Neonatal Buzağı İshalleri: Etiyoloji, Tanı, Tedavi ve Korunmada Güncel Yaklaşımlar

Wilson DJ, Habing G, Winder CB, et al. A scoping review of neonatal calf diarrhea case definitions. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. Elsevier; 2023;211:105818. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105818

Murray CF, Leslie KE. Newborn calf vitality: Risk factors, characteristics, assessment, resulting outcomes and strategies for improvement. The Veterinary Journal. Elsevier; 2013;198(2):322–328. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.007

Santman-Berends IMG, Schukken YH, Van Schaik G. Quantifying calf mortality on dairy farms: Challenges and solutions. Journal of Dairy Science. Elsevier; 2019;102(7):6404–6417. doi:10.3168/jds.2018-15776

Lancaster PA, Larson RL. Evaluation of strategies to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of cow–calf production systems. Animals. MDPI; 2022;12(3):385. doi:10.3390/ani12030385

Marcondes MI, Chagas JCC, Kertz AF, et al. Invited review: Connecting the dots—Calving difficulty, age at first calving, and enhanced cow production. Applied Animal Science. Elsevier; 2025;41(3):237–251.

Cook JG, Pepler PT, Viora L, et al. Assessing transition cow management in dairy cows for improved health, milk production, pregnancy, and culling outcomes. Journal of Dairy Science. Elsevier; 2024;107(12):11381–11397.

McGuirk SM. Disease management of dairy calves and heifers. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. Elsevier; 2008;24(1):139–153. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.003

Peek SF, McGuirk SM, Sweeney RW, et al. Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Rebhun's Diseases of Dairy Cattle. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2018:249–302.

Chucri TM, Monteiro JM, Lima AR, et al. A review of immune transfer by the placenta. Journal of Reproductive Immunology. Elsevier; 2010;87(1–2):14–20. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2010.07.061

Bahroz A, Saleh M. Immunity development in newborn calves: A review. ProEnvironment Promediu. 2022;15(50):1–6.

Kasari TR. Weakness in the newborn calf. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. Elsevier; 1994;10(1):167–180.

Lichtmannsperger K, Hartsleben C, Spöcker M, et al. Factors associated with colostrum quality, failure of transfer of passive immunity, and impact on calf health. Animals. MDPI; 2023;13(11):1740. doi:10.3390/ani13111740

Carter HS, Renaud DL, Steele MA, et al. A narrative review on the unexplored potential of colostrum as a preventative treatment and therapy for diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves. Animals. MDPI; 2021;11(8):2221. doi:10.3390/ani11082221

Cho YI, Yoon KJ. An overview of calf diarrhea—Infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. Journal of Veterinary Science. 2014;15(1):1–17.

Muktar Y, Mamo G, Tesfaye B, et al. A review on major bacterial causes of calf diarrhea and its diagnostic method. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health. 2015;7(5):173–185.

Robi DT, Mossie T, Temteme S. A comprehensive review of the common bacterial infections in dairy calves and advanced strategies for health management. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports. 2024;15:1–14.

Bernal-Córdoba C, Branco-Lopes R, Latorre-Segura L, et al. Use of antimicrobials in the treatment of calf diarrhea: A systematic review. Animal Health Research Reviews. 2022;23(2):101–112.

Sedky D, Ghazy AA, Abou-Zeina HA. Advances in diagnosis of diseases causing diarrhea in newborn calves. Veterinary Research Communications. 2025;49(5):293–310.

Zhang X, Yi X, Zhuang H, et al. Invited review: Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in pathogens associated with diarrhea and pneumonia in dairy calves. Animals. 2022;12(6):771.

Okoth E, Ochieng L, Njehu A, et al. Dairy cattle herd health management manual for animal health service providers. FAO; 2024.

El-Seedy FR, Abed AH, Yanni HA, et al. Prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli in neonatal diarrheic calves. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2016;5(1):45–51.

Zaitoun A, Abdel-Hakim O, Youssef Z. Enteric rota and corona viruses infection in neonatal calves. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2018;64(156):8–17.

Kaduková M, Schreiberová A, Mudroň P, et al. Cryptosporidium infections in neonatal calves on a dairy farm. Microorganisms. 2024;12(7):1416.

Diddeniya G, Ghaffari MH, Hernandez-Sanabria E, et al. Invited review: Impact of maternal health and nutrition on the microbiome and immune development of neonatal calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 2024;107(10):7504–7519.

Brunauer M, Roch FF, Conrady B. Prevalence of worldwide neonatal calf diarrhoea caused by bovine rotavirus in combination with bovine coronavirus, Escherichia coli K99 and Cryptosporidium spp.: A meta-analysis. Animals. 2021;11(4):1014.

Liu G, Kragh ML, Aabo S, et al. Inhibition of virulence gene expression in Salmonella Dublin, Escherichia coli F5 and Clostridium perfringens associated with neonatal calf diarrhea by lactic acid bacteria factors. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022;13:828013.

Marian L, Withoeft JA, Rocha EV, et al. Outbreak of BVDV-1b associated with persistent infection, reproductive losses, and congenital malformations in beef cattle in Southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2026;57(1):9–18.

Dawes ME, Tyler JW, Hostetler DE, et al. Clinical examination, diagnostic testing, and treatment options for neonatal calves with diarrhea: A review. The Bovine Practitioner. 2014;48(1):61–75.

Al-Alo KZK, Brujeni GN, Lotfollahzadeh S, et al. Correlation between neonatal calf diarrhea and the level of maternally derived antibodies. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2018;19(1):3–9.

Li W, Yi X, Wu B, et al. Neonatal calf diarrhea is associated with decreased bacterial diversity and altered gut microbiome profiles. Fermentation. 2023;9(9):827.

Berchtold J. Treatment of calf diarrhea: Intravenous fluid therapy. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2009;25(1):73–99.

Jessop E, Li L, Renaud DL, et al. Neonatal calf diarrhea and gastrointestinal microbiota: Etiologic agents and microbiota manipulation for treatment and prevention. Veterinary Sciences. 2024;11(3):108.

Asadi AH, Baghinezhad M, Asadi H. Neonatal calf diarrhea induced by rotavirus and coronavirus: A review. Veterinary Medicine International. 2015;2015:1–9.

Todd CG, Millman ST, McKnight DR, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy for neonatal calf diarrhea complex: Effects on calf performance. Journal of Animal Science. 2010;88(6):2019–2028.

Vega CG, Bok M, Ebinger M, et al. A new passive immune strategy based on IgY antibodies to control neonatal calf diarrhea. BMC Veterinary Research. 2020;16(1):264.

Maier GU, Breitenbuecher J, Gomez JP, et al. Vaccination for prevention of neonatal calf diarrhea in cow-calf operations: A scoping review. Veterinary and Animal Science. 2022;15:100238.

Reijnders M, van Roosmalen M, Holtslag H, et al. Evaluation of a novel subunit vaccine in prevention of Cryptosporidium parvum diarrhoea in neonatal calves. Animals. 2025;15(2):132.

Van Mol W. Pathogen-oriented approaches for neonatal calf diarrhea. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift. 2022;91(4):XXX–XXX.

Smith DR. Field disease diagnostic investigation of neonatal calf diarrhea. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2012;28(3):465–481.

Liu B, Wang C, Huasai S, et al. Compound probiotics improve diarrhea rate and intestinal microbiota of newborn calves. Animals. 2022;12(3):322.

Silva FG, Conceição C, Pereira AM, et al. Literature review on technological applications to monitor and evaluate calves’ health and welfare. Animals. 2023;13(7):1148.

Alomari MMM, Dec M, Nowaczek A, et al. Therapeutic and prophylactic effect of experimental bacteriophage treatment to control diarrhea caused by E. coli in newborn calves. ACS Infectious Diseases. 2021;7(8):2093–2101.

Schmoeller E, de Matos AD, Rahal NM, et al. Diarrhea duration and performance outcomes of pre-weaned dairy calves supplemented with bacteriophage. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2021;102(1):165–174.

Wilson DJ, Habing G, Winder CB, et al. A scoping review of neonatal calf diarrhea case definitions. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. Elsevier; 2023;211:105818. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105818

Murray CF, Leslie KE. Newborn calf vitality: Risk factors, characteristics, assessment, resulting outcomes and strategies for improvement. The Veterinary Journal. Elsevier; 2013;198(2):322–328. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.007

Santman-Berends IMG, Schukken YH, Van Schaik G. Quantifying calf mortality on dairy farms: Challenges and solutions. Journal of Dairy Science. Elsevier; 2019;102(7):6404–6417. doi:10.3168/jds.2018-15776

Lancaster PA, Larson RL. Evaluation of strategies to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of cow–calf production systems. Animals. MDPI; 2022;12(3):385. doi:10.3390/ani12030385

Marcondes MI, Chagas JCC, Kertz AF, et al. Invited review: Connecting the dots—Calving difficulty, age at first calving, and enhanced cow production. Applied Animal Science. Elsevier; 2025;41(3):237–251.

Cook JG, Pepler PT, Viora L, et al. Assessing transition cow management in dairy cows for improved health, milk production, pregnancy, and culling outcomes. Journal of Dairy Science. Elsevier; 2024;107(12):11381–11397.

McGuirk SM. Disease management of dairy calves and heifers. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. Elsevier; 2008;24(1):139–153. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.003

Peek SF, McGuirk SM, Sweeney RW, et al. Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Rebhun's Diseases of Dairy Cattle. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2018:249–302.

Chucri TM, Monteiro JM, Lima AR, et al. A review of immune transfer by the placenta. Journal of Reproductive Immunology. Elsevier; 2010;87(1–2):14–20. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2010.07.061

Bahroz A, Saleh M. Immunity development in newborn calves: A review. ProEnvironment Promediu. 2022;15(50):1–6.

Kasari TR. Weakness in the newborn calf. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. Elsevier; 1994;10(1):167–180.

Lichtmannsperger K, Hartsleben C, Spöcker M, et al. Factors associated with colostrum quality, failure of transfer of passive immunity, and impact on calf health. Animals. MDPI; 2023;13(11):1740. doi:10.3390/ani13111740

Carter HS, Renaud DL, Steele MA, et al. A narrative review on the unexplored potential of colostrum as a preventative treatment and therapy for diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves. Animals. MDPI; 2021;11(8):2221. doi:10.3390/ani11082221

Cho YI, Yoon KJ. An overview of calf diarrhea—Infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. Journal of Veterinary Science. 2014;15(1):1–17.

Muktar Y, Mamo G, Tesfaye B, et al. A review on major bacterial causes of calf diarrhea and its diagnostic method. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health. 2015;7(5):173–185.

Robi DT, Mossie T, Temteme S. A comprehensive review of the common bacterial infections in dairy calves and advanced strategies for health management. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports. 2024;15:1–14.

Bernal-Córdoba C, Branco-Lopes R, Latorre-Segura L, et al. Use of antimicrobials in the treatment of calf diarrhea: A systematic review. Animal Health Research Reviews. 2022;23(2):101–112.

Sedky D, Ghazy AA, Abou-Zeina HA. Advances in diagnosis of diseases causing diarrhea in newborn calves. Veterinary Research Communications. 2025;49(5):293–310.

Zhang X, Yi X, Zhuang H, et al. Invited review: Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in pathogens associated with diarrhea and pneumonia in dairy calves. Animals. 2022;12(6):771.

Okoth E, Ochieng L, Njehu A, et al. Dairy cattle herd health management manual for animal health service providers. FAO; 2024.

El-Seedy FR, Abed AH, Yanni HA, et al. Prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli in neonatal diarrheic calves. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2016;5(1):45–51.

Zaitoun A, Abdel-Hakim O, Youssef Z. Enteric rota and corona viruses infection in neonatal calves. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 2018;64(156):8–17.

Kaduková M, Schreiberová A, Mudroň P, et al. Cryptosporidium infections in neonatal calves on a dairy farm. Microorganisms. 2024;12(7):1416.

Diddeniya G, Ghaffari MH, Hernandez-Sanabria E, et al. Invited review: Impact of maternal health and nutrition on the microbiome and immune development of neonatal calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 2024;107(10):7504–7519.

Brunauer M, Roch FF, Conrady B. Prevalence of worldwide neonatal calf diarrhoea caused by bovine rotavirus in combination with bovine coronavirus, Escherichia coli K99 and Cryptosporidium spp.: A meta-analysis. Animals. 2021;11(4):1014.

Liu G, Kragh ML, Aabo S, et al. Inhibition of virulence gene expression in Salmonella Dublin, Escherichia coli F5 and Clostridium perfringens associated with neonatal calf diarrhea by lactic acid bacteria factors. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022;13:828013.

Marian L, Withoeft JA, Rocha EV, et al. Outbreak of BVDV-1b associated with persistent infection, reproductive losses, and congenital malformations in beef cattle in Southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2026;57(1):9–18.

Dawes ME, Tyler JW, Hostetler DE, et al. Clinical examination, diagnostic testing, and treatment options for neonatal calves with diarrhea: A review. The Bovine Practitioner. 2014;48(1):61–75.

Al-Alo KZK, Brujeni GN, Lotfollahzadeh S, et al. Correlation between neonatal calf diarrhea and the level of maternally derived antibodies. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2018;19(1):3–9.

Li W, Yi X, Wu B, et al. Neonatal calf diarrhea is associated with decreased bacterial diversity and altered gut microbiome profiles. Fermentation. 2023;9(9):827.

Berchtold J. Treatment of calf diarrhea: Intravenous fluid therapy. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2009;25(1):73–99.

Jessop E, Li L, Renaud DL, et al. Neonatal calf diarrhea and gastrointestinal microbiota: Etiologic agents and microbiota manipulation for treatment and prevention. Veterinary Sciences. 2024;11(3):108.

Asadi AH, Baghinezhad M, Asadi H. Neonatal calf diarrhea induced by rotavirus and coronavirus: A review. Veterinary Medicine International. 2015;2015:1–9.

Todd CG, Millman ST, McKnight DR, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy for neonatal calf diarrhea complex: Effects on calf performance. Journal of Animal Science. 2010;88(6):2019–2028.

Vega CG, Bok M, Ebinger M, et al. A new passive immune strategy based on IgY antibodies to control neonatal calf diarrhea. BMC Veterinary Research. 2020;16(1):264.

Maier GU, Breitenbuecher J, Gomez JP, et al. Vaccination for prevention of neonatal calf diarrhea in cow-calf operations: A scoping review. Veterinary and Animal Science. 2022;15:100238.

Reijnders M, van Roosmalen M, Holtslag H, et al. Evaluation of a novel subunit vaccine in prevention of Cryptosporidium parvum diarrhoea in neonatal calves. Animals. 2025;15(2):132.

Van Mol W. Pathogen-oriented approaches for neonatal calf diarrhea. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift. 2022;91(4):XXX–XXX.

Smith DR. Field disease diagnostic investigation of neonatal calf diarrhea. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2012;28(3):465–481.

Liu B, Wang C, Huasai S, et al. Compound probiotics improve diarrhea rate and intestinal microbiota of newborn calves. Animals. 2022;12(3):322.

Silva FG, Conceição C, Pereira AM, et al. Literature review on technological applications to monitor and evaluate calves’ health and welfare. Animals. 2023;13(7):1148.

Alomari MMM, Dec M, Nowaczek A, et al. Therapeutic and prophylactic effect of experimental bacteriophage treatment to control diarrhea caused by E. coli in newborn calves. ACS Infectious Diseases. 2021;7(8):2093–2101.

Schmoeller E, de Matos AD, Rahal NM, et al. Diarrhea duration and performance outcomes of pre-weaned dairy calves supplemented with bacteriophage. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2021;102(1):165–174.