Endometrial Kanser Tanı ve Tedavisinde Güncel Yaklaşımlar
Özet
Referanslar
Yılmaz E., Taşkıran Ç.,Endometrium Kanserleri.Günalp S (ed.) Yüce K (ed.) Temel Kadın Hastalıkları Ve Doğum Bilgisi içinde. Ankara:Güneş Tıp Kitabevleri;2014. p.811
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. (2021) 71:209–49.
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. (2015) 65:5–29.
Liang B, Tan J, Li J, Wang X, Li G, Li H, et al. Epidemiology, molecular typing, microbiome-immune interactions and treatment strategies of endometrial cancer: a review, Front Immunol. 2025;16:1595638. Doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1595638.
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2019. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2019 http://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2019/cancer-facts-and-figures-2019.pdf (Accessed on October 16, 2019).
Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, et al. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin 2025; 75:10.
Cancer stat facts: Uterine cancer. National Cancer Institute. Available at: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/corp.html (Accessed on June 01, 2022
Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium (E2C2). Available from: https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/e2c2/ Accessed October 10, 2019
Soliman PT, Oh JC, Schmeler KM, et al. Risk factors for young premenopausal women with endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:575-582.
Schmeler KM, Soliman PT, Sun CC, et al. Endometrial cancer in young, normal-weight women. Gynecol Oncol. 2005; 99:388-392.
Lanchance JA, Everett EN, Greer B, et al. The effect of age on clinical/pathologic features, surgical morbidity, and outcome in patients with endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 101:470-475
Grady D, Gebretsadik T, Kerlikowske K, Ernster V, Petitti D. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:304–313.
Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body‐mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008;371:569‐578. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60269-X
Kitson SJ, Crosbie EJ. Endometrial cancer and obesity. The Obstetrician and Gynaecologist. 2019;21:237‐245. doi: 10.1111/tog.12601
Seppälä TT, Latchford A, Negoi I, et al. European guidelines from the EHTG and ESCP for lynch syndrome: an updated third edition of the Mallorca guidelines based on gene and gender. Br J Surg. 2021;108:484‐498. doi: 10.1002/bjs.11902
Crosbie EJ, Ryan NAJ, Arends MJ, et al. The Manchester international consensus group recommendations for the management of gynecological cancers in lynch syndrome. Genet Med. 2019;21:2390‐2400. doi: 10.1038/s41436-019-0489-y
Riggs BL, Hartmann LC. Selective estrogen-receptor modulators -- mechanisms of action and application to clinical practice. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:618.
Mourits MJ, De Vries EG, Willemse PH, et al. Tamoxifen treatment and gynecologic side effects: a review. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97:855.
Schumer ST, Cannistra SA. Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:1180.
Zanagnolo V, Pasinetti B, Sartori E. Clinical review of 63 cases of sex cord stromal tumors. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2004; 25:431.
Berek & Hacker’s Gynecologic Oncology, 7th ed, Berek JS, Hacker NF (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2020.
Saed L, Varse F, Baradaran HR, Moradi Y, Khateri S, Friberg E, et al. The effect of diabetes on the risk of endometrial Cancer: an updated a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. (2019) 19:527. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-5748-4
Shikata K, Ninomiya T, Kiyohara Y. Diabetes mellitus and cancer risk: review of the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Sci. (2013) 104:9–14. doi: 10.1111/cas.2013.104.issue-1
Pliszka M, Szablewski L. Associations between diabetes mellitus and selected cancers. Int J Mol Sci. (2024) 25:7476. doi: 10.3390/ijms25137476
Yin W, Falconer H, Yin L, Xu L, Ye W. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and cancer risk. JAMA Oncol. (2019) 5:106–7. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5188
Fearnley EJ, Marquart L, Spurdle AB, Weinstein P, Webb PM, Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group and Australian National Endometrial Cancer Study Group . Polycystic ovary syndrome increases the risk of endometrial cancer in women aged less than 50 years: an Australian case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. (2010) 21:2303–8. doi: 10.1007/s10552-010-9658-7
Indhavivadhana S, Rattanachaiyanont M, Wongwananuruk T, Techatraisak K, Rayasawath N, Dangrat C. Endometrial neoplasia in reproductive-aged Thai women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. (2018) 142:170–5. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.2018.142.issue-2
Chittenden BG, Fullerton G, Maheshwari A, Bhattacharya S. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of gynaecological cancer: a systematic review. Reprod BioMed Online. (2009) 19:398–405. doi: 10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60175-7
Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies on Endometrial Cancer. Endometrial cancer and oral contraceptives: an individual participant meta-analysis of 27 276 women with endometrial cancer from 36 epidemiological studies. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:1061.
Iversen L, Sivasubramaniam S, Lee AJ, et al. Lifetime cancer risk and combined oral contraceptives: the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 216:580.e1.
Cullins VE. Noncontraceptive benefits and therapeutic uses of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. J Reprod Med 1996; 41:428.
Kaunitz AM. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception and the risk of breast and gynecologic cancer. J Reprod Med 1996; 41:419.
Soini T, Hurskainen R, Grénman S, et al. Cancer risk in women using the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in Finland. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124:292.
Jordan SJ, Na R, Johnatty SE, et al. Breastfeeding and Endometrial Cancer Risk: An Analysis From the Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 129:1059.
Zhou B, Yang L, Sun Q, et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2008; 121:501.
Minalt N, Caldwell A, Yedlicka GM, et al. Association between intrauterine device use and endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancer: an expert review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 229:93.
Seebacher V, Schmid M, Polterauer S, et al. The presence of postmenopausal bleeding as prognostic parameter in patients with endometrial cancer: a retrospective multi-center study. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:460.
Guidos BJ, Selvaggi SM. Detection of endometrial adenocarcinoma with the ThinPrep Pap test. Diagn Cytopathol 2000; 23:260.
Schorge JO, Hossein Saboorian M, Hynan L, Ashfaq R. ThinPrep detection of cervical and endometrial adenocarcinoma: a retrospective cohort study. Cancer 2002; 96:338.
Gu M, Shi W, Barakat RR, et al. Pap smears in women with endometrial carcinoma. Acta Cytol 2001; 45:555.
Desai VB, Wright JD, Gross CP, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of occult uterine cancer in presumed benign hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 221:39.e1.
Clarke MA, Long BJ, Del Mar Morillo A, Arbyn M, Bakkum‐Gamez JN, Wentzensen N. Association of Endometrial Cancer Risk with Postmenopausal Bleeding in women: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178:1210‐1222. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2820
Van Hanegem N, Prins MMC, Bongers MY, et al. The accuracy of endometrial sampling in women with postmenopausal bleeding: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;197:147‐155. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.12.008
National Cancer Institute. Cancer stat facts: Uterine cancer. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/corp.html (Accessed on February 26, 2025
Creutzberg CL, Kim JW, Eminowicz G, et al. Clinical research in endometrial cancer: consensus recommendations from the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup. Lancet Oncol 2024; 25:e420.
Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, et al. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin 2025; 75:10.
Referanslar
Yılmaz E., Taşkıran Ç.,Endometrium Kanserleri.Günalp S (ed.) Yüce K (ed.) Temel Kadın Hastalıkları Ve Doğum Bilgisi içinde. Ankara:Güneş Tıp Kitabevleri;2014. p.811
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. (2021) 71:209–49.
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. (2015) 65:5–29.
Liang B, Tan J, Li J, Wang X, Li G, Li H, et al. Epidemiology, molecular typing, microbiome-immune interactions and treatment strategies of endometrial cancer: a review, Front Immunol. 2025;16:1595638. Doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1595638.
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2019. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2019 http://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2019/cancer-facts-and-figures-2019.pdf (Accessed on October 16, 2019).
Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, et al. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin 2025; 75:10.
Cancer stat facts: Uterine cancer. National Cancer Institute. Available at: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/corp.html (Accessed on June 01, 2022
Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium (E2C2). Available from: https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/e2c2/ Accessed October 10, 2019
Soliman PT, Oh JC, Schmeler KM, et al. Risk factors for young premenopausal women with endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:575-582.
Schmeler KM, Soliman PT, Sun CC, et al. Endometrial cancer in young, normal-weight women. Gynecol Oncol. 2005; 99:388-392.
Lanchance JA, Everett EN, Greer B, et al. The effect of age on clinical/pathologic features, surgical morbidity, and outcome in patients with endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 101:470-475
Grady D, Gebretsadik T, Kerlikowske K, Ernster V, Petitti D. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:304–313.
Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body‐mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008;371:569‐578. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60269-X
Kitson SJ, Crosbie EJ. Endometrial cancer and obesity. The Obstetrician and Gynaecologist. 2019;21:237‐245. doi: 10.1111/tog.12601
Seppälä TT, Latchford A, Negoi I, et al. European guidelines from the EHTG and ESCP for lynch syndrome: an updated third edition of the Mallorca guidelines based on gene and gender. Br J Surg. 2021;108:484‐498. doi: 10.1002/bjs.11902
Crosbie EJ, Ryan NAJ, Arends MJ, et al. The Manchester international consensus group recommendations for the management of gynecological cancers in lynch syndrome. Genet Med. 2019;21:2390‐2400. doi: 10.1038/s41436-019-0489-y
Riggs BL, Hartmann LC. Selective estrogen-receptor modulators -- mechanisms of action and application to clinical practice. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:618.
Mourits MJ, De Vries EG, Willemse PH, et al. Tamoxifen treatment and gynecologic side effects: a review. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97:855.
Schumer ST, Cannistra SA. Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:1180.
Zanagnolo V, Pasinetti B, Sartori E. Clinical review of 63 cases of sex cord stromal tumors. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2004; 25:431.
Berek & Hacker’s Gynecologic Oncology, 7th ed, Berek JS, Hacker NF (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2020.
Saed L, Varse F, Baradaran HR, Moradi Y, Khateri S, Friberg E, et al. The effect of diabetes on the risk of endometrial Cancer: an updated a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. (2019) 19:527. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-5748-4
Shikata K, Ninomiya T, Kiyohara Y. Diabetes mellitus and cancer risk: review of the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Sci. (2013) 104:9–14. doi: 10.1111/cas.2013.104.issue-1
Pliszka M, Szablewski L. Associations between diabetes mellitus and selected cancers. Int J Mol Sci. (2024) 25:7476. doi: 10.3390/ijms25137476
Yin W, Falconer H, Yin L, Xu L, Ye W. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and cancer risk. JAMA Oncol. (2019) 5:106–7. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5188
Fearnley EJ, Marquart L, Spurdle AB, Weinstein P, Webb PM, Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group and Australian National Endometrial Cancer Study Group . Polycystic ovary syndrome increases the risk of endometrial cancer in women aged less than 50 years: an Australian case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. (2010) 21:2303–8. doi: 10.1007/s10552-010-9658-7
Indhavivadhana S, Rattanachaiyanont M, Wongwananuruk T, Techatraisak K, Rayasawath N, Dangrat C. Endometrial neoplasia in reproductive-aged Thai women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. (2018) 142:170–5. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.2018.142.issue-2
Chittenden BG, Fullerton G, Maheshwari A, Bhattacharya S. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of gynaecological cancer: a systematic review. Reprod BioMed Online. (2009) 19:398–405. doi: 10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60175-7
Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies on Endometrial Cancer. Endometrial cancer and oral contraceptives: an individual participant meta-analysis of 27 276 women with endometrial cancer from 36 epidemiological studies. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:1061.
Iversen L, Sivasubramaniam S, Lee AJ, et al. Lifetime cancer risk and combined oral contraceptives: the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 216:580.e1.
Cullins VE. Noncontraceptive benefits and therapeutic uses of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. J Reprod Med 1996; 41:428.
Kaunitz AM. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception and the risk of breast and gynecologic cancer. J Reprod Med 1996; 41:419.
Soini T, Hurskainen R, Grénman S, et al. Cancer risk in women using the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in Finland. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124:292.
Jordan SJ, Na R, Johnatty SE, et al. Breastfeeding and Endometrial Cancer Risk: An Analysis From the Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 129:1059.
Zhou B, Yang L, Sun Q, et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2008; 121:501.
Minalt N, Caldwell A, Yedlicka GM, et al. Association between intrauterine device use and endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancer: an expert review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 229:93.
Seebacher V, Schmid M, Polterauer S, et al. The presence of postmenopausal bleeding as prognostic parameter in patients with endometrial cancer: a retrospective multi-center study. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:460.
Guidos BJ, Selvaggi SM. Detection of endometrial adenocarcinoma with the ThinPrep Pap test. Diagn Cytopathol 2000; 23:260.
Schorge JO, Hossein Saboorian M, Hynan L, Ashfaq R. ThinPrep detection of cervical and endometrial adenocarcinoma: a retrospective cohort study. Cancer 2002; 96:338.
Gu M, Shi W, Barakat RR, et al. Pap smears in women with endometrial carcinoma. Acta Cytol 2001; 45:555.
Desai VB, Wright JD, Gross CP, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of occult uterine cancer in presumed benign hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 221:39.e1.
Clarke MA, Long BJ, Del Mar Morillo A, Arbyn M, Bakkum‐Gamez JN, Wentzensen N. Association of Endometrial Cancer Risk with Postmenopausal Bleeding in women: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178:1210‐1222. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2820
Van Hanegem N, Prins MMC, Bongers MY, et al. The accuracy of endometrial sampling in women with postmenopausal bleeding: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;197:147‐155. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.12.008
National Cancer Institute. Cancer stat facts: Uterine cancer. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/corp.html (Accessed on February 26, 2025
Creutzberg CL, Kim JW, Eminowicz G, et al. Clinical research in endometrial cancer: consensus recommendations from the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup. Lancet Oncol 2024; 25:e420.
Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, et al. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin 2025; 75:10.
