Meditasyon ve Yoganın Cerrahi Bakımda Kullanımı
Özet
Cerrahi süreçler, hastaları fiziksel ve psikolojik yönden etkileyen dönemlerdir. Ameliyat öncesi yaşanan belirsizlik, anksiyete ve korku; ameliyat sonrasında ise ağrı, hareket kısıtlılığı, uyku bozuklukları ve yaşam kalitesinde azalma gibi sorunlar bireyin iyileşme sürecini olumsuz yönde etkileyebilmektedir. Bu nedenle cerrahi bakımda sadece fizyolojik değil, aynı zamanda psikososyal gereksinimlerin de ele alınması önem kazanmaktadır. Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp uygulamaları arasında yer alan meditasyon ve yoga, cerrahi bakım sürecinde etkili birer destekleyici yöntem olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Meditasyon; zihni sakinleştirme, dikkati odaklama ve içsel farkındalık geliştirme temeline dayanırken, yoga, fiziksel duruş, nefes kontrolü ve gevşeme teknikleriyle bedensel ve zihinsel dengeyi sağlamayı amaçlar. Meditasyon ve yoga hastaların anksiyete düzeylerinin azaltılmasında kullanılan etkin yöntemlerdir. Yoga özellikle çok az düzeyde hareket içeren pozisyonlarla ameliyat sonrası mobilizasyonu destekleyebilir, dolaşımı artırabilir ve komplikasyonların önlenmesine katkıda bulunabilir. Cerrahi bakım sürecinde bireyin bireysel ve bütüncül gereksinimlerini karşılamayı hedefleyen hemşirelik uygulamaları için meditasyon ve yoga, klinik karar verme süreçlerine entegre edilmesi gereken önemli geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp uygulamalarındadır.
Surgical processes are periods that affect patients physically and psychologically. Uncertainty, anxiety, and fear experienced before surgery, and problems such as pain, limited mobility, sleep disturbances, and a decrease in quality of life after surgery, can negatively affect the individual’s recovery process. Therefore, in surgical care, it becomes important to address not only physiological needs but also psychosocial needs. Meditation and yoga, which are among traditional and complementary medical practices, stand out as effective supportive methods during the surgical care process. While meditation is based on calming the mind, focusing attention, and developing inner awareness, yoga aims to achieve physical and mental balance through physical postures, breath control, and relaxation techniques. Meditation and yoga are effective methods used to reduce patients’ anxiety levels. Yoga, particularly through positions involving very minimal movement, can support postoperative mobilization, enhance circulation, and contribute to the prevention of complications. For nursing practices that aim to meet the individual and holistic needs of individuals during the surgical care process, meditation and yoga are important traditional and complementary medical practices that should be integrated into clinical decision-making processes.
Referanslar
Thakur P. The role of mind-body practices in healing: A comprehensive review. Indian J Astrology Occult. 2024;1(3):6-11. doi: 10.36676/ijao.v1.i3.17
Kayne SB. Mind and body therapies. In: Kayne SB. (ed). Complementary and alternative medicine. 2nd ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2009. p. 568-569.
Stephens I. Medical yoga therapy. Children. 2017;4(2):12. doi:10.3390/children4020012
Kearney DJ, Malte CA, McManus C, et al. Loving-kindness meditation for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26(4):426-434. doi: 10.1002/jts.21832
Wielgosz J, Goldberg SB, Kral TR, et al. Mindfulness meditation and psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2019;15(1):285-316. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093423
Lemay V, Hoolahan J, Buchanan A. Impact of a yoga and meditation intervention on students' stress and anxiety levels. Am J Pharm Educ. 2019;83(5):7001. doi: 10.5688/ajpe7001
Basavaraddi IV. Yoga: Its origin, history and development. Public Diplomacy. 2015; 1:1-5.
Raghuwanshi A. A review: History of revival of yoga in the 20th century and establishment of yoga as a science in the 21st century. Sense Inter Sci Yoga. 2011; 1:208-216.
Bronkhorst J. Can there be a cultural history of meditation? With special reference to India. In: Eifring H (ed.) Hindu, Buddhist and Daoist meditation: Cultural histories. 2014. p. 27-40.
Bhikku VK. Meditation and monasticism: Tracing the historical roots of Buddhist practice. International Research Journal of Education and Technology. 2024;6(10):137-145.
Bamber MD, Schneider JK. Mindfulness-based meditation to decrease stress and anxiety in college students: A narrative synthesis of the research. Educ Res Rev. 2016; 18:1-32. doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2015.12.004
Zausznıewskı JA, Wıllıams EA. Biofeedback. In: Lindquist R, Tracy MF, Snyder M, (eds.) Complementary therapies in nursing: Promoting integrative care. 9th ed. New York: Springer Publishing; 2023. p. 177-190.
Cameron ME. Systems of care: Sowa Rigpa—The Tibetan knowledge of healing. In: Lindquist R, Tracy MF, Snyder M, (eds.) Complementary therapies in nursing: Promoting integrative care. 9th ed. New York: Springer Publishing; 2023. p. 71-73.
Zeng X, Chiu CP, Wang R, et al. The effect of loving-kindness meditation on positive emotions: A meta-analytic review. Front Psychol. 2015; 6:1693. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01693
Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, et al. Is one yoga style better than another? A systematic review of associations of yoga style and conclusions in randomized yoga trials. Complement Ther Med. 2016; 25:178-187. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2016.02.015
Markil N, Geithner CA, Penhollow TM. Hatha yoga: Benefits and principles for a more meaningful practice. ACSM's Health Fit J. 2010;14(5):19-24. doi: 10.1249/FIT.0b013e3181ed5af2
Tcherkasski S. Fundamentals of the Stanislavski system and yoga philosophy and practice. Stanislavski Stud. 2012;1(1):7-42. doi: 10.1080/20567790.2012.11428582
Kurian J, Mohanthy S, Nanjumdaiah RM. Mechanism of action of yoga on prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Narrative review. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2022; 29:134-139. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.10.003
Chen H, Huang M, Zhou J, et al. Enhancement of pulmonary function and reduction of complications through EIT-guided yoga breathing exercise after esophagectomy. Med Sci Monit. 2024;30:e942954-1. doi: 10.12659/MSM.942954
Güneş D, Doğan O, Uncu F, et al. The effect of yoga on early clinical outcomes and pulmonary functions in patients scheduled for bariatric surgery: A randomized controlled study. Obes Surg. 2024;34(1):163-169. doi: 10.1007/s11695-023-06925-4
Liu W, Liu J, Ma L, et al. Effect of mindfulness yoga on anxiety and depression in early breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A randomized clinical trial. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol.2022;148(9):2549-2560. doi: 10.1007/s00432-022-04167-y
Mazor M, Lee JQ, Peled A, et al. The effect of yoga on arm volume, strength, and range of motion in women at risk for breast cancer-related lymphedema. J Altern Complement Med. 2018;24(2):154-160. doi: 10.1089/acm.2017.0145
Loudon A, Barnett T, Piller N, et al. The effects of yoga on shoulder and spinal actions for women with breast cancer-related lymphoedema of the arm: A randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016; 16:1-15. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1330-7
Wren AA, Shelby RA, Soo MS, et al. Preliminary efficacy of a loving-kindness meditation intervention for patients undergoing biopsy and breast cancer surgery: A randomized controlled pilot study. Support Care Cancer. 2019; 27:3583-3592. doi: 10.1007/s00520-019-4657-z
Pehlivan M, Eyi S. The impact of mindfulness-based meditation and yoga on stress, body image, self-esteem, and sexual adjustment in breast cancer patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer Nurs. 2025; 10:1097. doi: 10.1097/NCC.0000000000001427
Chandrababu R, Ramesh J, Jagadeesh NS, et al. Effects of yoga on anxiety, pain, inflammatory and stress biomarkers in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2023; 53:101798. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101798
Azeez AM, Puri GD, Samra T, et al. Effect of short-term yoga-based-breathing on peri-operative anxiety in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Int J Yoga. 2021;14(2):163-167. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_120_20
Azeez AM, Puri GD, Samra T, et al. Pre-operative short-term pranayama (yoga) decreases intraoperative opioid consumption in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery. Indian J Anaesth. 2022;66(12):873-876. doi: 10.4103/ija.ija_199_22
Amaravathi E, Ramarao NH, Raghuram N, et al. Yoga-based postoperative cardiac rehabilitation program for improving quality of life and stress levels: Fifth-year follow-up through a randomized controlled trial. Int J Yoga. 2018;11(1):44-52. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_57_16
Kiran U, Ladha S, Makhija N, et al. The role of Rajyoga meditation for modulation of anxiety and serum cortisol in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: A prospective randomized control study. Ann Card Anaesth. 2017;20(2):158-162. doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_32_17
Dülger E, Mut M, Erbaş T, et al. Effects of combined aerobic-strength training and yoga on quality of life and related parameters in women with pituitary adenoma after surgery: A randomized crossover study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2022;186(6):667-675. doi: 10.1530/EJE-22-0031
Wang X, Lu Y, Gu C, et al. Mindfulness meditation reduces stress and hospital stay in gastrointestinal tumor patients during perioperative period. Med Sci Monit. 2024;30:e945834. doi: 10.12659/MSM.945834
Harputlu D, Öztürk FÖ, Aydın D, et al. Effect of laughter yoga on sleep and quality of life in individuals with fecal ostomies: A randomized controlled trial. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2023;50(4):307-312. doi: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000988
Shin JH, Choi JY. Development and evaluation of resilience enhancement program applying mindfulness meditation in patients with ileostomy. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2021;51(3):334-346. doi: 10.4040/jkan.21019
Sohl SJ, Avis NE, Stanbery K, et al. Feasibility of a brief yoga intervention for improving acute pain and distress post gynecologic surgery. Int J Yoga Ther. 2016;26(1):43-47. doi: 10.17761/1531-2054-26.1.43
Sharma NK, Li H, Aoyagi K, Ritchey S, et al. Tailored yoga intervention for postlumbar spine surgical pain management: a feasibility study. J Integr Complement Med. 2024;30(8):753-761. doi: 10.1089/jicm.2023.0096
Barton MF, Groves J, Guevel B, et al. Mindfulness-based interventions for the reduction of postoperative pain in hip and knee arthroplasty patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2023;15(6): e40102. doi:10.7759/cureus.40102
Guo J, Gao C, Xin H, et al. The application of “upper-body yoga” in elderly patients with acute hip fracture: A prospective, randomized, and single-blind study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2019; 14:1-8. doi: 10.1186/s13018-019-1295-6
Mir N, Sen MS, Mani K, et al. Impact of yoga intervention in lower limb amputees following trauma in relation to behavior and quality of life: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Yoga. 2023;16(2):106-115. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_156_23
Lu HB, Ma RC, Yin YY, et al. Clinical indicators of effects of yoga breathing exercises on patients with lung cancer after surgical resection: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Nurs. 2024;47(3):E151-E158. doi: 10.1097/NCC.0000000000001208
Barassi G, Bellomo RG, Di Iulio A, et al. Preoperative rehabilitation in lung cancer patients: yoga approach. In: Pokorski M (ed.) Rehabilitation science in context. Switzerland: Springer Publishing; 2018. p:19-29.
Li L, Shu W, Li Z, et al. Using yoga nidra recordings for pain management in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Pain Manag Nurs. 2019;20(1):39-46. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2018.04.005
Nambi G, Abdelbasset WK, Elshehawy AA, et al. Yoga in Burn: Role of pranayama breathing exercise on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle activity and exercise tolerance in full-thickness circumferential burns of the chest. Burns. 2021;47(1):206-214. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.06.033
Shetty SP, Patil AV, Khodnapur JP, et al. The impact of Bhramari Pranayama and Om chanting on post-operative wound healing: A focus on the nitric oxide pathway. Cureus. 2024;16(11): e73511. doi: 10.7759/cureus.73511
Stonnington CM, Darby B, Santucci A, et al. A resilience intervention involving mindfulness training for transplant patients and their caregivers. Clin Transplant. 2016;30(11):1466-1472. doi: 10.1111/ctr.12841
Farias M, Maraldi E, Wallenkampf KC, et al. Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation‐based therapies: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2020;142(5):374-393. doi: 10.1111/acps.13225
Referanslar
Thakur P. The role of mind-body practices in healing: A comprehensive review. Indian J Astrology Occult. 2024;1(3):6-11. doi: 10.36676/ijao.v1.i3.17
Kayne SB. Mind and body therapies. In: Kayne SB. (ed). Complementary and alternative medicine. 2nd ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2009. p. 568-569.
Stephens I. Medical yoga therapy. Children. 2017;4(2):12. doi:10.3390/children4020012
Kearney DJ, Malte CA, McManus C, et al. Loving-kindness meditation for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26(4):426-434. doi: 10.1002/jts.21832
Wielgosz J, Goldberg SB, Kral TR, et al. Mindfulness meditation and psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2019;15(1):285-316. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093423
Lemay V, Hoolahan J, Buchanan A. Impact of a yoga and meditation intervention on students' stress and anxiety levels. Am J Pharm Educ. 2019;83(5):7001. doi: 10.5688/ajpe7001
Basavaraddi IV. Yoga: Its origin, history and development. Public Diplomacy. 2015; 1:1-5.
Raghuwanshi A. A review: History of revival of yoga in the 20th century and establishment of yoga as a science in the 21st century. Sense Inter Sci Yoga. 2011; 1:208-216.
Bronkhorst J. Can there be a cultural history of meditation? With special reference to India. In: Eifring H (ed.) Hindu, Buddhist and Daoist meditation: Cultural histories. 2014. p. 27-40.
Bhikku VK. Meditation and monasticism: Tracing the historical roots of Buddhist practice. International Research Journal of Education and Technology. 2024;6(10):137-145.
Bamber MD, Schneider JK. Mindfulness-based meditation to decrease stress and anxiety in college students: A narrative synthesis of the research. Educ Res Rev. 2016; 18:1-32. doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2015.12.004
Zausznıewskı JA, Wıllıams EA. Biofeedback. In: Lindquist R, Tracy MF, Snyder M, (eds.) Complementary therapies in nursing: Promoting integrative care. 9th ed. New York: Springer Publishing; 2023. p. 177-190.
Cameron ME. Systems of care: Sowa Rigpa—The Tibetan knowledge of healing. In: Lindquist R, Tracy MF, Snyder M, (eds.) Complementary therapies in nursing: Promoting integrative care. 9th ed. New York: Springer Publishing; 2023. p. 71-73.
Zeng X, Chiu CP, Wang R, et al. The effect of loving-kindness meditation on positive emotions: A meta-analytic review. Front Psychol. 2015; 6:1693. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01693
Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, et al. Is one yoga style better than another? A systematic review of associations of yoga style and conclusions in randomized yoga trials. Complement Ther Med. 2016; 25:178-187. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2016.02.015
Markil N, Geithner CA, Penhollow TM. Hatha yoga: Benefits and principles for a more meaningful practice. ACSM's Health Fit J. 2010;14(5):19-24. doi: 10.1249/FIT.0b013e3181ed5af2
Tcherkasski S. Fundamentals of the Stanislavski system and yoga philosophy and practice. Stanislavski Stud. 2012;1(1):7-42. doi: 10.1080/20567790.2012.11428582
Kurian J, Mohanthy S, Nanjumdaiah RM. Mechanism of action of yoga on prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Narrative review. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2022; 29:134-139. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.10.003
Chen H, Huang M, Zhou J, et al. Enhancement of pulmonary function and reduction of complications through EIT-guided yoga breathing exercise after esophagectomy. Med Sci Monit. 2024;30:e942954-1. doi: 10.12659/MSM.942954
Güneş D, Doğan O, Uncu F, et al. The effect of yoga on early clinical outcomes and pulmonary functions in patients scheduled for bariatric surgery: A randomized controlled study. Obes Surg. 2024;34(1):163-169. doi: 10.1007/s11695-023-06925-4
Liu W, Liu J, Ma L, et al. Effect of mindfulness yoga on anxiety and depression in early breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A randomized clinical trial. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol.2022;148(9):2549-2560. doi: 10.1007/s00432-022-04167-y
Mazor M, Lee JQ, Peled A, et al. The effect of yoga on arm volume, strength, and range of motion in women at risk for breast cancer-related lymphedema. J Altern Complement Med. 2018;24(2):154-160. doi: 10.1089/acm.2017.0145
Loudon A, Barnett T, Piller N, et al. The effects of yoga on shoulder and spinal actions for women with breast cancer-related lymphoedema of the arm: A randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016; 16:1-15. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1330-7
Wren AA, Shelby RA, Soo MS, et al. Preliminary efficacy of a loving-kindness meditation intervention for patients undergoing biopsy and breast cancer surgery: A randomized controlled pilot study. Support Care Cancer. 2019; 27:3583-3592. doi: 10.1007/s00520-019-4657-z
Pehlivan M, Eyi S. The impact of mindfulness-based meditation and yoga on stress, body image, self-esteem, and sexual adjustment in breast cancer patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer Nurs. 2025; 10:1097. doi: 10.1097/NCC.0000000000001427
Chandrababu R, Ramesh J, Jagadeesh NS, et al. Effects of yoga on anxiety, pain, inflammatory and stress biomarkers in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2023; 53:101798. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101798
Azeez AM, Puri GD, Samra T, et al. Effect of short-term yoga-based-breathing on peri-operative anxiety in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Int J Yoga. 2021;14(2):163-167. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_120_20
Azeez AM, Puri GD, Samra T, et al. Pre-operative short-term pranayama (yoga) decreases intraoperative opioid consumption in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery. Indian J Anaesth. 2022;66(12):873-876. doi: 10.4103/ija.ija_199_22
Amaravathi E, Ramarao NH, Raghuram N, et al. Yoga-based postoperative cardiac rehabilitation program for improving quality of life and stress levels: Fifth-year follow-up through a randomized controlled trial. Int J Yoga. 2018;11(1):44-52. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_57_16
Kiran U, Ladha S, Makhija N, et al. The role of Rajyoga meditation for modulation of anxiety and serum cortisol in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: A prospective randomized control study. Ann Card Anaesth. 2017;20(2):158-162. doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_32_17
Dülger E, Mut M, Erbaş T, et al. Effects of combined aerobic-strength training and yoga on quality of life and related parameters in women with pituitary adenoma after surgery: A randomized crossover study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2022;186(6):667-675. doi: 10.1530/EJE-22-0031
Wang X, Lu Y, Gu C, et al. Mindfulness meditation reduces stress and hospital stay in gastrointestinal tumor patients during perioperative period. Med Sci Monit. 2024;30:e945834. doi: 10.12659/MSM.945834
Harputlu D, Öztürk FÖ, Aydın D, et al. Effect of laughter yoga on sleep and quality of life in individuals with fecal ostomies: A randomized controlled trial. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2023;50(4):307-312. doi: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000988
Shin JH, Choi JY. Development and evaluation of resilience enhancement program applying mindfulness meditation in patients with ileostomy. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2021;51(3):334-346. doi: 10.4040/jkan.21019
Sohl SJ, Avis NE, Stanbery K, et al. Feasibility of a brief yoga intervention for improving acute pain and distress post gynecologic surgery. Int J Yoga Ther. 2016;26(1):43-47. doi: 10.17761/1531-2054-26.1.43
Sharma NK, Li H, Aoyagi K, Ritchey S, et al. Tailored yoga intervention for postlumbar spine surgical pain management: a feasibility study. J Integr Complement Med. 2024;30(8):753-761. doi: 10.1089/jicm.2023.0096
Barton MF, Groves J, Guevel B, et al. Mindfulness-based interventions for the reduction of postoperative pain in hip and knee arthroplasty patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2023;15(6): e40102. doi:10.7759/cureus.40102
Guo J, Gao C, Xin H, et al. The application of “upper-body yoga” in elderly patients with acute hip fracture: A prospective, randomized, and single-blind study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2019; 14:1-8. doi: 10.1186/s13018-019-1295-6
Mir N, Sen MS, Mani K, et al. Impact of yoga intervention in lower limb amputees following trauma in relation to behavior and quality of life: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Yoga. 2023;16(2):106-115. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_156_23
Lu HB, Ma RC, Yin YY, et al. Clinical indicators of effects of yoga breathing exercises on patients with lung cancer after surgical resection: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Nurs. 2024;47(3):E151-E158. doi: 10.1097/NCC.0000000000001208
Barassi G, Bellomo RG, Di Iulio A, et al. Preoperative rehabilitation in lung cancer patients: yoga approach. In: Pokorski M (ed.) Rehabilitation science in context. Switzerland: Springer Publishing; 2018. p:19-29.
Li L, Shu W, Li Z, et al. Using yoga nidra recordings for pain management in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Pain Manag Nurs. 2019;20(1):39-46. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2018.04.005
Nambi G, Abdelbasset WK, Elshehawy AA, et al. Yoga in Burn: Role of pranayama breathing exercise on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle activity and exercise tolerance in full-thickness circumferential burns of the chest. Burns. 2021;47(1):206-214. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.06.033
Shetty SP, Patil AV, Khodnapur JP, et al. The impact of Bhramari Pranayama and Om chanting on post-operative wound healing: A focus on the nitric oxide pathway. Cureus. 2024;16(11): e73511. doi: 10.7759/cureus.73511
Stonnington CM, Darby B, Santucci A, et al. A resilience intervention involving mindfulness training for transplant patients and their caregivers. Clin Transplant. 2016;30(11):1466-1472. doi: 10.1111/ctr.12841
Farias M, Maraldi E, Wallenkampf KC, et al. Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation‐based therapies: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2020;142(5):374-393. doi: 10.1111/acps.13225
