; 10(2): 65-75.

WHO. Antimicrobial resistance. (15/02/2026 tarihinde https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

Findik A. Tek Sağlık Yaklaşımında Antibiyotik Dirençliliği. Doğanın Sesi. 2022; 5(10); 53-64.

Caneschi A, Bardhi A, Barbarossa A, et al. The use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, a complex phenomenon: a narrative review. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(3); 487. doi:10.3390/antibiotics12030487

Founou RC, Blocker AJ, Noubom M, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic: A threat to antimicrobial resistance containment. Future Science OA. 2021; 7(8); FSO736. doi:10.2144/fsoa-2021-0012

Mothadaka MP, Vaiyapuri M, Rao Badireddy M, et al. Handbook on antimicrobial resistance. Singapore: Springer; 2023.

Puri B, Vaishya R, Vaish A. Antimicrobial resistance: Current challenges and future directions. Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 2025; 81(3): 247-258. doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2024.08.006

Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. The Lancet. 2022; 399(10325): 629-655. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0

Thakare R, Kesharwani P, Dasgupta A, Srinivas N, Chopra S. Antibiotics: past, present, and future. In: Kesharwani P, Chopra S, Dasgupta A (eds) Drug discovery targeting drug-resistant bacteria. 1st ed. India: Academic Press; 2020. p. 1-8. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-818480-6.00001-4

Guardabassi L, Jensen LB, Kruse H. Guide to antimicrobial use in animals. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub;2008.

Kirchhelle C. Pharming animals: a global history of antibiotics in food production (1935–2017). Palgrave communications. 2018; 4(1): 96. doi:10.1057/s41599-018-0152-2

Acharya KP, Wilson RT. Antimicrobial resistance in Nepal. Frontiers in medicine. 2019; 6: 105. doi:10.3389/fmed.2019.00105

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One Health Basics. (21/03/2023 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/index.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

Brissot H, Cervantes S, Guardabassi L, et al. GRAM: Guidance for the rational use of antimicrobials: Recommendations for dogs and cats. 2nd ed. France: Ceva Santé Animale; 2016.

Wall B, Marshall L, Mateus A, et al. Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal production. Roma: FAO; 2016.

Alara JA, Alara OR. An overview of the global alarming increase of multiple drug resistant: a major challenge in clinical diagnosis. Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets. 2024; 24(3): 26-42. doi:10.2174/1568005324666230822104526

Arikan MS, Mat B, Alkan H, et al. Determination of Subclinical Mastitis Prevalence in Dairy Cows in Türkiye through Meta-Analysis and Production Loss Calculation. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2024; 44(2).

Guner B, Ozturk B, Erkan AA, et al. Distribution of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in cows with clinical mastitis in a dairy farm, Türkiye. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society. 2024; 75(3): 7675-7684. doi:10.12681/jhvms.32044

Kürekci C, Yüksel M, Celil Ozaslan BG, et al. Diversity and resistance profiles of ESBL-producing gram-negative bacteria from dairy farms in Southern Türkiye. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(12): 1134. doi:10.3390/antibiotics13121134

Ardıçlı Ö, Demirbilek SK, Carlı KT. Pathogens isolated from bovine clinical mastitis and their antimicrobial resistance. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 2022; 78(1): 19-24. Doi: 10.21521/mw.6606.

Akar K, Holzer K, Hoelzle LE, et al. An evaluation of the lineage of Brucella isolates in Turkey by a whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(7): 316. doi:10.3390/vetsci11070316

Celik E, Kayman T, Buyuk F, et al. The canonical Brucella species-host dependency is changing, however, the antibiotic susceptibility profiles remain unchanged. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2023; 182: 106261. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106261

Yumuk Z, O’Callaghan D. Brucellosis in Turkey—an overview. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2012; 16(4): e228-e235. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.01.002

Alzuheir IM. Veterinarians’ perspectives on livestock diseases and antimicrobial use in Palestine. Veterinary world. 2025; 18(2): 519.

Khalifa HO, Oreiby A, Abd El-Hafeez AA, et al. High beta-lactam and quinolone resistance of Enterobacteriaceae from the respiratory tract of sheep and goat with respiratory disease. Animals. 2021; 11(8): 2258 doi:10.3390/ani11082258

Pehlivanoglu F, Ozturk D, Turutoglu H. Carriage of plasmidic AmpC beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in cattle and sheep and characterisation of the isolates in terms of antibiogram profiles, phylogeny and virulence. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020; 26(4).

Eltai NO, Dogan N (eds). Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Science. Basel, İsviçre: MDPI; 2025. doi:10.3390/books978-3-7258-3353-5

Tawor AB, Erganiş O, Kebabçıoğlu C, et al. Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica; virulence factors, diseases, and notably increasing antibiotic resistance rate among their isolates: a comprehensive review. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 8(2): 110-125.

Karadeniz Pütür ELİ, Büyük F, Ersoy Y. Phenotypic and molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Pasteurella and Mannheimia species obtained from cattle and sheep with pneumonia. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences. 2024; 48(6): 227-242. doi:10.55730/1300-0128.4354

Hatipoglu F, Terzi F, Ates MB, et al. Determination of Mannheimia haemolytica and its macrolide antibiotic resistance genes in fibrinous pneumonia of cattle. Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria. 2024; 34(3).

Ozturk Y, Celik S, Sahin E, et al. Assessment of farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance. Animals. 2019; 9(9): 653. doi:10.3390/ani9090653

Çufaoğlu G, Ambarcıoğlu P, Derinöz AN, et al. Prevalence, serotype diversity and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella among poultry meat and eggs in Turkiye: A meta-analysis. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2023; 29(2): 519-533 doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1105151

Kandir H, Öztürk D. Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli and Salmonella isolated from wild birds in a Rehabilitation Center in Turkey. Archives of Razi Institute. 2022; 77(1): 257. doi:10.22092/ari.2021.354673.1616

Uslu A, Toslak EE, Denizli O, et al. Microbiological Analysis of Gut Flora and Determination of Antibiotic Resistance from White Storks (Ciconia Ciconia) Resting Area during Migration in Türkiye. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 40(3). doi:10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.2024.428

Yildiz M, Demirbilek SK. Investigation of prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in pet dogs and cats in Turkey. Veterinary medicine and science. 2024; 10(4): e1513. doi:10.1002/vms3.1513

Al S, Dışhan A, Barel M, et al. Assessment of carbapenem resistance and carbapenemase genes in wastewater from cattle slaughterhouses: Implications for environmental antibiotic resistance surveillance. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025; 72(1): 91-97. doi:10.33988/auvfd.1408846

Sağlık Bakanlığı. Antimikrobiyal direnç ile mücadele ulusal eylem planı 2026-2030. (25/02/2026 tarihinde https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/53757/0/antimikrobiyal-direnc-ile-mucadele-ulusal-eylem-plani-2026-2030pdf.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

Caneschi, A., Bardhi, A., Barbarossa, A., & Zaghini, A. (2023). The use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, a complex phenomenon: a narrative review. Antibiotics, 12(3), 487.

Palma E, Tilocca B, Roncada P. Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine: An overview. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020; 21(6): 1914. doi:10.3390/ijms21061914

Yılmaz N, Sert H, Cengiz M. Systemic Barriers to Antimicrobial Stewardship in Turkiye: Insights from Veterinary Practices. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine. 2025; 44(2): 146-151.

Miller L, Hurley K (eds). Infectious disease management in animal shelters. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009.

Bilge N, Sezer C, Vatansever L, et al. Occurrence and molecular characterization of cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli isolates from chicken meat. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020; 26(4).

Aslantaş Ö. Antimicrobial resistance among commensal Escherichia coli from broilers in Turkey. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2018; 73(3): 19-24.

Bhalodi AA, van Engelen TS, Virk HS, et al. Impact of antimicrobial therapy on the gut microbiome. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2019; 74(1): i6-i15. doi:10.1093/jac/dkz139

Martin-Loeches I, Torres A, Nagavci B, et al. ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Medicine. 2023; 49(6): 615-632. doi:10.1007/s00134-023-07018-y

Giamarellou H, Galani L, Karavasilis T, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship in the hospital setting: a narrative review. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(10): 1557. doi:10.3390/antibiotics12101557

Alatawi AD, Hetta HF, Ali MAS, et al. Diagnostic innovations to combat antibiotic resistance in critical care: tools for targeted therapy and stewardship. Diagnostics. 2025; 15(17): 2244. doi:10.3390/diagnostics15172244

Vasala A, Hytönen VP, Laitinen OH. Modern tools for rapid diagnostics of antimicrobial resistance. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2020; 10: 308. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00308

Kaprou GD, Bergšpica I, Alexa EA, et al. Rapid methods for antimicrobial resistance diagnostics. Antibiotics. 2021; 10(2): 209. doi:10.3390/antibiotics10020209

Calderaro A, Chezzi C. MALDI-TOF MS: a reliable tool in the real life of the clinical microbiology laboratory. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(2): 322. doi:10.3390/microorganisms12020322

Singhal N, Kumar M, Kanaujia PK, et al. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis. Frontiers in microbiology. 2015; 6: 791. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00791

Bar-Meir M, Berliner E, Kashat L, et al. The utility of MALDI-TOF MS for outbreak investigation in the neonatal intensive care unit. European journal of pediatrics. 2020; 179(12): 1843-1849. doi:10.1007/s00431-020-03732-x

Li D, Yi J, Han G, et al. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in clinical analysis and research. ACS measurement science au. 2022; 2(5): 385-404. doi:10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00019

Han SS, Jeong YS, Choi SK. Current scenario and challenges in the direct identification of microorganisms using MALDI TOF MS. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(9): 1917. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9091917

Smart K, Pieper JB, Viall AK, et al. Comparison of commercial next-generation sequencing assays to conventional culture methods for bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of samples obtained from clinical cases of canine superficial bacterial folliculitis. Veterinary dermatology. 2025; 36(1): 14-23. doi:10.1111/vde.13322

Van Borm S, Belák S, Freimanis G, et al. Next-generation sequencing in veterinary medicine: how can the massive amount of information arising from high-throughput technologies improve diagnosis, control, and management of infectious diseases?. Veterinary infection biology: molecular diagnostics and high-throughput strategies. 2014; 415-436. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0948-3_21

Taxt AM, Avershina E, Frye SA, et al. Rapid identification of pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes and plasmids in blood cultures by nanopore sequencing. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 7622. Doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64616-x

Al Amin M, Pasha MH, Hoque MN, et al. Methodology for laboratory-based antimicrobial resistance surveillance in animals. Veterinary World. 2022;15(4): 1066.

Rasool HMH, Chen Q, Gong X, et al. CRISPR/Cas system and its application in the diagnosis of animal infectious diseases. The FASEB Journal. 2024; 38(24): e70252. doi:10.1096/fj.202401662RR

Hao J, Xie L, Yang T, et al. Naked-eye on-site detection platform for Pasteurella multocida based on the CRISPR-Cas12a system coupled with recombinase polymerase amplification. Talanta. 2023; 255: 124220. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124220

Rasool HMH, Gong X, Jin Y, et al. Development of Visual and Fluorescence Detection Method of Brucella by RPA‐CRISPR/Cas12a Assay. The FASEB Journal. 2026; 40(1): e71397.

Vatankhah M, Azizi A, Sanajouyan Langeroudi A, et al. CRISPR-based biosensing systems: a way to rapidly diagnose COVID-19. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences. 2021; 58(4): 225-241. doi:10.1080/10408363.2021.1873132

Ahmed MM, Kayode HH, Okesanya OJ, et al. CRISPR-Cas systems in the fight against antimicrobial resistance: current status, potentials, and future directions. Infection and drug resistance. 2024; 5229-5245. doi:10.2147/IDR.S474493

Gelalcha BD. Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine: epidemiology, economic impact, and mitigation strategies. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2026; 13: 1783072.

Papamentzelopoulou M, Vrioni G, Pitiriga V. Comparative Evaluation of Sequencing Technologies for Detecting Antimicrobial Resistance in Bloodstream Infections. Antibiotics. 2025; 14(12): 1257. doi:10.3390/antibiotics14121257

Blate ME. Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary practices: a review. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Health. 2023; 7(172): 2.

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Prescott JF. The resistance tsunami, antimicrobial stewardship, and the golden age of microbiology. Veterinary microbiology. 2014; 171(3-4): 273-278. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.019

Góchez D, Raicek M, Pinto Ferreira J, et al. OIE annual report on antimicrobial agents intended for use in animals: methods used. Frontiers in veterinary science. 2019; 6: 317. doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00317

Keller S, Donat K, Söllner-Donat S, et al. Immediate dam-sourced colostrum provision reduces calf mortality-management practices and calf mortality in large dairy herds. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 2024; 66(1): 61. doi:10.1186/s13028-024-00781-8

Hetta HF, Sirag N, Alsharif SM, et al. Antimicrobial peptides: The game-changer in the epic battle against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(11): 1555. doi:10.1136/inp.n2432

Allerton F, Nuttall T. Antimicrobial use: importance of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. In Practice. 2021; 43(9): 500-510. doi:10.1136/inp.n2432

Voss A, Loeffen F, Bakker J, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farming. Emerging infectious diseases. 2005; 11(12): 1965. doi:10.3201/eid1112.050422

Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Effendi MH, et al. A review of new emerging livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pig farms. Veterinary World. 2023; 16(1): 46 doi:10.14202/vetworld.2023.46-57

Danimarka Serum Enstitüsü. MRSA 2022. (02/03/2026 tarihinde https://en.ssi.dk/surveillance-and-preparedness/surveillance-in-denmark/annual-reports-on-disease-incidence/m/mrsa-2022 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

EFSA. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). (02/03/2026 tarihinde https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/meticillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

79. Coia JE, Wilson JA, Bak A, et al. Joint Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) and Infection Prevention Society (IPS) guidelines for the prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare facilities. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2021; 118: S1-S39. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.027

Velazquez-Meza ME, Galarde-López M, Carrillo-Quiróz B, et al. Antimicrobial resistance: one health approach. Veterinary world. 2022; 15(3): 743. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2022.743-752

Pinto Ferreira J, Gochez D, Jeannin M, et al. From OIE standards to responsible and prudent use of antimicrobials: Supporting stewardship for the use of antimicrobial agents in animals. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance. 2022; 4(2): dlac017. doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlac017

Nickell JS, White BJ. Metaphylactic antimicrobial therapy for bovine respiratory disease in stocker and feedlot cattle. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice. 2010; 26(2): 285-301. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.04.006

Pellissery AJ, Denagamage T, Pedersen M, et al Veterinarians’ Perspectives on the Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Dashboard: A Survey of Needs and Preferences to Inform Development. Veterinary Sciences. 2025; 12(10): 940.

Tang KWK, Millar BC, Moore JE. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR). British journal of biomedical science. 2023; 80: 11387. doi:10.3389/bjbs.2023.11387

Lautan O, Cheng YH, Pranata R, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the food chain: Current challenges and global mitigation strategies. One Health. 2025; 101273. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.101273

Kurum S, Balcı Aİ, Çuhadar AH, et al. Overview Of Antimicrobial Resistance And Epidemiology Of Türkiye With A One Health Approach. Turkish Medical Journal. 2025; 10(2): 65-75.

WHO. Antimicrobial resistance. (15/02/2026 tarihinde https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

Findik A. Tek Sağlık Yaklaşımında Antibiyotik Dirençliliği. Doğanın Sesi. 2022; 5(10); 53-64.

Caneschi A, Bardhi A, Barbarossa A, et al. The use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, a complex phenomenon: a narrative review. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(3); 487. doi:10.3390/antibiotics12030487

Founou RC, Blocker AJ, Noubom M, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic: A threat to antimicrobial resistance containment. Future Science OA. 2021; 7(8); FSO736. doi:10.2144/fsoa-2021-0012

Mothadaka MP, Vaiyapuri M, Rao Badireddy M, et al. Handbook on antimicrobial resistance. Singapore: Springer; 2023.

Puri B, Vaishya R, Vaish A. Antimicrobial resistance: Current challenges and future directions. Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 2025; 81(3): 247-258. doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2024.08.006

Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. The Lancet. 2022; 399(10325): 629-655. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0

Thakare R, Kesharwani P, Dasgupta A, Srinivas N, Chopra S. Antibiotics: past, present, and future. In: Kesharwani P, Chopra S, Dasgupta A (eds) Drug discovery targeting drug-resistant bacteria. 1st ed. India: Academic Press; 2020. p. 1-8. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-818480-6.00001-4

Guardabassi L, Jensen LB, Kruse H. Guide to antimicrobial use in animals. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub;2008.

Kirchhelle C. Pharming animals: a global history of antibiotics in food production (1935–2017). Palgrave communications. 2018; 4(1): 96. doi:10.1057/s41599-018-0152-2

Acharya KP, Wilson RT. Antimicrobial resistance in Nepal. Frontiers in medicine. 2019; 6: 105. doi:10.3389/fmed.2019.00105

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One Health Basics. (21/03/2023 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/index.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

Brissot H, Cervantes S, Guardabassi L, et al. GRAM: Guidance for the rational use of antimicrobials: Recommendations for dogs and cats. 2nd ed. France: Ceva Santé Animale; 2016.

Wall B, Marshall L, Mateus A, et al. Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal production. Roma: FAO; 2016.

Alara JA, Alara OR. An overview of the global alarming increase of multiple drug resistant: a major challenge in clinical diagnosis. Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets. 2024; 24(3): 26-42. doi:10.2174/1568005324666230822104526

Arikan MS, Mat B, Alkan H, et al. Determination of Subclinical Mastitis Prevalence in Dairy Cows in Türkiye through Meta-Analysis and Production Loss Calculation. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2024; 44(2).

Guner B, Ozturk B, Erkan AA, et al. Distribution of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in cows with clinical mastitis in a dairy farm, Türkiye. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society. 2024; 75(3): 7675-7684. doi:10.12681/jhvms.32044

Kürekci C, Yüksel M, Celil Ozaslan BG, et al. Diversity and resistance profiles of ESBL-producing gram-negative bacteria from dairy farms in Southern Türkiye. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(12): 1134. doi:10.3390/antibiotics13121134

Ardıçlı Ö, Demirbilek SK, Carlı KT. Pathogens isolated from bovine clinical mastitis and their antimicrobial resistance. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 2022; 78(1): 19-24. Doi: 10.21521/mw.6606.

Akar K, Holzer K, Hoelzle LE, et al. An evaluation of the lineage of Brucella isolates in Turkey by a whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(7): 316. doi:10.3390/vetsci11070316

Celik E, Kayman T, Buyuk F, et al. The canonical Brucella species-host dependency is changing, however, the antibiotic susceptibility profiles remain unchanged. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2023; 182: 106261. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106261

Yumuk Z, O’Callaghan D. Brucellosis in Turkey—an overview. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2012; 16(4): e228-e235. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.01.002

Alzuheir IM. Veterinarians’ perspectives on livestock diseases and antimicrobial use in Palestine. Veterinary world. 2025; 18(2): 519.

Khalifa HO, Oreiby A, Abd El-Hafeez AA, et al. High beta-lactam and quinolone resistance of Enterobacteriaceae from the respiratory tract of sheep and goat with respiratory disease. Animals. 2021; 11(8): 2258 doi:10.3390/ani11082258

Pehlivanoglu F, Ozturk D, Turutoglu H. Carriage of plasmidic AmpC beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in cattle and sheep and characterisation of the isolates in terms of antibiogram profiles, phylogeny and virulence. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020; 26(4).

Eltai NO, Dogan N (eds). Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Science. Basel, İsviçre: MDPI; 2025. doi:10.3390/books978-3-7258-3353-5

Tawor AB, Erganiş O, Kebabçıoğlu C, et al. Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica; virulence factors, diseases, and notably increasing antibiotic resistance rate among their isolates: a comprehensive review. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 8(2): 110-125.

Karadeniz Pütür ELİ, Büyük F, Ersoy Y. Phenotypic and molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Pasteurella and Mannheimia species obtained from cattle and sheep with pneumonia. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences. 2024; 48(6): 227-242. doi:10.55730/1300-0128.4354

Hatipoglu F, Terzi F, Ates MB, et al. Determination of Mannheimia haemolytica and its macrolide antibiotic resistance genes in fibrinous pneumonia of cattle. Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria. 2024; 34(3).

Ozturk Y, Celik S, Sahin E, et al. Assessment of farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance. Animals. 2019; 9(9): 653. doi:10.3390/ani9090653

Çufaoğlu G, Ambarcıoğlu P, Derinöz AN, et al. Prevalence, serotype diversity and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella among poultry meat and eggs in Turkiye: A meta-analysis. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2023; 29(2): 519-533 doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1105151

Kandir H, Öztürk D. Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli and Salmonella isolated from wild birds in a Rehabilitation Center in Turkey. Archives of Razi Institute. 2022; 77(1): 257. doi:10.22092/ari.2021.354673.1616

Uslu A, Toslak EE, Denizli O, et al. Microbiological Analysis of Gut Flora and Determination of Antibiotic Resistance from White Storks (Ciconia Ciconia) Resting Area during Migration in Türkiye. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 40(3). doi:10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.2024.428

Yildiz M, Demirbilek SK. Investigation of prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in pet dogs and cats in Turkey. Veterinary medicine and science. 2024; 10(4): e1513. doi:10.1002/vms3.1513

Al S, Dışhan A, Barel M, et al. Assessment of carbapenem resistance and carbapenemase genes in wastewater from cattle slaughterhouses: Implications for environmental antibiotic resistance surveillance. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025; 72(1): 91-97. doi:10.33988/auvfd.1408846

Sağlık Bakanlığı. Antimikrobiyal direnç ile mücadele ulusal eylem planı 2026-2030. (25/02/2026 tarihinde https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/53757/0/antimikrobiyal-direnc-ile-mucadele-ulusal-eylem-plani-2026-2030pdf.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

Caneschi, A., Bardhi, A., Barbarossa, A., & Zaghini, A. (2023). The use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, a complex phenomenon: a narrative review. Antibiotics, 12(3), 487.

Palma E, Tilocca B, Roncada P. Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine: An overview. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020; 21(6): 1914. doi:10.3390/ijms21061914

Yılmaz N, Sert H, Cengiz M. Systemic Barriers to Antimicrobial Stewardship in Turkiye: Insights from Veterinary Practices. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine. 2025; 44(2): 146-151.

Miller L, Hurley K (eds). Infectious disease management in animal shelters. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009.

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