Masaj Terapisinin Cerrahi Bakımda Kullanımı
Özet
Masaj terapisi, dokuların sistematik ve amaçlı manipülasyonu yoluyla fizyolojik, nörofizyolojik ve psikososyal süreçleri modüle eden, cerrahi bakımda giderek önem kazanan geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp uygulamasıdır. Cerrahi bakımda masaj, otonom sinir sistemi yanıtını düzenleyerek anksiyeteyi azaltmakta; periferal ve merkezi ağrı mekanizmalarını modüle ederek analjezi sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca dolaşımın, lenfatik drenajın ve doku oksijenlenmesinin artırılması yoluyla iyileşme fizyolojisini desteklemekte; kas-iskelet gerginliklerini azaltarak mobilitenin yeniden kazanılmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Ameliyat öncesi dönemde masaj hemodinamik stabiliteyi güçlendirmekte ve psikolojik hazırlığı iyileştirmekte; ameliyat sonrası dönemde ise ağrı kontrolünü, gastrointestinal ve solunum fonksiyonlarını, uyku kalitesini ve genel iyilik halini desteklemektedir. Bu bölüm, masaj terapisinin cerrahi bakım sürecindeki çok boyutlu etkilerini; fizyolojik mekanizmalarını, klinik uygulama ilkelerini ve masaj uygulamasında cerrahi hemşiresinin profesyonel rollerini kapsamlı bir çerçevede ele almaktadır.
Massage therapy is a traditional and complementary medical practice that is gaining increasing importance in surgical care, modulating physiological, neurophysiological, and psychosocial processes through the systematic and purposeful manipulation of tissues. In surgical care, massage reduces anxiety by regulating the autonomic nervous system response and provides analgesia by modulating peripheral and central pain mechanisms. Furthermore, it supports healing physiology by improving circulation, lymphatic drainage, and tissue oxygenation, and contributes to the recovery of mobility by reducing musculoskeletal tension. During the preoperative period, massage enhances hemodynamic stability and improves psychological readiness; in the postoperative period, it supports pain control, gastrointestinal and respiratory function, sleep quality, and overall well-being. This chapter examines the effects of massage therapy on surgical care, including physiological mechanisms, clinical principles, and nurses' roles.
Referanslar
Desborough JP. The stress response to trauma and surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia. Oxford University Press; 2000;85(1):109-117.
Bakker-Bons M, Hijmering RM, Soer R, et al. The association between preoperative anxiety and chronic post-surgical pain after general anaesthesia, a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJA Open. 2025;16:100487. doi:10.1016/j.bjao.2025.100487
Kehlet H, Dahl JB. Anaesthesia, surgery, and challenges in postoperative recovery. The Lancet. 2003;362(9399):1921-1928. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14966-5
Cutshall SM, Wentworth LJ, Engen D, et al. Effect of massage therapy on pain, anxiety, and tension in cardiac surgical patients: a pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2010;16(2):92-95. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.10.006
Field T. Massage therapy research review. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2016;24:19-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.04.005
Büyükyılmaz F, Aştı T. The effect of relaxation techniques and back massage on pain and anxiety in Turkish total hip or knee arthroplasty patients. Pain Management Nursing. 2013;14(3):143–154. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2010.11.001
Cole JS, Olson AD, Dupont-Versteegden EE. The effects of massage therapy in decreasing pain and anxiety in post-surgical patients with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health. 2024;13:27536130241245099. doi: 10.1177/27536130241245099
Weerapong P, Hume PA, Kolt GS. The mechanisms of massage and effects on performance, muscle recovery and injury prevention. Sports Medicine. 2005;35(3):235–256. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535030-00004
Dakić M, Toskić L, Ilić V, et al. The effects of massage therapy on sport and exercise performance: a systematic review. Sports. 2023;11(6):110. doi: 10.3390/sports11060110
Moraska A, Pollini RA, Boulanger K, et al. Physiological adjustments to stress measures following massage therapy: A review of the literature. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2008;7(4):409–418. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nen029
Micozzi M. Fundamentals of complementary and alternative medicine. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2015.
Wood EC. Beards’s massage: Principles and techniques. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1974.
De Domenico G. Beard’s massage: Principles and practice of soft tissue manipulation. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2007.
Beck MF. Theory and practice of therapeutic massage. 5th ed. Clifton Park, NY: Milady; 2010.
Calvert RN. The history of massage: An illustrated survey from around the world. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press; 2002.
Federation of Massage Therapy Regulatory Authorities of Canada. About FOMTRAC. Available from: http://www.fomtrac.ca/about/ (Accessed 14th August 2025).
Liu C, Chen X, Wu S. The effect of massage therapy on pain after surgery: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2022;71:102892. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102892
Yüksel İ. Masaj teknikleri. 4. baskı. Ankara: Hipokrat Kitabevi; 2017.
Liu SL, Zhang L, Zhang Y, et al. Recent advances in massage therapy: A review. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2015;19(19):3843–3849.
Van Pelt DW, Lawrence MM, Miller BF, et al. Massage as a mechanotherapy for skeletal muscle. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2021;49(2):107–114. doi: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000244
Paul A, Usman J, Ahmad MY, et al. Health efficacy of electrically operated automated massage on muscle properties, peripheral circulation, and physio-psychological variables: A narrative review. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing. 2021;2021(1):80. doi: 10.1186/s13634-022-00934-8
Fritz S. Mosby’s fundamentals of therapeutic massage. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2009.
Küçükaydınoğlu S, Turan N. The effect of abdominal massage applied after surgery on gastrointestinal symptoms and comfort level. Perioperative Medicine. 2025;14(1):84. doi: 10.1186/s13741-025-00560-6
Fritz S. Mosby’s Fundamentals of therapeutic massage. 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2013.
Salvo S. Massage therapy: Principles and practice. 5th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016.
Van Pelt DW, Lawrence MM, Miller BF, et al. Massage as a mechanotherapy for skeletal muscle. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2021;49(2):107–114. doi: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000244
Barnes MF. The basic science of myofascial release: morphologic change in connective tissue. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 1997;1(4):231-238.
Moraska A. Sports massage. A comprehensive review. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2005;45(3):370–380.
Bingölbali Ö, Taşkaya C, Alkan H, et al. The effectiveness of deep tissue massage on pain, trigger point, disability, range of motion and quality of life in individuals with myofascial pain syndrome. Somatosensory & Motor Research. 2024;41(1):11–17.
American Massage Therapy Association (AMTA). Massage therapy contraindications. Available from: https://www.amtamassage.org/publications/massage-therapy-journal/massage-and-contraindications/ (Accessed 29th September 2025).
Khan S, Arsh A, Khan S, et al. Deep transverse friction massage in the management of adhesive capsulitis: A systematic review. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2024;40(3Part-II):526. doi: 10.12669/pjms.40.3.7218
Çalışkan OO, Çıtaker S. Plantar fasiit’te transvers friksiyon masajının etkinliğinin incelenmesi – pilot çalışma. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;7(1):32–42. doi: 10.52881/gsbdergi.1036188
Putra IPM, Nugraha MHS, Tianing NW. Combined deep transverse friction and muscle energy technique on mechanical neck pain: Article review. Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia. Indonesian 2020;1(1):17–22. doi: 10.51559/ptji.v1i1.5
Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Price DD, et al. The mechanisms of manual therapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain: A comprehensive model. Manual Therapy. 2009;14(5):531–538. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2008.09.001
Weerapong P, Hume PA, Kolt GS. The mechanisms of massage and effects on performance, muscle recovery and injury prevention. Sports Medicine. 2005;35(3):235–256. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535030-00004
Moraska AF, Hickner RC, Kohrt WM, et al. Changes in blood flow and cellular metabolism at a myofascial trigger point with trigger point release (ischemic compression): A proof-of-principle pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2013;94(1):196–200. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.08.216
Dommerholt J, de las Penas CF. Trigger point dry needling. St. Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
Cagnie B, Dewitte V, Barbe T, et al. Physiologic effects of dry needling. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2013;17(8):348. doi: 10.1007/s11916-013-0348-5
Müggenborg F, de Castro Carletti EM, Dennett L, et al. Effectiveness of manual trigger point therapy in patients with myofascial trigger points in the orofacial region – a systematic review. Life. 2023;13(2):336(1-28). doi: 10.3390/life13020336
Földi M, Földi E, Strößenreuther C, et al. Földi’s textbook of lymphology: For physicians and lymphedema therapists. Munich: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.
Ezzo J, Manheimer E, McNeely ML, et al. Manual lymphatic drainage for lymphedema following breast cancer treatment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(5):1-52. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003475.pub2
Sefton JM. Massage therapy research. In: Salvo S (ed.) Massage therapy: principles and practice. 7th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2022.
Pichonnaz C, Bassin JP, Lécureux E, et al. Effect of manual lymphatic drainage after total knee arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2016;97(5):674–682. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.01.006
Sahni S, Fares JE, Jordan H. Manual therapy in post-operative knee management: A systematic review of effects on pain in total knee replacement (TKR) patients. Cureus. 2025;17(9):e92734. doi: 10.7759/cureus.92734
Ajimsha MS, Al-Mudahka NR, Al-Madzhar JA. Effectiveness of myofascial release: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2015;19(1):102–112. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.06.001
Behm D. The science and physiology of flexibility and stretching: ımplications and applications in sport performance and health. London: Routledge; 2025.
Cheatham SW, Kolber MJ, Cain M, et al. The effects of self-myofascial release using a foam roll or roller massager on joint range of motion, muscle recovery, and performance: A systematic review. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2015;10(6):827-838.
Cheatham SW, Baker RT, Behm DG, et al. Mechanical percussion devices: A survey of practice patterns among healthcare professionals. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2021;16(3):766-777. doi: 10.26603/001c.23530
Abdelhalim NM, Samhan AF. Influences of intermittent pneumatic compression therapy on edema and postoperative patient satisfaction after lipoabdominoplasty. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2021;45(4):1667-1674. doi: 10.1007/s00266-021-02272-w
Pawlaczyk K, Gabriel M, Urbanek T, et al. Effects of intermittent pneumatic compression on reduction of postoperative lower extremity edema and normalization of foot microcirculation flow in patients undergoing arterial revascularization. Medical Science Monitor. 2015;21:3986-3993. doi: 10.12659/MSM.895229
Carnevale Pellino V, Gatti A, Vandoni M, et al. Pneumatic compression combined with standard treatment after total hip arthroplasty and its effects on edema of the operated limb and on physical outcomes: A pilot clinical randomized controlled study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023;12(12):4164. doi: 10.3390/jcm12124164
Tham LM, Lee HP, Lu C. Cupping: From a biomechanical perspective. Journal of Biomechanics. 2006;39(12):2183-2193. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.06.027
Lo V, Cullen C. Medieval chinese medicine. London: Routledge Curzon; 2005.
Fang L, Fang M. Research progress on the standardization of Chinese Tuina therapy: A short review. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2013;19(1):68-72. doi: 10.1007/s11655-011-0755-6
Robinson N, Lorenc A, Liao X. The evidence for Shiatsu: A systematic review of Shiatsu and acupressure. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011;11(1):88. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-88
Cardim JM, Braga BP, Santos DM, et al. The benefits of Shiatsu for a holistic approach to health: A systematic review. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research. 2023;35(23):238-257. doi: 10.9734/jammr/2023/v35i235298
Buttagat V, Eungpinichpong W, Chatchawan U, et al. The immediate effects of traditional Thai massage on heart rate variability and stress-related parameters in patients with back pain associated with myofascial trigger points. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2011;15(1):15-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.06.005
Reddy MY, Nguyen SA. Integrative therapies. In: Trinh NH, Ahmed I, Bhugra D.(Eds.) Mental health in older people across cultures. London: Oxford University Press; 2024.
Rich GJ. Massage therapy: Significance and relevance to professional practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2010;41(4):325-332. doi: 10.1037/a0020161
Field T, Ironson G, Scafidi F, et al. Massage therapy reduces anxiety and enhances EEG pattern of alertness and math computations. International Journal of Neuroscience. 1996;86(3-4):197–205. doi: 10.3109/00207459608986710
Rapaport MH, Schettler P, Bresee C. A preliminary study of the effects of a single session of Swedish massage on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and immune function in normal individuals. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2010;16(10):1079-1088. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0634
Morhenn V, Beavin LE, Zak PJ. Massage increases oxytocin and reduces adrenocorticotropin hormone in humans. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2012;18(6):11-18.
Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Diego M, et al. Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy. International Journal of Neuroscience. 2005;115(10):1397-1413. doi: 10.1080/00207450590956459
McGlone F, Wessberg J, Olausson H. Discriminative and affective touch: Sensing and feeling. Neuron. 2014;82(4):737-755. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.001
Uvnäs-Moberg K, Handlin L, Petersson M. Self-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015;5:116675. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01529
Tochikubo O, Ri S, Kura N. Effects of pulse-synchronized massage with air cuffs on peripheral blood flow and autonomic nervous system. Circulation Journal. 2006;70(9):1159-1163. doi: 10.1253/circj.70.1159
Kaye AD, Kaye AJ, Swinford J, et al. The effect of deep-tissue massage therapy on blood pressure and heart rate. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2008;14(2):125-128. doi: 10.1089/acm.2007.0665
Fazeli MS, Pourrahmat MM, Massah G, et al. The effect of massage on the cardiac autonomic nervous system and markers of inflammation in night shift workers: A pilot randomized crossover trial. International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork. 2020;13(3):6-13.
Kumar AS, Lahari AKS, Maruthy KN, et al. Effects of therapeutic calf massage on cardiac autonomic function in healthy volunteers — a pilot study. International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork. 2023;16(1):24-30. doi: 10.3822/ijtmb.v15i1.725
Peng S, Ying B, Chen Y, et al. Effects of massage on the anxiety of patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention. Psychiatria Danubina. 2015;27(1):49-56.
Farahani MF, Zamenjani MN, Nasiri M, et al. Effects of extremity massage on preoperative anxiety: A three-arm randomized controlled clinical trial on phacoemulsification candidates. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing. 2020;35(3):277-282. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2019.10.010
Liu C, Chen X, Wu S. The effect of massage therapy on pain after surgery: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2022;71:102892. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102892
Kukimoto Y, Ooe N, Ideguchi N. The effects of massage therapy on pain and anxiety after surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Management Nursing. 2017;18(6):378-390. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2017.09.001
Ramesh C, Pai VB, Patil N, et al. Effectiveness of massage therapy on post-operative outcomes among patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2015;2(3):304-312. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2015.07.006
Skubisz Z, Kupczyk D, Goch A, et al. Influence of classical massage on biochemical markers of oxidative stress in humans: Pilot study. BioMed Research International. 2021;2021(1):6647250. doi: 10.1155/2021/6647250
Mitchinson AR, Kim HM, Rosenberg JM, et al. Acute postoperative pain management using massage as an adjuvant therapy: A randomized trial. Archives of Surgery. 2007;142(12):1158-1167. doi:10.1001/archsurg.142.12.1158
Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Survey of Anesthesiology. 1967;11(2):89–90.
Field T. Massage therapy research review. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2016;24:19-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.04.005
Dion L, Rodgers N, Cutshall SM, et al. Effect of massage on pain management for thoracic surgery patients. International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork. 2011;4(2):2-9. doi: 10.3822/ijtmb.v4i2.100
Zhu B, Tang C, Zhou X, et al. Effects of traditional Chinese medicine massage therapy on pain, functional activity, muscle activation patterns and proprioception in knee osteoarthritis: A randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open. 2024;14(12):e081771. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081771
Clay JH. Basic clinical massage therapy: ıntegrating anatomy and treatment. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
MD Anderson Cancer Center. Scar massage after cancer treatment: 6 things to know. Available from: https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/scar-massage-after-cancer-treatment--6-things-to-know.h00-159702279.html (Accessed 11th September 2025).
Snyder M, Lindquist R. Complementary & alternative therapies in nursing. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2010.
Cassileth BR, Vickers AJ. Massage therapy for symptom control: Outcome study at a major cancer center. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2004;28(3):244-249. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2003.12.016
Cong Z, Tai Y, Gao T, et al. The effect of therapeutic massage on patients with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2024; 4;10(7):e28791. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28791
Potter PA, Perry AG. Fundamentals of nursing. Vol. 3. St. Louis: Mosby; 2005.
Brunner LS. Brunner & suddarth’s textbook of medical-surgical nursing. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2010.
Referanslar
Desborough JP. The stress response to trauma and surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia. Oxford University Press; 2000;85(1):109-117.
Bakker-Bons M, Hijmering RM, Soer R, et al. The association between preoperative anxiety and chronic post-surgical pain after general anaesthesia, a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJA Open. 2025;16:100487. doi:10.1016/j.bjao.2025.100487
Kehlet H, Dahl JB. Anaesthesia, surgery, and challenges in postoperative recovery. The Lancet. 2003;362(9399):1921-1928. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14966-5
Cutshall SM, Wentworth LJ, Engen D, et al. Effect of massage therapy on pain, anxiety, and tension in cardiac surgical patients: a pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2010;16(2):92-95. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.10.006
Field T. Massage therapy research review. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2016;24:19-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.04.005
Büyükyılmaz F, Aştı T. The effect of relaxation techniques and back massage on pain and anxiety in Turkish total hip or knee arthroplasty patients. Pain Management Nursing. 2013;14(3):143–154. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2010.11.001
Cole JS, Olson AD, Dupont-Versteegden EE. The effects of massage therapy in decreasing pain and anxiety in post-surgical patients with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health. 2024;13:27536130241245099. doi: 10.1177/27536130241245099
Weerapong P, Hume PA, Kolt GS. The mechanisms of massage and effects on performance, muscle recovery and injury prevention. Sports Medicine. 2005;35(3):235–256. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535030-00004
Dakić M, Toskić L, Ilić V, et al. The effects of massage therapy on sport and exercise performance: a systematic review. Sports. 2023;11(6):110. doi: 10.3390/sports11060110
Moraska A, Pollini RA, Boulanger K, et al. Physiological adjustments to stress measures following massage therapy: A review of the literature. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2008;7(4):409–418. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nen029
Micozzi M. Fundamentals of complementary and alternative medicine. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2015.
Wood EC. Beards’s massage: Principles and techniques. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1974.
De Domenico G. Beard’s massage: Principles and practice of soft tissue manipulation. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2007.
Beck MF. Theory and practice of therapeutic massage. 5th ed. Clifton Park, NY: Milady; 2010.
Calvert RN. The history of massage: An illustrated survey from around the world. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press; 2002.
Federation of Massage Therapy Regulatory Authorities of Canada. About FOMTRAC. Available from: http://www.fomtrac.ca/about/ (Accessed 14th August 2025).
Liu C, Chen X, Wu S. The effect of massage therapy on pain after surgery: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2022;71:102892. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102892
Yüksel İ. Masaj teknikleri. 4. baskı. Ankara: Hipokrat Kitabevi; 2017.
Liu SL, Zhang L, Zhang Y, et al. Recent advances in massage therapy: A review. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2015;19(19):3843–3849.
Van Pelt DW, Lawrence MM, Miller BF, et al. Massage as a mechanotherapy for skeletal muscle. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2021;49(2):107–114. doi: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000244
Paul A, Usman J, Ahmad MY, et al. Health efficacy of electrically operated automated massage on muscle properties, peripheral circulation, and physio-psychological variables: A narrative review. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing. 2021;2021(1):80. doi: 10.1186/s13634-022-00934-8
Fritz S. Mosby’s fundamentals of therapeutic massage. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2009.
Küçükaydınoğlu S, Turan N. The effect of abdominal massage applied after surgery on gastrointestinal symptoms and comfort level. Perioperative Medicine. 2025;14(1):84. doi: 10.1186/s13741-025-00560-6
Fritz S. Mosby’s Fundamentals of therapeutic massage. 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2013.
Salvo S. Massage therapy: Principles and practice. 5th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016.
Van Pelt DW, Lawrence MM, Miller BF, et al. Massage as a mechanotherapy for skeletal muscle. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2021;49(2):107–114. doi: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000244
Barnes MF. The basic science of myofascial release: morphologic change in connective tissue. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 1997;1(4):231-238.
Moraska A. Sports massage. A comprehensive review. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2005;45(3):370–380.
Bingölbali Ö, Taşkaya C, Alkan H, et al. The effectiveness of deep tissue massage on pain, trigger point, disability, range of motion and quality of life in individuals with myofascial pain syndrome. Somatosensory & Motor Research. 2024;41(1):11–17.
American Massage Therapy Association (AMTA). Massage therapy contraindications. Available from: https://www.amtamassage.org/publications/massage-therapy-journal/massage-and-contraindications/ (Accessed 29th September 2025).
Khan S, Arsh A, Khan S, et al. Deep transverse friction massage in the management of adhesive capsulitis: A systematic review. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2024;40(3Part-II):526. doi: 10.12669/pjms.40.3.7218
Çalışkan OO, Çıtaker S. Plantar fasiit’te transvers friksiyon masajının etkinliğinin incelenmesi – pilot çalışma. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;7(1):32–42. doi: 10.52881/gsbdergi.1036188
Putra IPM, Nugraha MHS, Tianing NW. Combined deep transverse friction and muscle energy technique on mechanical neck pain: Article review. Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia. Indonesian 2020;1(1):17–22. doi: 10.51559/ptji.v1i1.5
Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Price DD, et al. The mechanisms of manual therapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain: A comprehensive model. Manual Therapy. 2009;14(5):531–538. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2008.09.001
Weerapong P, Hume PA, Kolt GS. The mechanisms of massage and effects on performance, muscle recovery and injury prevention. Sports Medicine. 2005;35(3):235–256. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535030-00004
Moraska AF, Hickner RC, Kohrt WM, et al. Changes in blood flow and cellular metabolism at a myofascial trigger point with trigger point release (ischemic compression): A proof-of-principle pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2013;94(1):196–200. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.08.216
Dommerholt J, de las Penas CF. Trigger point dry needling. St. Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
Cagnie B, Dewitte V, Barbe T, et al. Physiologic effects of dry needling. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2013;17(8):348. doi: 10.1007/s11916-013-0348-5
Müggenborg F, de Castro Carletti EM, Dennett L, et al. Effectiveness of manual trigger point therapy in patients with myofascial trigger points in the orofacial region – a systematic review. Life. 2023;13(2):336(1-28). doi: 10.3390/life13020336
Földi M, Földi E, Strößenreuther C, et al. Földi’s textbook of lymphology: For physicians and lymphedema therapists. Munich: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.
Ezzo J, Manheimer E, McNeely ML, et al. Manual lymphatic drainage for lymphedema following breast cancer treatment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(5):1-52. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003475.pub2
Sefton JM. Massage therapy research. In: Salvo S (ed.) Massage therapy: principles and practice. 7th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2022.
Pichonnaz C, Bassin JP, Lécureux E, et al. Effect of manual lymphatic drainage after total knee arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2016;97(5):674–682. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.01.006
Sahni S, Fares JE, Jordan H. Manual therapy in post-operative knee management: A systematic review of effects on pain in total knee replacement (TKR) patients. Cureus. 2025;17(9):e92734. doi: 10.7759/cureus.92734
Ajimsha MS, Al-Mudahka NR, Al-Madzhar JA. Effectiveness of myofascial release: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2015;19(1):102–112. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.06.001
Behm D. The science and physiology of flexibility and stretching: ımplications and applications in sport performance and health. London: Routledge; 2025.
Cheatham SW, Kolber MJ, Cain M, et al. The effects of self-myofascial release using a foam roll or roller massager on joint range of motion, muscle recovery, and performance: A systematic review. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2015;10(6):827-838.
Cheatham SW, Baker RT, Behm DG, et al. Mechanical percussion devices: A survey of practice patterns among healthcare professionals. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2021;16(3):766-777. doi: 10.26603/001c.23530
Abdelhalim NM, Samhan AF. Influences of intermittent pneumatic compression therapy on edema and postoperative patient satisfaction after lipoabdominoplasty. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2021;45(4):1667-1674. doi: 10.1007/s00266-021-02272-w
Pawlaczyk K, Gabriel M, Urbanek T, et al. Effects of intermittent pneumatic compression on reduction of postoperative lower extremity edema and normalization of foot microcirculation flow in patients undergoing arterial revascularization. Medical Science Monitor. 2015;21:3986-3993. doi: 10.12659/MSM.895229
Carnevale Pellino V, Gatti A, Vandoni M, et al. Pneumatic compression combined with standard treatment after total hip arthroplasty and its effects on edema of the operated limb and on physical outcomes: A pilot clinical randomized controlled study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023;12(12):4164. doi: 10.3390/jcm12124164
Tham LM, Lee HP, Lu C. Cupping: From a biomechanical perspective. Journal of Biomechanics. 2006;39(12):2183-2193. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.06.027
Lo V, Cullen C. Medieval chinese medicine. London: Routledge Curzon; 2005.
Fang L, Fang M. Research progress on the standardization of Chinese Tuina therapy: A short review. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2013;19(1):68-72. doi: 10.1007/s11655-011-0755-6
Robinson N, Lorenc A, Liao X. The evidence for Shiatsu: A systematic review of Shiatsu and acupressure. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011;11(1):88. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-88
Cardim JM, Braga BP, Santos DM, et al. The benefits of Shiatsu for a holistic approach to health: A systematic review. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research. 2023;35(23):238-257. doi: 10.9734/jammr/2023/v35i235298
Buttagat V, Eungpinichpong W, Chatchawan U, et al. The immediate effects of traditional Thai massage on heart rate variability and stress-related parameters in patients with back pain associated with myofascial trigger points. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2011;15(1):15-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.06.005
Reddy MY, Nguyen SA. Integrative therapies. In: Trinh NH, Ahmed I, Bhugra D.(Eds.) Mental health in older people across cultures. London: Oxford University Press; 2024.
Rich GJ. Massage therapy: Significance and relevance to professional practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2010;41(4):325-332. doi: 10.1037/a0020161
Field T, Ironson G, Scafidi F, et al. Massage therapy reduces anxiety and enhances EEG pattern of alertness and math computations. International Journal of Neuroscience. 1996;86(3-4):197–205. doi: 10.3109/00207459608986710
Rapaport MH, Schettler P, Bresee C. A preliminary study of the effects of a single session of Swedish massage on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and immune function in normal individuals. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2010;16(10):1079-1088. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0634
Morhenn V, Beavin LE, Zak PJ. Massage increases oxytocin and reduces adrenocorticotropin hormone in humans. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2012;18(6):11-18.
Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Diego M, et al. Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy. International Journal of Neuroscience. 2005;115(10):1397-1413. doi: 10.1080/00207450590956459
McGlone F, Wessberg J, Olausson H. Discriminative and affective touch: Sensing and feeling. Neuron. 2014;82(4):737-755. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.001
Uvnäs-Moberg K, Handlin L, Petersson M. Self-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015;5:116675. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01529
Tochikubo O, Ri S, Kura N. Effects of pulse-synchronized massage with air cuffs on peripheral blood flow and autonomic nervous system. Circulation Journal. 2006;70(9):1159-1163. doi: 10.1253/circj.70.1159
Kaye AD, Kaye AJ, Swinford J, et al. The effect of deep-tissue massage therapy on blood pressure and heart rate. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2008;14(2):125-128. doi: 10.1089/acm.2007.0665
Fazeli MS, Pourrahmat MM, Massah G, et al. The effect of massage on the cardiac autonomic nervous system and markers of inflammation in night shift workers: A pilot randomized crossover trial. International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork. 2020;13(3):6-13.
Kumar AS, Lahari AKS, Maruthy KN, et al. Effects of therapeutic calf massage on cardiac autonomic function in healthy volunteers — a pilot study. International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork. 2023;16(1):24-30. doi: 10.3822/ijtmb.v15i1.725
Peng S, Ying B, Chen Y, et al. Effects of massage on the anxiety of patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention. Psychiatria Danubina. 2015;27(1):49-56.
Farahani MF, Zamenjani MN, Nasiri M, et al. Effects of extremity massage on preoperative anxiety: A three-arm randomized controlled clinical trial on phacoemulsification candidates. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing. 2020;35(3):277-282. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2019.10.010
Liu C, Chen X, Wu S. The effect of massage therapy on pain after surgery: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2022;71:102892. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102892
Kukimoto Y, Ooe N, Ideguchi N. The effects of massage therapy on pain and anxiety after surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Management Nursing. 2017;18(6):378-390. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2017.09.001
Ramesh C, Pai VB, Patil N, et al. Effectiveness of massage therapy on post-operative outcomes among patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2015;2(3):304-312. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2015.07.006
Skubisz Z, Kupczyk D, Goch A, et al. Influence of classical massage on biochemical markers of oxidative stress in humans: Pilot study. BioMed Research International. 2021;2021(1):6647250. doi: 10.1155/2021/6647250
Mitchinson AR, Kim HM, Rosenberg JM, et al. Acute postoperative pain management using massage as an adjuvant therapy: A randomized trial. Archives of Surgery. 2007;142(12):1158-1167. doi:10.1001/archsurg.142.12.1158
Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Survey of Anesthesiology. 1967;11(2):89–90.
Field T. Massage therapy research review. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2016;24:19-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.04.005
Dion L, Rodgers N, Cutshall SM, et al. Effect of massage on pain management for thoracic surgery patients. International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork. 2011;4(2):2-9. doi: 10.3822/ijtmb.v4i2.100
Zhu B, Tang C, Zhou X, et al. Effects of traditional Chinese medicine massage therapy on pain, functional activity, muscle activation patterns and proprioception in knee osteoarthritis: A randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open. 2024;14(12):e081771. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081771
Clay JH. Basic clinical massage therapy: ıntegrating anatomy and treatment. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
MD Anderson Cancer Center. Scar massage after cancer treatment: 6 things to know. Available from: https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/scar-massage-after-cancer-treatment--6-things-to-know.h00-159702279.html (Accessed 11th September 2025).
Snyder M, Lindquist R. Complementary & alternative therapies in nursing. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2010.
Cassileth BR, Vickers AJ. Massage therapy for symptom control: Outcome study at a major cancer center. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2004;28(3):244-249. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2003.12.016
Cong Z, Tai Y, Gao T, et al. The effect of therapeutic massage on patients with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2024; 4;10(7):e28791. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28791
Potter PA, Perry AG. Fundamentals of nursing. Vol. 3. St. Louis: Mosby; 2005.
Brunner LS. Brunner & suddarth’s textbook of medical-surgical nursing. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2010.
