Kültür Balıklarında Mikobakteriyozis

Abdullah Boyraz; Özgür Erdoğan; Mustafa Türe

doi:10.37609/akya.4113

Yazarlar

Abdullah Boyraz

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4407-7187

Özgür Erdoğan

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-0581

Mustafa Türe

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9878-826X

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37609/akya.4113.c6374

Özet

Mikobakteriyozis, kültürü yapılan balıklarda kronik seyirli, kontrolü zor ve zoonotik potansiyele sahip önemli bir bakteriyel hastalıktır. Başta Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum ve M. chelonae olmak üzere tüberküloz dışı mikobakteriler tarafından oluşturulan bu enfeksiyon, düşük mortaliteye rağmen uzun süreli verim kaybı dolayısıyla ekonomik zararlara neden olmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, dünyada ve ülkemizde kültür balıklarında mikobakteriyozisin etiyolojisi, epizootiyolojisi, patogenezi, klinik ve patolojik bulguları, tanı yöntemleri ile tedavi, kontrol ve korunma stratejilerini güncel literatür ışığında bütüncül bir yaklaşımla değerlendirmektir. Derlemede ayrıca, hastalığın yayılımında çevresel faktörlerin ve yoğun yetiştiricilik koşullarının rolü ele alınmış; histopatolojik inceleme, geleneksel kültür ve moleküler yöntemlerin birlikte kullanımının tanıdaki önemi vurgulanmıştır. Tedavi seçeneklerinin sınırlı etkinliği, uzun süreli antibiyotik uygulamalarının zorlukları ve antimikrobiyal direnç riski nedeniyle biyogüvenlik önlemleri, erken teşhis ve enfekte stokların eliminasyonu temel kontrol stratejileri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca Türkiye’den bildirilen saha çalışmaları ve ilk izolasyon verileri değerlendirilerek, ülkedeki mevcut durum ortaya konulmuştur. Sonuç olarak bu derleme, kültür balıklarında mikobakteriyozisin varlığına dikkat çekerek, kontrolü ve yönetimine yönelik güncel bilgileri derleyerek, araştırmacılar ve saha uygulayıcıları için kapsamlı bir başvuru kaynağı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede mikobakteriyozisin yayılımı ve kontrolü, çevresel rezervuarlar, akuakültür uygulamaları ve halk sağlığı boyutlarını birlikte ele alan Tek Sağlık temelli epidemiyolojik yaklaşımlar kapsamında değerlendirilmelidir.

Mycobacteriosis is an important bacterial disease in cultured fish characterized by a chronic course, difficulty in control, and zoonotic potential. This infection, caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria - primarily Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum, and M. chelonae - leads to economic losses due to long-term reductions in productivity despite relatively low mortality rates. The aim of this review is to evaluate the etiology, epizootiology, pathogenesis, clinical and pathological findings, diagnostic methods, and strategies for treatment, control, and prevention of mycobacteriosis in cultured fish worldwide and in our country, using a comprehensive approach in light of current literature. In addition, the review discusses the role of environmental factors and intensive aquaculture conditions in the spread of the disease and emphasizes the importance of combining histopathological examination with conventional culture and molecular methods for accurate diagnosis. Due to the limited effectiveness of treatment options, the challenges associated with long-term antibiotic use, and the risk of antimicrobial resistance, biosecurity measures, early diagnosis, and the elimination of infected stocks emerge as the primary control strategies. Furthermore, field studies and the first isolation reports from Turkey are evaluated to present the current situation in the country. In conclusion, this review aims to draw attention to the presence of mycobacteriosis in cultured fish and to provide a comprehensive reference source for researchers and field practitioners by compiling up-to-date information on its control and management. Within this framework, the spread and control of mycobacteriosis should be evaluated through One Health–based epidemiological approaches that consider environmental reservoirs, aquaculture practices, and public health dimensions together.

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