Antepartum ve Postpartum Kanamalarda Tanı, Yaklaşım ve Tedavi Yöntemleri

Tyagi P et al. Study of antepartum haemorrhage and its maternal and perinatal outcome.

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gyneco. Lucknow; 2016;5(11): 3972-3977.

http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20163873

WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division, Trends in Maternal Mortality: 2000 to 2023 WHO, Geneva; 2025; Maternal Mortality. [Online]

https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/maternal-mortality/

Lakshmipriya K, Vijayalakshmi V, Padmanaban S. A study of maternal and fetal outcome in Antepartum haemorrhage. International Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Rohini; 2019;3(1): 96-99. https://doi.org/10.33545/gynae.2019.v3.i1b.19

Charlotte B. Oguejiofor, et al. A Five-Year Review of Feto-Maternal Outcome of Antepartum Haemorrhage in a Tertiary Center. Int J Innov Res Med Sci. Nnewi; 2023;8(3): 96–101. doi:10.23958/ijirms/vol08-i03/1637.

Rao KP, Belogolovkin V, Yankowitz J. Abnormal Placentation: Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Management of Placenta Previa, Placenta Accreta, and Vasa Previa. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey CME Review Article. Tampa, FL; 2012;67(8).

Cresswell JA, Ronsmans C, Calvert C, et al. Prevalence of placenta praevia by world region: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health London; 2013;18: 712–724.

Jenabi E, Salimi Z, Bashirian S. The risk factors associated with placenta previa: An umbrella review. Placenta. Hamedan; 2022;117: 21-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2021.10.009

Jing L, Wei G, Mengfan S. Effect of site of placentation on pregnancy outcomes in patients with placenta previa. PLoS ONE. Shanghai; 2018;13(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0200252

Jain V, Bos H, Bujold E. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline No. 402: Diagnosis and Management of Placenta Previa. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. Edmonton, AB; 2020;47(7): 906-917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2019.07.019

Delli Pizzi A, Tavoletta A, Narciso R. Prenatal planning of placenta previa: diagnostic accuracy of a novel MRI based prediction model for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) and clinical outcome. Abdominal Radiology; Chieti; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-018-1882-8

Blackwell SC. Timing of Delivery for Women with Stable Placenta Previa. Seminars in Perinatology. Houston, TX; 2011;35(5): 249-251. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2011.05.004

Robinson BK, Grobman WA. Effectiveness of Timing Strategies for Delivery of Individuals With Placenta Previa and Accreta. Obstetrics & Gynecology. Chicago, IL; 2010;116(4): 835-842. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181f3588d

Eshkoli T, Weintraub AY, Sergienko R. Placenta accreta: risk factors, perinatal outcomes, and consequences for subsequent births. Am J Obstet Gynecol Beer Sheva; 2013;208-219.

Afshar Y, Ligumsky LK, Bartels HC. Biology and Pathophysiology of Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder, Narrative Review. Obstet Gynecol; Los Angeles; CA; 2025;145: 611–620. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005903

Bhide A. Routine screening for placenta accreta spectrum. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. London; 2023;90: 102392.

Skupski DW, Duzyj CM, Scholl J. Evaluation of classic and novel ultrasound signs of placenta accreta spectrum. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. New York, NY; 2022;59(4): 465-473. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.24804

Srisajjakul S, Prapaisilp P, Bangchokdee S. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Placenta Accreta Spectrum: A Step-by-Step Approach. Korean J Radiol Bangkok; 2021;22(2): 198-212. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.0580

Perlman NC, Little SE, Thomas A. Patient selection for later delivery timing with suspected previa-accreta. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Boston, MA; 2017;96(8): 1021-1028. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13140

M. Tikkanen. Placental abruption: epidemiology, risk factors and consequences. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Helsinki; 2011;90(2): 140-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2010.01030.x

Brandt JS, Ananth CV. Placental abruption at near-term and term gestations: pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. New Brunswick, NJ; 2023;1313-1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.06.059

Takeda J, Takeda S. Management of disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with placental abruption and measures to improve outcomes. Obstet Gynecol Sci. Tokyo; 2019;62(5): 299-306. https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2019.62.5.299

Ruiter L, Ravelli AJC, de Graaf IM. Incidence and recurrence rate of placental abruption: a longitudinal linked national cohort study in the Netherlands. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Amsterdam; 2015;213(4): 573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.019

Tsakiridis I, Mamopoulos A, Athanasiadis A. Diagnosis and Management of Vasa Previa: A Comparison of 4 National Guidelines. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. Thessaloniki; 2019;74(7): 436-442. DOI: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000692

Bell SF, Watkins A, John M. Incidence of postpartum haemorrhage defined by quantitative blood lossmeasurement: a national cohort. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. Cardiff; 2020;20(271). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-02971-3

Dupont C, Touzet S, Colin C. Incidence and management of postpartum haemorrhage following the dissemination of guidelines in a network of 16 maternity units in France. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia. Lyon; 2009;18(4); 320-327.

Ende HB, Lozada M, James DO. Risk Factors for Atonic Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology. Nashville, TN; 2021; 137(2):305-323. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004228

Drobotova AN, Filippova VV, Ovechko OY. Postpartum Bleeding: Definition, Diagnostic Approaches, and Management Protocols in Contemporary Research. Interdisciplinary Research in Medical Sciences Specialty. Rostov-on-Don; 2023;3(2):31-35.

Assis IC, Goveia CS, Miranda DB. Analysis of the efficacy of prophylactic tranexamic acid in preventing postpartum bleeding: systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology. Brasilia; 2023;73(4): 467-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2022.08.002

Said AA, Faraag E, Mohammed M. The safety and effectiveness of Bakri balloon in the management of postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. Cairo; 2021; 34(2), 300–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2019.1605349

Wang Y, Xiao C, Zhang N. Performance of Bakri balloon tamponade in controlling postpartum hemorrhage. Am J Transl Res. Wuhan; 2023;15(3): 2268–2279.

Gilmandyar D, Thornburg LL. Surgical management of postpartum hemorrhage. Seminars in Perinatology. South Orange, NJ; 2019;43(1): 27-34.

Podder AR, Seshadri JG. Traumatic Postpartum Hemorrhage: How to Avoid and How to Manage. Atlas of Difficult Gynecological Surgery. Singapore; 2019; 169-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8173-7_10

Edwards HM, Svare JA, Wikkelso AJ. The increasing role of a retained placenta in postpartum blood loss: a cohort study. Arch Gynecol Obstet, Herlev; 2019;299: 733-740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-019-05066-3

Smorgick N, Barel O, Fuchs N. Hysteroscopic management of retained products of conception: meta-analysis and literature review.European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. Zerefin; 2014;173: 19-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.11.020

Munoz M, Stensballe J, Ducloy-Bouthors AS. Patient blood management in obstetrics: prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. A NATA consensus statement. Blood Transfus. Malaga; 2019;17(2): 112-136. doi: 10.2450/2019.0245-18.

McLintock C. Prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: focus on hematological aspects of management. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. Auckland;2020;(1): 542–546. https://doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2020000139

Jansen AJ, van Rhenen DJ, Steegers EA. Postpartum Hemorrhage and Transfusion of Blood and Blood Components. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. Rotterdam; 2005;60(10): 663-671. DOI: 10.1097/01.ogx.0000180909.31293.cf

Agrawal S, Smith M, Berg R. Serum Lactate Level as a Predictor for Blood Transfusion in Postpartum Hemorrhage. Am J Perinatol. New York, NY; 2023;40(16): 1798-1802. DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740009

Kowalczyk JJ, Farber MK, Butt AL.Fibrinogen Replacement during Postpartum Hemorrhage: Comparing Plasma, Cryoprecipitate, and Fibrinogen Concentrate. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. Boston, MA;2025;15(39). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40140-024-00663-8

Novak A, Stanworth SJ, Curry, N. Do we still need cryoprecipitate? Cryoprecipitate and fibrinogen concentrate as treatments for major hemorrhage - how do they compare? Expert Review of Hematology. Oxford;2018;11(5): 351–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474086.2018.1458610

Debost-Legrand A, Riviere O; Dossou M. Risk Factors for Severe Secondary Postpartum Hemorrhages: A Historical Cohort Study. Birth. Clermont-Ferrand; 2015;42(3): 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12175

Kelly SM, Belli AM, Campbell S. Arteriovenous malformation of the uterus associated with secondary postpartum hemorrhage. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. London; 2003;21(6): 602-605. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.148

Salmeri N, Papale M, Montresor C. Uterine arteriovenous malformation (UAVM) as a rare cause of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH): a literature review. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Milan; 2022; 306: 1873-1884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-022-06498-0

Tyagi P et al. Study of antepartum haemorrhage and its maternal and perinatal outcome.

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gyneco. Lucknow; 2016;5(11): 3972-3977.

http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20163873

WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division, Trends in Maternal Mortality: 2000 to 2023 WHO, Geneva; 2025; Maternal Mortality. [Online]

https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/maternal-mortality/

Lakshmipriya K, Vijayalakshmi V, Padmanaban S. A study of maternal and fetal outcome in Antepartum haemorrhage. International Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Rohini; 2019;3(1): 96-99. https://doi.org/10.33545/gynae.2019.v3.i1b.19

Charlotte B. Oguejiofor, et al. A Five-Year Review of Feto-Maternal Outcome of Antepartum Haemorrhage in a Tertiary Center. Int J Innov Res Med Sci. Nnewi; 2023;8(3): 96–101. doi:10.23958/ijirms/vol08-i03/1637.

Rao KP, Belogolovkin V, Yankowitz J. Abnormal Placentation: Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Management of Placenta Previa, Placenta Accreta, and Vasa Previa. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey CME Review Article. Tampa, FL; 2012;67(8).

Cresswell JA, Ronsmans C, Calvert C, et al. Prevalence of placenta praevia by world region: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health London; 2013;18: 712–724.

Jenabi E, Salimi Z, Bashirian S. The risk factors associated with placenta previa: An umbrella review. Placenta. Hamedan; 2022;117: 21-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2021.10.009

Jing L, Wei G, Mengfan S. Effect of site of placentation on pregnancy outcomes in patients with placenta previa. PLoS ONE. Shanghai; 2018;13(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0200252

Jain V, Bos H, Bujold E. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline No. 402: Diagnosis and Management of Placenta Previa. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. Edmonton, AB; 2020;47(7): 906-917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2019.07.019

Delli Pizzi A, Tavoletta A, Narciso R. Prenatal planning of placenta previa: diagnostic accuracy of a novel MRI based prediction model for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) and clinical outcome. Abdominal Radiology; Chieti; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-018-1882-8

Blackwell SC. Timing of Delivery for Women with Stable Placenta Previa. Seminars in Perinatology. Houston, TX; 2011;35(5): 249-251. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2011.05.004

Robinson BK, Grobman WA. Effectiveness of Timing Strategies for Delivery of Individuals With Placenta Previa and Accreta. Obstetrics & Gynecology. Chicago, IL; 2010;116(4): 835-842. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181f3588d

Eshkoli T, Weintraub AY, Sergienko R. Placenta accreta: risk factors, perinatal outcomes, and consequences for subsequent births. Am J Obstet Gynecol Beer Sheva; 2013;208-219.

Afshar Y, Ligumsky LK, Bartels HC. Biology and Pathophysiology of Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder, Narrative Review. Obstet Gynecol; Los Angeles; CA; 2025;145: 611–620. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005903

Bhide A. Routine screening for placenta accreta spectrum. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. London; 2023;90: 102392.

Skupski DW, Duzyj CM, Scholl J. Evaluation of classic and novel ultrasound signs of placenta accreta spectrum. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. New York, NY; 2022;59(4): 465-473. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.24804

Srisajjakul S, Prapaisilp P, Bangchokdee S. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Placenta Accreta Spectrum: A Step-by-Step Approach. Korean J Radiol Bangkok; 2021;22(2): 198-212. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.0580

Perlman NC, Little SE, Thomas A. Patient selection for later delivery timing with suspected previa-accreta. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Boston, MA; 2017;96(8): 1021-1028. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13140

M. Tikkanen. Placental abruption: epidemiology, risk factors and consequences. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Helsinki; 2011;90(2): 140-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2010.01030.x

Brandt JS, Ananth CV. Placental abruption at near-term and term gestations: pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. New Brunswick, NJ; 2023;1313-1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.06.059

Takeda J, Takeda S. Management of disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with placental abruption and measures to improve outcomes. Obstet Gynecol Sci. Tokyo; 2019;62(5): 299-306. https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2019.62.5.299

Ruiter L, Ravelli AJC, de Graaf IM. Incidence and recurrence rate of placental abruption: a longitudinal linked national cohort study in the Netherlands. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Amsterdam; 2015;213(4): 573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.019

Tsakiridis I, Mamopoulos A, Athanasiadis A. Diagnosis and Management of Vasa Previa: A Comparison of 4 National Guidelines. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. Thessaloniki; 2019;74(7): 436-442. DOI: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000692

Bell SF, Watkins A, John M. Incidence of postpartum haemorrhage defined by quantitative blood lossmeasurement: a national cohort. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. Cardiff; 2020;20(271). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-02971-3

Dupont C, Touzet S, Colin C. Incidence and management of postpartum haemorrhage following the dissemination of guidelines in a network of 16 maternity units in France. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia. Lyon; 2009;18(4); 320-327.

Ende HB, Lozada M, James DO. Risk Factors for Atonic Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology. Nashville, TN; 2021; 137(2):305-323. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004228

Drobotova AN, Filippova VV, Ovechko OY. Postpartum Bleeding: Definition, Diagnostic Approaches, and Management Protocols in Contemporary Research. Interdisciplinary Research in Medical Sciences Specialty. Rostov-on-Don; 2023;3(2):31-35.

Assis IC, Goveia CS, Miranda DB. Analysis of the efficacy of prophylactic tranexamic acid in preventing postpartum bleeding: systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology. Brasilia; 2023;73(4): 467-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2022.08.002

Said AA, Faraag E, Mohammed M. The safety and effectiveness of Bakri balloon in the management of postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. Cairo; 2021; 34(2), 300–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2019.1605349

Wang Y, Xiao C, Zhang N. Performance of Bakri balloon tamponade in controlling postpartum hemorrhage. Am J Transl Res. Wuhan; 2023;15(3): 2268–2279.

Gilmandyar D, Thornburg LL. Surgical management of postpartum hemorrhage. Seminars in Perinatology. South Orange, NJ; 2019;43(1): 27-34.

Podder AR, Seshadri JG. Traumatic Postpartum Hemorrhage: How to Avoid and How to Manage. Atlas of Difficult Gynecological Surgery. Singapore; 2019; 169-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8173-7_10

Edwards HM, Svare JA, Wikkelso AJ. The increasing role of a retained placenta in postpartum blood loss: a cohort study. Arch Gynecol Obstet, Herlev; 2019;299: 733-740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-019-05066-3

Smorgick N, Barel O, Fuchs N. Hysteroscopic management of retained products of conception: meta-analysis and literature review.European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. Zerefin; 2014;173: 19-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.11.020

Munoz M, Stensballe J, Ducloy-Bouthors AS. Patient blood management in obstetrics: prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. A NATA consensus statement. Blood Transfus. Malaga; 2019;17(2): 112-136. doi: 10.2450/2019.0245-18.

McLintock C. Prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: focus on hematological aspects of management. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. Auckland;2020;(1): 542–546. https://doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2020000139

Jansen AJ, van Rhenen DJ, Steegers EA. Postpartum Hemorrhage and Transfusion of Blood and Blood Components. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. Rotterdam; 2005;60(10): 663-671. DOI: 10.1097/01.ogx.0000180909.31293.cf

Agrawal S, Smith M, Berg R. Serum Lactate Level as a Predictor for Blood Transfusion in Postpartum Hemorrhage. Am J Perinatol. New York, NY; 2023;40(16): 1798-1802. DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740009

Kowalczyk JJ, Farber MK, Butt AL.Fibrinogen Replacement during Postpartum Hemorrhage: Comparing Plasma, Cryoprecipitate, and Fibrinogen Concentrate. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. Boston, MA;2025;15(39). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40140-024-00663-8

Novak A, Stanworth SJ, Curry, N. Do we still need cryoprecipitate? Cryoprecipitate and fibrinogen concentrate as treatments for major hemorrhage - how do they compare? Expert Review of Hematology. Oxford;2018;11(5): 351–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474086.2018.1458610

Debost-Legrand A, Riviere O; Dossou M. Risk Factors for Severe Secondary Postpartum Hemorrhages: A Historical Cohort Study. Birth. Clermont-Ferrand; 2015;42(3): 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12175

Kelly SM, Belli AM, Campbell S. Arteriovenous malformation of the uterus associated with secondary postpartum hemorrhage. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. London; 2003;21(6): 602-605. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.148

Salmeri N, Papale M, Montresor C. Uterine arteriovenous malformation (UAVM) as a rare cause of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH): a literature review. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Milan; 2022; 306: 1873-1884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-022-06498-0