Tarımsal Kirlilik ve İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri
Özet
Tarımsal üretimde kimyasal gübreler ve pestisitlerin yoğun kullanımı, kısa vadede verim artışı ve gıda arzına katkı sağlarken; su, toprak, hava ve gıda zinciri üzerinden insan sağlığı açısından süreğen ve birikimli riskler yaratmaktadır. Bu bölümde tarımsal kirlilik; (i) su ve toprak kirliliği, (ii) gıda ürünlerinde pestisit ve gübre kökenli kalıntılar ve sağlık etkileri, (iii) mesleki maruziyet ve (iv) toplum düzeyinde kronik hastalık yükü eksenlerinde ele alınmaktadır. Azotlu gübrelerin neden olduğu nitrat kirliliği ve ötrofikasyon süreçleri, yeraltı ve yüzey suyu kalitesi ile ekosistem hizmetleri üzerindeki etkileri bağlamında tartışılmaktadır. Pestisitlerin akut toksik etkilerinin ötesinde, düşük doz–uzun süreli maruziyetlerin kanser, nörolojik ve nörogelişimsel bozukluklar, endokrin bozulma ve üreme sağlığı sorunlarıyla ilişkisine dair epidemiyolojik ve mekanistik kanıtlar özetlenmektedir. Çiftçiler ve tarım işçileri başta olmak üzere kırılgan toplulukların mesleki ve çevresel maruziyet nedeniyle orantısız risk altında bulunması, tarımsal kirliliğin sağlık eşitsizliklerini derinleştiren bir “yapısal belirleyici” niteliğine işaret etmektedir. Geleneksel risk değerlendirme yaklaşımlarının “tek kimyasal–tek etki” varsayımı, karışım maruziyetleri, kronik sonlanımlar ve sosyal–davranışsal belirleyiciler açısından sınırlılıklar taşımaktadır. Bu bölümde Tek Sağlık çerçevesinde; kimyasal girdi yönetiminin bilimsel rehberlerle sınırlandırılması, su ve gıda izleme sistemlerinin güçlendirilmesi, mesleki sağlık programlarının yaygınlaştırılması, karışım ve kronik maruziyete duyarlı risk değerlendirme metodolojilerinin geliştirilmesi ve agroekolojik/doğa-pozitif üretim modellerinin ölçeklenmesi yönünde politika önerileri sunulmaktadır.
The intensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural production increases yields and contributes to food supply in the short term, but creates persistent and cumulative risks to human health through water, soil, air, and the food chain. This section addresses agricultural pollution in terms of (i) water and soil pollution, (ii) pesticide and fertilizer residues in food products and their health effects, (iii) occupational exposure, and (iv) the burden of chronic disease at the community level. Nitrate pollution and eutrophication processes caused by nitrogen fertilizers are discussed in the context of their effects on groundwater and surface water quality and ecosystem services. Beyond the acute toxic effects of pesticides, epidemiological and mechanistic evidence linking low-dose, long-term exposure to cancer, neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders, endocrine disruption, and reproductive health problems is summarized. The disproportionate risk faced by vulnerable communities, particularly farmers and agricultural workers, due to occupational and environmental exposure points to agricultural pollution as a “structural determinant” that deepens health inequalities. The “single chemical–single effect” assumption of traditional risk assessment approaches has limitations in terms of mixture exposures, chronic outcomes, and social–behavioral determinants. Within the one health framework, we also present policy recommendations for limiting chemical input management with scientific guidelines, strengthening water and food monitoring systems, expanding occupational health programs, developing risk assessment methodologies sensitive to mixture and chronic exposure, and scaling agroecological/nature-positive production models.
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