Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarlarında Mikolojik Tanı ve Biyogüvenlik
Özet
Veteriner mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarları enfeksiyöz etkenlerin tanımlanması ve değerlendirilmesinde önemli role sahiptir. Bu kapsamda veteriner mikolojisi hayvan ve halk sağlığını etkileyen bulaşıcı ve zoonotik mantar hastalıklarının tanımlanması, teşhisi ve kontrolüne odaklanan bir bilim dalıdır. Özellikle zoonotik mantar enfeksiyonlarının tanısında geliştirilen modern yöntemler ve Tek Sağlık yaklaşımı, etkili gözetim ve müdahale stratejilerinin geliştirilmesinde kritik bir yer tutmaktadır. Mantar sporlarının inhalasyonu, cilt yoluyla temas gibi faktörler, laboratuvar çalışanları için önemli maruziyet riskleri oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle biyogüvenlik uygulamaları, mikoloji laboratuvarlarında güvenilir ve kaliteli tanı hizmetlerinin sağlanmasında temel bir unsur olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Mikolojik atık yönetimi ve biyogüvenlik süreçleri, patojenlerin çevresel direnci, bulaş yolları ve halk sağlığı üzerindeki potansiyel etkileri dikkate alınarak ulusal ve uluslararası standartlara uygun şekilde planlanmalıdır. Ayrıca biyogüvenlik uygulamaları yalnızca kişisel koruyucu ekipman kullanımını değil, numune kabulünden sonuçlandırma aşamasına kadar tüm laboratuvar süreçlerinin risk değerlendirmesine dayalı olarak yönetilmesini kapsamalıdır. Özellikle klinik örneklerin açılması, kültürlerin incelenmesi ve fungal kolonilerin manipülasyonu sırasında oluşabilecek aerosol ve çevresel yayılım riskleri dikkatle kontrol edilmelidir. Sonuç olarak, mikolojik atık yönetimi ve dekontaminasyon uygulamalarının güncellenmesi ve personel farkındalığının artırılması sürdürülebilir laboratuvar güvenliği açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Veterinary microbiology laboratories have an important role in the identification and evaluation of infectious agents. Veterinary mycology is a scientific discipline focused on the identification, diagnosis, and control of infectious and zoonotic fungal diseases that affect animal and public health. In particular, modern methods developed for the diagnosis of zoonotic fungal infections and the One Health approach play a critical role in the development of effective surveillance and intervention strategies. Factors such as the inhalation of fungal spores and skin contact pose significant exposure risks for laboratory staff. Therefore, biosafety protocols should be considered a fundamental element in ensuring reliable and high-quality diagnostic services in mycology laboratories. Mycological waste management and biosafety processes must be planned in accordance with national and international standards, taking into account the environmental persistence of pathogens, transmission routes, and potential impacts on public health. Furthermore, biosafety practices should encompass not only the use of personal protective equipment but also the management of all laboratory processesbased on risk assessment. In particular, risks of aerosol and environmental spread that may arise during the opening of clinical specimens, examination of cultures, and manipulation of fungal colonies must be carefully controlled. In conclusion, updating mycological waste management and decontamination practices and raising staff awareness are of great importance for sustainable laboratory safety.
Referanslar
Samanta I. Veterinary mycology (No:11606). New Delhi: Springer India; 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2280-4
Ahmed A, Nouh SM, Emmanuel ES. Exploring the Diversity and Distribution of Medico-Veterinary Fungal Diseases in Africa: Harnessing a Multisectoral One Health Strategy for Cost-Effective Prevention and Preparedness. J Fungi. 2025; 11(8) 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080569
Rauf U, Fakhar K, Rafique N, et al. Fungal zoonosis and one health. Zoonosis. 2023;4:407-419. https://doi.org/10.47278/book.zoon/2023.165
Fernandez-Colorado CP, Cena-Navarro RB, Villavicencio AGM. Veterinary mycology: challenges and applications. In: Mycology in a Changing Planet: Applications and Perspectives from Southeast Asia. 2025. p. 301-326.
Sautour M, Dalle F, Olivieri C, et al. A prospective survey of air and surface fungal contamination in a medical mycology laboratory at a tertiary care university hospital. Am J Infect Control. 2009;37(3):189-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2008.06.009
Kakeya H. Medical mycology seen through a one health approach. Med Mycol J. 2022;63(1):11-15. https://doi.org/10.3314/mmj.22.001
Ahmed M, Abbas HS, Kotakonda M. Fungal diseases caused by serious contamination of pharmaceuticals and medical devices, and rapid fungal detection using nano-diagnostic tools: a critical review. Curr Microbiol. 2024;81(1):10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03506-7
Kibbler CC, Barton R, Gow NA, Manuel RJ, editors. Oxford textbook of medical mycology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2018.
Perdelli F, Cristina ML, Sartini M, et al. Fungal contamination in hospital environments. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27(1):44-47.
Baron EJ, Miller JM. Bacterial and fungal infections among diagnostic laboratory workers: evaluating the risks. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;60(3):241-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.09.016
Schelenz S, Owens K, Guy R, et al. National mycology laboratory diagnostic capacity for invasive fungal diseases in 2017: evidence of sub-optimal practice. J Infect. 2019;79(2):167-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2019.06.009
Suganthi P, Usharani B, Venkateswari R, et al. Biosafety practices in mycobacteriology laboratory. Res Adv Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023;3:1-39. https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ramb/v3/18299D
World Health Organization. Laboratory biosafety manual: monograph 4: decontamination and waste management. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240011311
World Health Organization. WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240060241
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu. Ulusal Mikrobiyoloji Standartları: Laboratuvar Güvenliği Rehberi (Bulaşıcı Hastalıkların Sürveyansı ve Kontrolü Projesi, TR0802.16), Yayın No: 937. Ankara: Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu; 2014. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/mikrobiyoloji-referans-laboratuvarlari-ve-biyolojik-urunler-db/Dokumanlar/Rehberler/LaboratuvarGuvenlikRehberi.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL). 6th ed. 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/labs/bmbl/index.html
Morris AJ, Kidd SE, Halliday CL, et al. Update on methods used for mycological testing: wide diversity and opportunities for improvement persist. Pathology. 2024;56(7):1021-1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2024.06.007
Ganguly S, Padhy A, Para PA, et al. Basic guidelines and procedures for the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of mycotic infections in animals: a general overview of veterinary importance. J Lab Life Sci. 2015;1(1):1-10.
van den Brandhof JG, Wösten HA. Risk assessment of fungal materials. Fungal Biol Biotechnol. 2022; 9 (1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-022-00134-x
Gugnani HC, Randhawa HS. Laboratory-acquired fungal infections: a review. Arch Microbiol Immunol. 2020;4(2):51-56.
Kundu R, Bansal Y, Singla N. The zoonotic potential of fungal pathogens: another dimension of the one health approach. Diagnostics. 2024;14(18):2050. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14182050
Moretti A, Agnetti F, Mancianti F, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and zoonotic aspects. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2013;148(6):563-572.
Referanslar
Samanta I. Veterinary mycology (No:11606). New Delhi: Springer India; 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2280-4
Ahmed A, Nouh SM, Emmanuel ES. Exploring the Diversity and Distribution of Medico-Veterinary Fungal Diseases in Africa: Harnessing a Multisectoral One Health Strategy for Cost-Effective Prevention and Preparedness. J Fungi. 2025; 11(8) 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080569
Rauf U, Fakhar K, Rafique N, et al. Fungal zoonosis and one health. Zoonosis. 2023;4:407-419. https://doi.org/10.47278/book.zoon/2023.165
Fernandez-Colorado CP, Cena-Navarro RB, Villavicencio AGM. Veterinary mycology: challenges and applications. In: Mycology in a Changing Planet: Applications and Perspectives from Southeast Asia. 2025. p. 301-326.
Sautour M, Dalle F, Olivieri C, et al. A prospective survey of air and surface fungal contamination in a medical mycology laboratory at a tertiary care university hospital. Am J Infect Control. 2009;37(3):189-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2008.06.009
Kakeya H. Medical mycology seen through a one health approach. Med Mycol J. 2022;63(1):11-15. https://doi.org/10.3314/mmj.22.001
Ahmed M, Abbas HS, Kotakonda M. Fungal diseases caused by serious contamination of pharmaceuticals and medical devices, and rapid fungal detection using nano-diagnostic tools: a critical review. Curr Microbiol. 2024;81(1):10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03506-7
Kibbler CC, Barton R, Gow NA, Manuel RJ, editors. Oxford textbook of medical mycology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2018.
Perdelli F, Cristina ML, Sartini M, et al. Fungal contamination in hospital environments. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27(1):44-47.
Baron EJ, Miller JM. Bacterial and fungal infections among diagnostic laboratory workers: evaluating the risks. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;60(3):241-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.09.016
Schelenz S, Owens K, Guy R, et al. National mycology laboratory diagnostic capacity for invasive fungal diseases in 2017: evidence of sub-optimal practice. J Infect. 2019;79(2):167-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2019.06.009
Suganthi P, Usharani B, Venkateswari R, et al. Biosafety practices in mycobacteriology laboratory. Res Adv Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023;3:1-39. https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ramb/v3/18299D
World Health Organization. Laboratory biosafety manual: monograph 4: decontamination and waste management. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240011311
World Health Organization. WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240060241
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu. Ulusal Mikrobiyoloji Standartları: Laboratuvar Güvenliği Rehberi (Bulaşıcı Hastalıkların Sürveyansı ve Kontrolü Projesi, TR0802.16), Yayın No: 937. Ankara: Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu; 2014. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/mikrobiyoloji-referans-laboratuvarlari-ve-biyolojik-urunler-db/Dokumanlar/Rehberler/LaboratuvarGuvenlikRehberi.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL). 6th ed. 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/labs/bmbl/index.html
Morris AJ, Kidd SE, Halliday CL, et al. Update on methods used for mycological testing: wide diversity and opportunities for improvement persist. Pathology. 2024;56(7):1021-1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2024.06.007
Ganguly S, Padhy A, Para PA, et al. Basic guidelines and procedures for the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of mycotic infections in animals: a general overview of veterinary importance. J Lab Life Sci. 2015;1(1):1-10.
van den Brandhof JG, Wösten HA. Risk assessment of fungal materials. Fungal Biol Biotechnol. 2022; 9 (1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-022-00134-x
Gugnani HC, Randhawa HS. Laboratory-acquired fungal infections: a review. Arch Microbiol Immunol. 2020;4(2):51-56.
Kundu R, Bansal Y, Singla N. The zoonotic potential of fungal pathogens: another dimension of the one health approach. Diagnostics. 2024;14(18):2050. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14182050
Moretti A, Agnetti F, Mancianti F, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and zoonotic aspects. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2013;148(6):563-572.
