Oral Leukoplakia

Ferrari E, Antonelli R, Gallo M, Meleti M, Setti G, Mucci A, et al. Salivary Metabolomics Discloses Metabolite Signatures of Oral Leukoplakia with and Without Dysplasia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences [Internet]. 2025 Jul 7 [cited 2025 Jul];26(13):6519. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136519

Constantin M, Forna DA, Budacu CC, Caraiane A, Raftu G, Forna NC. Oral Tumors Having the Origins in Multiple Tissues, Non-differentiated or Differentiated. Revista de Chimie [Internet]. 2018 Nov 15 [cited 2025 Oct];69(10):2895. Available from: https://doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.10.6648

Abdul NS, Rashdan Y, Alenezi N, Alenezi M, Mohsin L, Hassan A. Association Between Oral Microbiota and Oral Leukoplakia: A Systematic Review. Cureus [Internet]. Cureus, Inc.; 2024 Jan 11 [cited 2025 Jul]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.52095

Rodríguez-Archilla A, FUENTES-PEREZ C. Clinicopathological Parameters Related to Malignant Transformation of Oral Leukoplakia: A Meta-Analysis. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal [Internet]. 2021 Apr 21 [cited 2025 Mar];24(2):197. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.853865

Venkat A, Sathyakumar M, Aravindhan R, Magesh KT, Sivachandran A. Analysis of Oral Leukoplakia and Tobacco-Related Habits in Population of Chengalpattu District- An Institution-Based Retrospective Study. Cureus [Internet]. 2022 Jun 14 [cited 2025 Sep]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.25936

Contreras A, Mahmood M, Montilla H, Enciso R, Han PP, Suarez‐Durall P. Oral potentially malignant disorders in older adults: A review. Dentistry Review [Internet]. Elsevier BV; 2023 Jul 22 [cited 2025 Jul];3(3):100071. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dentre.2023.100071

Aittiwarapoj A, Juengsomjit R, Kitkumthorn N, Lapthanasupkul P. Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Squamous Cell Carcinoma at the Tongue: Clinicopathological Analysis in a Thai Population. European Journal of Dentistry [Internet]. 2019 Jul 1 [cited 2025 Sep];13(3):376. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698368

Lee JJ, Hong WK, Hittelman WN, Mao L, Lotan R, Shin DM, et al. Predicting cancer development in oral leukoplakia: ten years of translational research. PubMed [Internet]. 2000 May 1 [cited 2025 Jun];6(5):1702. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10815888

Chaturvedi AK, Udaltsova N, Engels EA, Katzel JA, Yanik EL, Katki HA, et al. Oral Leukoplakia and Risk of Progression to Oral Cancer: A Population- Based Cohort Study.

SEDCYDO - SEGER - SEMO CONGRESS MADRID 2025, 8-10 MAY. Proceedings and Abstract. Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal [Internet]. 2025 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Sep];1. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.1122335667805

Shetty P, Hegde S, Vinod K, Kalra S, Goyal P, Patel M. Oral Leukoplakia: Clinicopathological Correlation and Its Relevance to Regional Tobacco-related Habit Index. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Sep];17(7):601. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1897

Urízar JMA. Oral leukoplakia: still an enigmatic disorder. Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal [Internet]. Medicina Oral S.L.; 2020 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Sep];0. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.27214

Rich AM, Hussaini HM, Nizar MAM, Gavidi RO, Tauati-Williams E, Yakin M, et al. Diagnosis of oral potentially malignant disorders: Overview and experience in Oceania. Frontiers in Oral Health [Internet]. Frontiers Media; 2023 Apr 6 [cited 2025 Oct];4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/froh.2023.1122497

Vazquez-Alvarez R, Fernandez-Gonzalez F, Vila PG, Reboiras-Lopez D, Garcı́a AG, Gandara-Rey JM. Correlation between clinical and pathologic diagnosis in oral leukoplakia in 54 patients. Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal [Internet]. 2010 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Oct]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.15.e832

Carrard VC, Waal I van der. A clinical diagnosis of oral leukoplakia; A guide for dentists. Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal [Internet]. 2017 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Sep];0. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.22292

Bielecka-Kowalska NP, Bielicka S, Lewkowicz N. Effects of tobacco smoking and electronic nicotine delivery systems on oral health – a narrative review. Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research [Internet]. Institute of Rural Health; 2022 Sep 30 [cited 2025 Sep];16(3):118. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26444/jpccr/154648

Pandita V, Ajıla V, Babu S, Hegde S. Oral leukoplakia: A review of clinical features and trends in management. Acta stomatologica Naissi [Internet]. Medicinski fakultet i Klinika za stomatologiju, Niš; 2022 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Aug];38(85):2417. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5937/asn2285417p

Cabrera OFG, Gerber‐Mora R, Tapia ROC. Leucoplasia oral como lesión potencialmente maligna a cáncer. Presentación de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura. Odontología [Internet]. 2025 Oct 2 [cited 2025 Oct];27:58. Available from: https://doi.org/10.29166/odontologia.vol27.n2.esp.2025-e8428

Waal I van der. Oral Leukoplakia: Diagnosis And Management Revisited. Journal of Dentistry Indonesia [Internet]. 2023 Aug 31 [cited 2025 Oct];30(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.14693/jdi.v30i2.1507

Kumari P, Debta P, Dixit A. Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Transformation Into Oral Cancer. Frontiers in Pharmacology [Internet]. Frontiers Media; 2022 Apr 20 [cited 2025 Oct];13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.825266

Trends in Infectious Diseases [Internet]. InTech eBooks. 2014 [cited 2025 Sep]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5772/57062

Pimenta-Barros LA, Ramos-García P, González-Moles MÁ, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Warnakulasuriya S. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: Systematic review and comprehensive meta- analysis. 2024.

Mustafa E, Parmar S, Praveen P. Premalignant Lesions and Conditions of the Oral Cavity. In 2021 [cited 2025 Oct]. p. 1845. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1346-6_80

Evren I, Brouns ER, Wils LJ, Poell JB, Peeters CFW, Brakenhoff RH, et al. Annual malignant transformation rate of oral leukoplakia remains consistent: A long-term follow-up study. Oral Oncology [Internet]. 2020 Oct 8 [cited 2025 Jul];110:105014. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105014

Abdulhussain MM, Muhsin AS. Clinical Review and Management of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders with Epithelial Dysplasia. Journal of Health and Medical Sciences [Internet]. 2021 Oct 10 [cited 2025 Apr];4(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1994.04.04.186

Zhang R, Gao T, Wang D. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for oral leukoplakia: a systematic review and meta- analysis of single-arm studies examining efficacy and subgroup analyses. 2023.

Zhang C, Li B, Zeng X, Hu XS, Hua H. The global prevalence of oral leukoplakia: a systematic review and meta-analysis from 1996 to 2022. BMC Oral Health [Internet]. BioMed Central; 2023 Sep 6 [cited 2025 Aug];23(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03342-y

Waal I van der. Oral potentially malignant disorders: Is malignant transformation predictable and preventable? Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal [Internet]. Medicina Oral S.L.; 2014 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Oct]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.20205

Larsen MK, Sørensen JA, Godballe C, Thygesen T. Oral leukoplakia : Diagnosis and treatment. Research Portal Denmark [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Jul];5(2):57. Available from: https://local.forskningsportal.dk/local/dki-cgi/ws/cris-link?src=sdu&id=sdu-f21416f3-3169-4eb4-b3a3-bc3a8b6985d9&ti=Oral%20leukoplakia%20%3A%20Diagnosis%20and%20treatment

Das NK, Kadir AKMS, Shemanto MU, Akhter E, Sharfaraz A, Tripura S, et al. Genetic Revelation of the Potentially Malignant Disorders in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region. In: IntechOpen eBooks [Internet]. IntechOpen; 2024 [cited 2025 Oct]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112697

Porto UN, Laureano NK, Santos NP, Rodrigues AZ, Ferri CA, Lima TB, et al. Leukoplakia and erythroplakia in youngers versus older individuals: a clinicopathological retrospective study. Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal [Internet]. 2024 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Sep]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.26659

Vlad R, Panainte I, Stoica A, Monea M. The Prevalence of Oral Leukoplakia: Results From a Romanian Medical Center. European Scientific Journal ESJ [Internet]. 2016 Sep 30 [cited 2025 Sep];12(27):12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n27p12

Rubert A, Bagán L, Sebastián JVB. Oral leukoplakia, a clinical-histopathological study in 412 patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Oct]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.57091

Eccles K, Carey B, Cook R, Escudier M, Freitas MD, Posse JL, et al. Oral potentially malignant disorders: advice on management in primary care. Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Oct];28(3):36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1051/mbcb/2022017

Monteiro L, Barbieri C, Warnakulasuriya S, Martins M, Salazar F, Pacheco J, et al. Type of surgical treatment and recurrence of oral leukoplakia: A retrospective clinical study. Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal [Internet]. 2017 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Oct];0. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.21645

Warnakulasuriya S. Oral potentially malignant disorders: A comprehensive review on clinical aspects and management. Oral Oncology [Internet]. Elsevier BV; 2020 Jan 22 [cited 2025 Nov];102:104550. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104550

Saade-Rodríguez MP, Guio-Gomez YD. Desordenes orales potencialmente malignos: factores de riesgo y expresión de p16 INK4a. IATREIA [Internet]. 2023 Dec 4 [cited 2025 Aug]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.243

Kshersagar J, Bedge P, Jagdale R, Toro Y, Sharma S, Joshi MG. A REVIEW ON CURRENT SCENARIO OF ORAL CANCER IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON MODERN DETECTION SYSTEMS AND BIOMARKERS. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics [Internet]. Innovare Academic Sciences; 2020 Oct 28 [cited 2025 Aug];1. Available from: https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s4.40098

Shaji J, Balakrishnan G, Halim N, Jayaraj L, Rumaisha R. Potentially -malignant disorders. Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research [Internet]. 2022 Aug 3 [cited 2025 Oct];14(2):44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15406/joentr.2022.14.00504

Yang S, Lee Y, Chang L, Yang C, Luo C, Wu P. Oral tongue leukoplakia: analysis of clinicopathological characteristics, treatment outcomes, and factors related to recurrence and malignant transformation. Clinical Oral Investigations [Internet]. 2021 Jan 7 [cited 2025 Oct];25(6):4045. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03735-1

Aggarwal N. “Leukoplakia- Potentially Malignant Disorder of Oral Cavity -a Review.” Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research [Internet]. 2018 May 29 [cited 2025 Sep];4(5). Available from: https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2018.04.0001126

Ai R, Yan T, Hao Y, Jiang L, Dan H, Ji N, et al. Microenvironmental regulation of the progression of oral potentially malignant disorders towards malignancy. Oncotarget [Internet]. Impact Journals LLC; 2017 Aug 17 [cited 2025 Oct];8(46):81617. Available from: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.20312

Sang Z, Zhang Y, Kao E, Zhu T, Yang JZ, Xu ZZ, et al. Decoding oral leukoplakia: microbiome dysbiosis and inflammatory dynamics unveiled in a rat model. Frontiers in Microbiology [Internet]. 2025 Oct 22 [cited 2025 Oct];16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1613165

Inchanalkar M, Srivatsa S, Ambatipudi S, Bhosale PG, Patil A, Schäffer AA, et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of HPV-negative leukoplakia and gingivobuccal complex cancers. Clinical Epigenetics [Internet]. 2023 May 27 [cited 2025 Oct];15(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-023-01510-z

Palma V de M, Laureano NK, Frank LA, Rados PV, Visioli F. Chemoprevention in oral leukoplakia: challenges and current landscape. Frontiers in Oral Health [Internet]. Frontiers Media; 2023 May 24 [cited 2025 Jul];4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/froh.2023.1191347

Tan Y, Wang Z, Xu M, Li B, Huang Z, Qin S, et al. Oral squamous cell carcinomas: state of the field and emerging directions. International Journal of Oral Science [Internet]. Springer Nature; 2023 Sep 22 [cited 2025 Oct];15(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-023-00249-w

Lorini L, Bescós C, Thavaraj S, Müller‐Richter U, Ferranti MA, Romero JP, et al. Overview of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: From Risk Factors to Specific Therapies. Cancers [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2021 Jul 23 [cited 2025 Aug];13(15):3696. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153696

Sundaresan S. Prevention, Detection and Management of Oral Cancer [Internet]. IntechOpen eBooks. IntechOpen; 2019 [cited 2025 Aug]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79314

Rajabzadeh M, Yagubova N, Öçbe M. CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC METHODS OF ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: A BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW. DergiPark (Istanbul University) [Internet]. 2024 Mar 26 [cited 2025 Sep]; Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jokohtu/issue/86896/1459281

Waal I van der. Oral Leukoplakia: Present Views on Diagnosis, Management, Communication with Patients, and Research. Current Oral Health Reports [Internet]. 2019 Jan 14 [cited 2025 Oct];6(1):9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40496-019-0204-8

Akbulut N, Altan A. Early Detection and Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer Patients. In: IntechOpen eBooks [Internet]. IntechOpen; 2019 [cited 2025 Aug]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81126

Alotaibi KZ, Kolarkodi SH. Effectiveness of adjunctive screening tools for potentially malignant oral disorders and oral cancer: A systematic review. The Saudi Dental Journal [Internet]. Elsevier BV; 2023 Oct 18 [cited 2025 Nov];36(1):28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.10.011