Kupa Terapisinin Cerrahi Bakımda Kullanımı
Özet
Kupa terapisi, kökeni antik çağlara uzanan ve Doğu ve Batı Tıbbı tarihinde önemli bir yere sahip geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp uygulamalarından biridir. Kupa terapisi, insizyon varlığı durumuna göre kuru ve yaş kupa olarak iki ayrı şekilde uygulanır. Kuru kupa terapisinde yalnızca negatif basınç oluşturularak deri yüzeyinde kabarma sağlanmakta ancak kan alınmamaktadır. Yaş kupa terapisinde ise, aynı işlemden sonra deriye küçük yüzeysel kesiler yapılarak bir miktar kanın dışarı alınması sağlanır. Kupa terapisinin temel etki mekanizması, kan dolaşımını iyileştirmek, ağrıyı hafifletmek ve bağışıklığı güçlendirmektir. Bu tedavi yöntemi özellikle ağrı yönetimi açısından yaygın kullanılmaktadır. Kupa terapisi, lomber disk hernisi (LDH), karpal tünel sendromu ve kronik boyun-sırt ağrısı gibi cerrahi endikasyon gerektiren durumlarda ağrıyı azaltma ve işlevselliği artırma etkisi nedeniyle, konservatif bir seçenek olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmalar, bu yöntemin bazı hastalarda cerrahiye giden süreci geciktirebileceğini göstermiştir. Yasal ve güvenli olan kupa terapisinin, az da olsa yara izi ve yanık gibi önlenebilir yan etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu bölümde, kökleri Antik Çağlara dayanan, geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp uygulaması olan kupa terapisinin cerrahi bakımda kullanımı ele alınmıştır.
Cupping therapy is a traditional and complementary medical practice that dates back to ancient times and holds a significant place in the history of both Eastern and Western Medicine. Cupping therapy is applied in two separate ways, dry cupping and wet cupping, depending on the presence of an incision. In dry cupping therapy, only negative pressure is created to exfoliate the skin surface and no blood is drawn. In wet cupping therapy, small superficial incisions are made after the same procedure to drain some blood. The primary mechanism of action of cupping therapy is to improve blood circulation, relieve pain, and strengthen the immune system. This treatment method is widely used, particularly for pain management. Cupping therapy is considered a conservative option for surgical conditions such as lumbar disc herniation, carpal tunnel syndrome, and chronic neck and back pain, due to its potential to reduce pain and improve functionality. Studies have shown that this method can delay the need for surgery in some patients. While legal and safe, cupping therapy rarely has preventable side effects such as scarring and burns. In this section, the use of cupping therapy, a traditional and complementary medical practice dating back to ancient times, in surgical care is discussed.
Referanslar
Qureshi NA, Ali GI, Abushanab TS, et al. History of cupping (Hijama): A narrative review of literature. J Integr Med. 2017;15(3):172-181.
Çiftci MM. Kupa tedavisi ve klinik uygulamalar. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. 2019;3:22-28. doi:10.34084/bshr.537972
Mehta P, Dhapte V. Cupping therapy: A prudent remedy for a plethora of medical ailments. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2015;5(3): 127-134. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.036.
Choi TY, Ang L, Ku B, et al. Evidence map of cupping therapy. J Clin Med. 2021;10(8): 1750. doi:10.3390/jcm10081750
Christopoulou-Aletra H, Papavramidou N. Cupping: An alternative surgical procedure used by Hippocratic physicians. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2008;14(8): 899-902. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0238
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp uygulamaları yönetmeliği: 27.10.2014 tarihli ve 29158 sayılı Resmi Gazete. (16 Kasım 2025 tarihinde https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/10/20141027-3.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Kupa uygulama kılavuzu. Ankara; 2025. (17 Kasım 2025 tarihinde https://ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/Yayin/691 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Al-Bedah AMN, Elsubai IS, Qureshi NA, et al. The medical perspective of cupping therapy: Effects and mechanisms of action. J Tradit Complement Med. 2018;9(2): 90-97. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2018.03.003
Xiang T, Zhang X, Wei Y, et al. Possible mechanism and Atorvastatin-based treatment in cupping therapy-related subdural hematoma: A case report and literature review. Front Neurol. 2022;13: 900145. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.900145
Akil HH, Tunç S, Atilgan E. Effectiveness of moving cupping therapy on pain and functionality in rotator cuff injuries: A randomised controlled pilot study. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2025;38(5): 1063-1072. doi:10.1177/10538127251323106
Moghimi M, Kordafshari G, Kenari HM. Comment on the article "Cupping Therapy: An Overview from a Modern Medicine Perspective": The complications of cupping are preventable. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies. 2021;14(1): 1-2. doi:10.51507/j.jams.2021.14.1.1
Xu R, Yang Y, Yan C, et al. Dry cupping therapy combined with conventional therapy does not provide additional benefits over conventional therapy alone in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain: A randomized trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2025;33(1): 26. doi:10.1186/s12998-025-00588-x
Almeida Silva HJ, Barbosa GM, Scattone Silva R, et al. Dry cupping therapy is not superior to sham cupping to improve clinical outcomes in people with non-specific chronic low back pain: A randomised trial. J Physiother. 2021;67(2): 132-139. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2021.02.013
Almeida Silva HJ, Avila MA, Castro KMS, et al. Exploring patient experiences of participating in a real and sham dry cupping intervention for nonspecific low back pain: a qualitative study. PLoS One. 2022;17(5): e0268656.
Aboushanab TS, AlSanad S. Cupping Therapy: An Overview from a modern medicine perspective. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2018;11(3): 83-87. doi:10.1016/j.jams.2018.02.001
Cai C, Gong Y, Dong D, et al. Combined therapies of modified Taiyi miraculous moxa roll and cupping for patients with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018: 6754730. doi:10.1155/2018/6754730
Farhat A, Mughal SM. Is there a role of cupping therapy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care setting? Cureus. 2021;13(1): e12954. doi:10.7759/cureus.12954
Kiani N, Siddiqi FA, Qazi WA, et al. Cupping therapy combined with conventional physical therapy improves pain and health related quality of life among female patients of low back pain. J Exp Clin Med. 2022;39(4): 948-953.
Furhad S, Sina RE, Bokhari AA. Cupping therapy. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538253/ (Accessed: 15th June 2025).
Al Bedah AM, Khalil MK, Posadzki P, et al. Evaluation of wet cupping therapy: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22(10): 768-777. doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0193
Kaya A, Taşdemir L, Çayır Y. Cupping therapy and scientific basics. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research. 2022;3(3): 197–200.
Moura CC, Chaves ECL, Cardoso ACLR, et al. Cupping therapy and chronic back pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 2018;26: e3094. doi:10.1590/1518-8345.2888.3094.
Shen WC, Jan YK, Liau BY, et al. Effectiveness of self-management of dry and wet cupping therapy for low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(51): e32325. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000032325.
Wang L, Cai Z, Li X, et al. Efficacy of cupping therapy on pain outcomes: An evidence-mapping study. Front Neurol. 2023;14: 1266712. doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1266712.
Shao TY, Wang JX, Shou ST, et al. Wet cupping with rehabilitation training for upper-limb poststroke spasticity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heliyon. 2023;9(10): e20623. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20623.
Lu S, Du S, Fish A, et al. Wet cupping for hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension. 2019;41(5): 474-480. doi:10.1080/10641963.2018.1510939.
Yıldırım Baş F, İşcan G. Yaş kupa (Hacamat) tedavisinin yorgunluk ve depresyon üzerine etkisi. Anadolu Tıbbı Dergisi. 2025;3(3): 6-11. doi:10.5505/anadolutd.2024.39974.
Yiying W, Shuai D, Bo L, et al. Update evidence of effectiveness on pain relieving of cupping therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Tradit Chin Med. 2025;45(2): 234-253. doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2025.02.002.
Seo J, Chu H, Kim CH, et al. Cupping therapy for migraine: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021: 7582581. doi:10.1155/2021/7582581.
Moghimi M, Kordafshari G, Kenari HM. Comment on the article "Cupping therapy: An overview from a modern medicine perspective": The Complications of Cupping Are Preventable. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies. 2021;14(1): 1–2. doi:10.51507/j.jams.2021.14.1.1
Lu MC, Yang CJ, Tsai SH, et al. Intraperitoneal hemorrhage after cupping therapy. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020;27(2): 107-109.
Xiang T, Zhang X, Wei Y, et al. Possible mechanism and Atorvastatin-based treatment in cupping therapy-related subdural hematoma: A case report and literature review. Front Neurol. 2022;13: 900145. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.900145
Vikipedi. Moksibüsyon. Available from: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksibüsyon (Accessed: 21th November 2025).
Farhadi K, Choubsaz M, Setayeshi K, et al. The effectiveness of dry-cupping in preventing post-operative nausea and vomiting by P6 acupoint stimulation: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(38): e4770. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004770
Xiong ZF, Wang T, Wang HL, et al. Sliding-cupping along meridian for lymphedema after breast cancer surgery: A randomized controlled trial. World J Acupunct Moxibustion. 2019;29(3): 179–185.
Wang C, Zhang Y, Yang M, et al. Bloodletting puncture and cupping as an adjuvant therapy for breast cancer-related lymphedema in female adults: A non-randomized controlled pragmatic trial. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences. 2018;5(3): 255-263.
Wang M, Huang LX, Huang LH, et al. Effect of cupping at Shenque point on recovery of gastrointestinal function after thoracolumbar surgery. Zhejiang J Integr Tradit Chin West Med. 2017;27: 327-328.
Wang SZ, Lu YH, Wu M, et al. Cupping therapy for diseases: An overview of scientific evidence from 2009 to 2019. Chin J Integr Med. 2021;27(5): 394-400. doi:10.1007/s11655-020-3060-y
Velchev V, Mancheva P, Ivelinova M, et al. Cupping therapy and kinesitherapeutic recovery after shoulder arthroplasty: A pilot study. Journal of Imab. 2024;30(Suppl 3):42-45.
Referanslar
Qureshi NA, Ali GI, Abushanab TS, et al. History of cupping (Hijama): A narrative review of literature. J Integr Med. 2017;15(3):172-181.
Çiftci MM. Kupa tedavisi ve klinik uygulamalar. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. 2019;3:22-28. doi:10.34084/bshr.537972
Mehta P, Dhapte V. Cupping therapy: A prudent remedy for a plethora of medical ailments. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2015;5(3): 127-134. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.036.
Choi TY, Ang L, Ku B, et al. Evidence map of cupping therapy. J Clin Med. 2021;10(8): 1750. doi:10.3390/jcm10081750
Christopoulou-Aletra H, Papavramidou N. Cupping: An alternative surgical procedure used by Hippocratic physicians. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2008;14(8): 899-902. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0238
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp uygulamaları yönetmeliği: 27.10.2014 tarihli ve 29158 sayılı Resmi Gazete. (16 Kasım 2025 tarihinde https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/10/20141027-3.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Kupa uygulama kılavuzu. Ankara; 2025. (17 Kasım 2025 tarihinde https://ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/Yayin/691 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Al-Bedah AMN, Elsubai IS, Qureshi NA, et al. The medical perspective of cupping therapy: Effects and mechanisms of action. J Tradit Complement Med. 2018;9(2): 90-97. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2018.03.003
Xiang T, Zhang X, Wei Y, et al. Possible mechanism and Atorvastatin-based treatment in cupping therapy-related subdural hematoma: A case report and literature review. Front Neurol. 2022;13: 900145. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.900145
Akil HH, Tunç S, Atilgan E. Effectiveness of moving cupping therapy on pain and functionality in rotator cuff injuries: A randomised controlled pilot study. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2025;38(5): 1063-1072. doi:10.1177/10538127251323106
Moghimi M, Kordafshari G, Kenari HM. Comment on the article "Cupping Therapy: An Overview from a Modern Medicine Perspective": The complications of cupping are preventable. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies. 2021;14(1): 1-2. doi:10.51507/j.jams.2021.14.1.1
Xu R, Yang Y, Yan C, et al. Dry cupping therapy combined with conventional therapy does not provide additional benefits over conventional therapy alone in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain: A randomized trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2025;33(1): 26. doi:10.1186/s12998-025-00588-x
Almeida Silva HJ, Barbosa GM, Scattone Silva R, et al. Dry cupping therapy is not superior to sham cupping to improve clinical outcomes in people with non-specific chronic low back pain: A randomised trial. J Physiother. 2021;67(2): 132-139. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2021.02.013
Almeida Silva HJ, Avila MA, Castro KMS, et al. Exploring patient experiences of participating in a real and sham dry cupping intervention for nonspecific low back pain: a qualitative study. PLoS One. 2022;17(5): e0268656.
Aboushanab TS, AlSanad S. Cupping Therapy: An Overview from a modern medicine perspective. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2018;11(3): 83-87. doi:10.1016/j.jams.2018.02.001
Cai C, Gong Y, Dong D, et al. Combined therapies of modified Taiyi miraculous moxa roll and cupping for patients with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018: 6754730. doi:10.1155/2018/6754730
Farhat A, Mughal SM. Is there a role of cupping therapy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care setting? Cureus. 2021;13(1): e12954. doi:10.7759/cureus.12954
Kiani N, Siddiqi FA, Qazi WA, et al. Cupping therapy combined with conventional physical therapy improves pain and health related quality of life among female patients of low back pain. J Exp Clin Med. 2022;39(4): 948-953.
Furhad S, Sina RE, Bokhari AA. Cupping therapy. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538253/ (Accessed: 15th June 2025).
Al Bedah AM, Khalil MK, Posadzki P, et al. Evaluation of wet cupping therapy: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22(10): 768-777. doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0193
Kaya A, Taşdemir L, Çayır Y. Cupping therapy and scientific basics. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research. 2022;3(3): 197–200.
Moura CC, Chaves ECL, Cardoso ACLR, et al. Cupping therapy and chronic back pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 2018;26: e3094. doi:10.1590/1518-8345.2888.3094.
Shen WC, Jan YK, Liau BY, et al. Effectiveness of self-management of dry and wet cupping therapy for low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(51): e32325. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000032325.
Wang L, Cai Z, Li X, et al. Efficacy of cupping therapy on pain outcomes: An evidence-mapping study. Front Neurol. 2023;14: 1266712. doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1266712.
Shao TY, Wang JX, Shou ST, et al. Wet cupping with rehabilitation training for upper-limb poststroke spasticity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heliyon. 2023;9(10): e20623. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20623.
Lu S, Du S, Fish A, et al. Wet cupping for hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension. 2019;41(5): 474-480. doi:10.1080/10641963.2018.1510939.
Yıldırım Baş F, İşcan G. Yaş kupa (Hacamat) tedavisinin yorgunluk ve depresyon üzerine etkisi. Anadolu Tıbbı Dergisi. 2025;3(3): 6-11. doi:10.5505/anadolutd.2024.39974.
Yiying W, Shuai D, Bo L, et al. Update evidence of effectiveness on pain relieving of cupping therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Tradit Chin Med. 2025;45(2): 234-253. doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2025.02.002.
Seo J, Chu H, Kim CH, et al. Cupping therapy for migraine: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021: 7582581. doi:10.1155/2021/7582581.
Moghimi M, Kordafshari G, Kenari HM. Comment on the article "Cupping therapy: An overview from a modern medicine perspective": The Complications of Cupping Are Preventable. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies. 2021;14(1): 1–2. doi:10.51507/j.jams.2021.14.1.1
Lu MC, Yang CJ, Tsai SH, et al. Intraperitoneal hemorrhage after cupping therapy. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020;27(2): 107-109.
Xiang T, Zhang X, Wei Y, et al. Possible mechanism and Atorvastatin-based treatment in cupping therapy-related subdural hematoma: A case report and literature review. Front Neurol. 2022;13: 900145. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.900145
Vikipedi. Moksibüsyon. Available from: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksibüsyon (Accessed: 21th November 2025).
Farhadi K, Choubsaz M, Setayeshi K, et al. The effectiveness of dry-cupping in preventing post-operative nausea and vomiting by P6 acupoint stimulation: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(38): e4770. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004770
Xiong ZF, Wang T, Wang HL, et al. Sliding-cupping along meridian for lymphedema after breast cancer surgery: A randomized controlled trial. World J Acupunct Moxibustion. 2019;29(3): 179–185.
Wang C, Zhang Y, Yang M, et al. Bloodletting puncture and cupping as an adjuvant therapy for breast cancer-related lymphedema in female adults: A non-randomized controlled pragmatic trial. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences. 2018;5(3): 255-263.
Wang M, Huang LX, Huang LH, et al. Effect of cupping at Shenque point on recovery of gastrointestinal function after thoracolumbar surgery. Zhejiang J Integr Tradit Chin West Med. 2017;27: 327-328.
Wang SZ, Lu YH, Wu M, et al. Cupping therapy for diseases: An overview of scientific evidence from 2009 to 2019. Chin J Integr Med. 2021;27(5): 394-400. doi:10.1007/s11655-020-3060-y
Velchev V, Mancheva P, Ivelinova M, et al. Cupping therapy and kinesitherapeutic recovery after shoulder arthroplasty: A pilot study. Journal of Imab. 2024;30(Suppl 3):42-45.
