Diz Ağrısına Algoritmik Yaklaşım
Özet
Diz Ağrısına Algoritmik Yaklaşım bölümü, klinik pratiğin en sık karşılaşılan sorunlarından biri olan diz ağrısına sistematik ve kanıta dayalı bir değerlendirme modeli sunmaktadır. Bölüm; diz anatomisi ve biyomekaniğinin temel prensiplerinden başlayarak, ayırıcı tanı yaklaşımını ayrıntılı biçimde ele almaktadır. Anamnezde sorulması gereken anahtar sorular, kırmızı bayrak bulguları, travmatik ve non-travmatik nedenlerin ayrımı detaylı biçimde sunulmuştur. Fizik muayene basamakları; inspeksiyon, palpasyon, eklem hareket açıklığı değerlendirmesi ve spesifik testlerle birlikte açıklanmış; ön çapraz bağ, menisküs, kollateral bağ ve patellofemoral patolojilere yönelik testler klinik uygulama odaklı biçimde ele alınmıştır. Görüntüleme ve laboratuvar incelemelerinin hangi durumlarda tercih edilmesi gerektiği vurgulanırken, gereksiz müdahalelerden kaçınmanın önemi özellikle belirtilmiştir. Bölüm ayrıca osteoartrit, menisküs lezyonları, bursitler ve inflamatuar artritler gibi sık görülen diz patolojilerini ve rehabilitasyonda egzersiz yaklaşımlarını kapsamlı biçimde incelemektedir. Klinik karar verme sürecini kolaylaştıran pratik ve bütüncül bir rehber niteliğindedir.
The Algorithmic Approach to Knee Pain section presents a systematic and evidence-based assessment model for knee pain, one of the most common problems encountered in clinical practice. The section begins with the basic principles of knee anatomy and biomechanics and then addresses the differential diagnosis approach in detail. Key questions to ask during the medical history, red flag findings, and the distinction between traumatic and non-traumatic causes are presented in detail. The steps of the physical examination are explained, including inspection, palpation, assessment of joint range of motion, and specific tests. Tests for anterior cruciate ligament, meniscus, collateral ligament, and patellofemoral pathologies are addressed with a focus on clinical application.The chapter emphasizes when imaging and laboratory investigations should be preferred, and theimportance of avoiding unnecessary interventions is particularly noted. The chapter also comprehensively reviews common knee pathologies such as osteoarthritis, meniscus lesions, bursitis, and inflammatory arthritis, as well as exercise approaches in rehabilitation. It serves as a practical and comprehensive guide that facilitates the clinical decision-making process.
Referanslar
İrdesel J. Ağrılı Dize Yaklaşım-Anamnez ve Fizik Muayene. In: İrdesel J, editor. Diz Ağrıları. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2018. p. 8–18.
Tuncer K, İptec M, Çelik VO, Güzel Y. Diz Ağrılı Hastaya Yaklaşım. Klin Tıp Aile Hekim Derg [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 Dec 9];9(1):27–32. Available from: www.kliniktipdergisi.com
Kaptanoğlu E, Arman IM. Alt Ekstremite Ağrıları. In: Oğuz H, editor. Tıbbi Rehabilitasyon. 3. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri Tic. Ltd. Şti.; 2015. p. 975–95.
Magee DJ. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. 4. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier Sciences; 2006. 661–763 p.
Graham GP, Farclough JA. Regional Pain Problems, Join Pain, The Knee. In: Klippel JH, Dieppe PA, editors. Rheumatology. Mosby, UK; 1994. p. 5.12.1.
Çapacı K. Diz Ağrısı Nedenleri ve Muayenesi. In: Beyazova M, Kutsal YG, editors. Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon. 3. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitapevleri Ltd. Şti.; 2016. p. 1699–717.
Stoddart JC, Dandridge O, Garner A, Cobb J, van Arkel RJ. The compartmental distribution of knee osteoarthritis – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthr Cartil [Internet]. 2021 Apr 1 [cited 2025 Dec 9];29(4):445–55. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33253887/
Castro WHM, Jerosch J, Grossman TW. Examination and Diagnosis of Musculosceletal Disorders. In: Clinical Examination- Imaging Modalities. New York: Thime Verlag; 2001. p. 175–219.
Fredericson M, Yoon K. Physical Examination and Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;234–43.
Bickley LS. Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking [Internet]. 12th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business; 2017. Available from: https://apn.lwwhealthlibrary.com/book.aspx?bookid=1876§ionid=0
Houghton KM. Review for the generalist: evaluation of anterior knee pain. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J [Internet]. 2007 May 4 [cited 2025 Dec 9];5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17550634/
Bickerstaff DR. Examination of the Knee. In: Harris N, editor. Advanced Examination Techniques in Orthopedics. London: Greenwich Medical Media Limited; 2003. p. 147–61.
Jackson JL, O’Malley PG, Kroenke K. Evaluation of acute knee pain in primary care. Ann Intern Med [Internet]. 2003 Oct 7 [cited 2025 Dec 9];139(7):575–88. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14530229/
Hosny S, McClatchie W, Sofat N, Hing CB, Hosny S, McClatchie W, et al. Knee Pain in Adults & Adolescents, Diagnosis and Treatment [Internet]. Pain in Perspective. IntechOpen; 2012 [cited 2025 Dec 9]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/40387
McRae R. Clinical Orthopaedic Examination. 2nd ed. Hong Kong: Churchill Livingstone; 1987. 125–155 p.
Dellon L, Andonian E, Rosson GD. Lower Extremity Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Long-term Outcome after Surgical Treatment of Peripheral Pain Generators. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2010 Jan [cited 2025 Dec 9];49(1):33–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20123284/
Schindler OS, Misra R, Spalding TJ. Osteonecrosis of the medial tibial plateau: a case report. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2025 Dec 9];14(3):325–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17200538/
ACR Appropriateness Criteria Acute Trauma to the Knee. American College of Radiology. 2019 [cited 2025 Dec 9]. Acute Trauma to the Knee. Available from: https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69419/narrative/
Tandeter HB, Shvartzman P, Stevens Max A. Acute knee injuries: use of decision rules for selective radiograph ordering. Am Fam Physician [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2025 Dec 9];60(9):2599–608. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10605994/
Yao K, Haque T. The Ottawa knee rules – a useful clinical decision tool. Aust Fam Physician. 2012;41(4):223.
Bachmann LM, Haberzeth S, Steurer J, Ter Riet G. The accuracy of the Ottawa knee rule to rule out knee fractures: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med [Internet]. 2004 Jan 20 [cited 2025 Dec 9];140(2):121–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14734335/
Robb G, Reid D, Arroll B, Jackson RT, Goodyear-Smith F. General practitioner diagnosis and management of acute knee injuries: summary of an evidence-based guideline. N Z Med J [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2025 Dec 9];120(1249):U2419. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17308556/
Altman R, Alarcón G, Appelrouth D, Bloch D, Borenstein D, Brandt K, et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum [Internet]. 1991 [cited 2025 Dec 9];34(5):505–14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2025304/
Hall MM, Rajasekaran S. Musculoskeletal ultrasound of the knee - UpToDate [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Dec 9]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/musculoskeletal-ultrasound-of-the-knee?search=Musculoskeletal ultrasound of the knee&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
Tuite MJ, Kransdorf MJ, Beaman FD, Adler RS, Amini B, Appel M, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria Acute Trauma to the Knee. J Am Coll Radiol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Dec 9];12(11):1164–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26541130/
Tamsel İ, Argın M. Ağrılı Dize Yaklaşım (Radyoloji). In: İrdesel J, editor. Diz Ağrıları. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2018. p. 19–31.
Calmbach WL, Hutchens M. Evaluation of patients presenting with knee pain: Part I. History, physical examination, radiographs, and laboratory tests. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68(5):907–12.
Calmbach WL, Hutchens M. Evaluation of patients presenting with knee pain: Part II. Differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68(5):917–22.
Trees A, Howe T, Grant M, Gray H. Exercise for treating anterior cruciate ligament injuries in combination with colleteral ligament and meniscal damage of the knee in adults. Cochrane Databese Syst Rew. 2007;18(3):CD005961.
Stanitski CL. Pediatric and adolescent sports injuries. Clin Sports Med [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2025 Dec 9];16(4):613–33. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9330805/
Beutler A, Fields KB. Approach to the adult with knee pain likely of musculoskeletal origin - UpToDate [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Dec 9]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-knee-pain-likely-of-musculoskeletal-origin?search=Approach to the adult with knee pain likely of musculoskeletal origin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
Brushøj C, Hölmich P, Nielsen MB, Albrecht-Beste E. Acute patellofemoral pain: aggravating activities, clinical examination, MRI and ultrasound findings. Br J Sports Med [Internet]. 2008 Jan [cited 2025 Dec 9];42(1):64–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17562742/
Felson DT, Nevitt MC, Zhang Y, Aliabadi P, Baumer B, Gale D, et al. High prevalence of lateral knee osteoarthritis in Beijing Chinese compared with Framingham Caucasian subjects. Arthritis Rheum [Internet]. 2002 May 1 [cited 2025 Dec 9];46(5):1217–22. Available from: /doi/pdf/10.1002/art.10293
Panayiotou Charalambous C. Knee Arthritis. In: The Knee Made Easy [Internet]. Lancashire: Springer Nature Switzerland AG; 2022 [cited 2025 Dec 9]. p. 659–701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54506-2
Lerer DB, Umans HR, Xu MX, Jones MH. The role of meniscal root pathology and radial meniscal tear in medial meniscal extrusion. Skeletal Radiol [Internet]. 2004 Oct [cited 2025 Dec 9];33(10):569–74. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15316679/
Hohmann E, Glatt V, Tetsworth K, Cote M. Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy Versus Physical Therapy for Degenerative Meniscus Lesions: How Robust Is the Current Evidence? A Critical Systematic Review and Qualitative Synthesis. Arthrosc - J Arthrosc Relat Surg [Internet]. 2018 Sep 1 [cited 2025 Dec 9];34(9):2699–708. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30037571/
Svensson F, Felson DT, Zhang F, Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Niu J, et al. Meniscal body extrusion and cartilage coverage in middle-aged and elderly without radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Eur Radiol [Internet]. 2019 Apr 1 [cited 2025 Dec 9];29(4):1848–54. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30280250/
Jackson AM. Anterior knee pain. J Bone Joint Surg Br [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Dec 9];83(7):937–48. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11603532/
Kodali P, Islam A, Andrish J. Anterior knee pain in the young athlete: diagnosis and treatment. Sports Med Arthrosc [Internet]. 2011 Mar [cited 2025 Dec 9];19(1):27–33. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21293235/
Adams J, Hamblem D. Outline of Orthopaedics. 12th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995. 325–358 p.
Panayiotou Charalambous C. Knee Pain. In: The Knee Made Easy. Lancashire: Springer Nature Switzerland AG; 2022. p. 343–63.
Guermazi A, Niu J, Hayashi D, Roemer FW, Englund M, Neogi T, et al. Prevalence of abnormalities in knees detected by MRI in adults without knee osteoarthritis: population based observational study (Framingham Osteoarthritis Study). BMJ [Internet]. 2012 Sep 14 [cited 2025 Dec 10];345(7874). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22932918/
Englund M, Guermazi A, Gale D, Hunter DJ, Aliabadi P, Clancy M, et al. Incidental meniscal findings on knee MRI in middle-aged and elderly persons. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2008 Sep 11 [cited 2025 Dec 10];359(11):1108–15. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18784100/
Kornaat PR, Bloem JL, Ceulemans RYT, Riyazi N, Rosendaal FR, Nelissen RG, et al. Osteoarthritis of the knee: association between clinical features and MR imaging findings. Radiology [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2025 Dec 10];239(3):811–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16714463/
Yusuf E, Kortekaas MC, Watt I, Huizinga TWJ, Kloppenburg M. Do knee abnormalities visualised on MRI explain knee pain in knee osteoarthritis? a systematic Review. Ann Rheum Dis [Internet]. 2011 Jan [cited 2025 Dec 10];70(1):60–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20829200/
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Bizzini M, Childs JD, Piva SR, Delitto A. Systematic review of the quality of randomized controlled trials for patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther [Internet]. 2003 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Dec 10];33(1):4–20. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12570282/
Witvrouw E, Danneels L, Asselman P, D’Have T, Cambier D. Muscle flexibility as a risk factor for developing muscle injuries in male professional soccer players. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2025 Dec 10];31(1):41–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12531755/
Jahanjoo F, Eftekharsadat B, Bihamta A, Babaei-Ghazani A. Efficacy of balance training in combination with physical therapy in rehabilitation of knee osteoarthritis: A randomized clinical trial. Crescent J Med Biol Sci [Internet]. 2019;6(3):325–34. Available from: http://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&from=export&id=L628387015
Garbi FP, Júnior PRR, de Souza Pontes N, de Oliveira A, de Oliveira Barduzzi G, Boas PJFV. Aquatic physiotherapy in the functional knee osteoarthritis. Fisioter em Mov. 2021;34:1–7.
Amalraj R, Sureshkumar S. Comparison of Pilates Exercises and Closed Kinematic Chain Exercises on Pain, Muscle Strength and Functional Performance in Subjects with Knee. Testing, Psychom Methodol Appl Psychol [Internet]. 2021;3(1):45–50. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Patchava-Apparao/publication/356914288_Comparison_of_Pilates_Exercises_and_Closed_Kinematic_Chain_Exercises_on_Pain_Muscle_Strength_and_Functional_Performance_in_Subjects_with_Knee_Osteoarthritis/links/61b3092621a55433
Referanslar
İrdesel J. Ağrılı Dize Yaklaşım-Anamnez ve Fizik Muayene. In: İrdesel J, editor. Diz Ağrıları. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2018. p. 8–18.
Tuncer K, İptec M, Çelik VO, Güzel Y. Diz Ağrılı Hastaya Yaklaşım. Klin Tıp Aile Hekim Derg [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 Dec 9];9(1):27–32. Available from: www.kliniktipdergisi.com
Kaptanoğlu E, Arman IM. Alt Ekstremite Ağrıları. In: Oğuz H, editor. Tıbbi Rehabilitasyon. 3. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri Tic. Ltd. Şti.; 2015. p. 975–95.
Magee DJ. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. 4. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier Sciences; 2006. 661–763 p.
Graham GP, Farclough JA. Regional Pain Problems, Join Pain, The Knee. In: Klippel JH, Dieppe PA, editors. Rheumatology. Mosby, UK; 1994. p. 5.12.1.
Çapacı K. Diz Ağrısı Nedenleri ve Muayenesi. In: Beyazova M, Kutsal YG, editors. Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon. 3. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitapevleri Ltd. Şti.; 2016. p. 1699–717.
Stoddart JC, Dandridge O, Garner A, Cobb J, van Arkel RJ. The compartmental distribution of knee osteoarthritis – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthr Cartil [Internet]. 2021 Apr 1 [cited 2025 Dec 9];29(4):445–55. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33253887/
Castro WHM, Jerosch J, Grossman TW. Examination and Diagnosis of Musculosceletal Disorders. In: Clinical Examination- Imaging Modalities. New York: Thime Verlag; 2001. p. 175–219.
Fredericson M, Yoon K. Physical Examination and Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;234–43.
Bickley LS. Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking [Internet]. 12th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business; 2017. Available from: https://apn.lwwhealthlibrary.com/book.aspx?bookid=1876§ionid=0
Houghton KM. Review for the generalist: evaluation of anterior knee pain. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J [Internet]. 2007 May 4 [cited 2025 Dec 9];5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17550634/
Bickerstaff DR. Examination of the Knee. In: Harris N, editor. Advanced Examination Techniques in Orthopedics. London: Greenwich Medical Media Limited; 2003. p. 147–61.
Jackson JL, O’Malley PG, Kroenke K. Evaluation of acute knee pain in primary care. Ann Intern Med [Internet]. 2003 Oct 7 [cited 2025 Dec 9];139(7):575–88. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14530229/
Hosny S, McClatchie W, Sofat N, Hing CB, Hosny S, McClatchie W, et al. Knee Pain in Adults & Adolescents, Diagnosis and Treatment [Internet]. Pain in Perspective. IntechOpen; 2012 [cited 2025 Dec 9]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/40387
McRae R. Clinical Orthopaedic Examination. 2nd ed. Hong Kong: Churchill Livingstone; 1987. 125–155 p.
Dellon L, Andonian E, Rosson GD. Lower Extremity Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Long-term Outcome after Surgical Treatment of Peripheral Pain Generators. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2010 Jan [cited 2025 Dec 9];49(1):33–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20123284/
Schindler OS, Misra R, Spalding TJ. Osteonecrosis of the medial tibial plateau: a case report. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2025 Dec 9];14(3):325–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17200538/
ACR Appropriateness Criteria Acute Trauma to the Knee. American College of Radiology. 2019 [cited 2025 Dec 9]. Acute Trauma to the Knee. Available from: https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69419/narrative/
Tandeter HB, Shvartzman P, Stevens Max A. Acute knee injuries: use of decision rules for selective radiograph ordering. Am Fam Physician [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2025 Dec 9];60(9):2599–608. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10605994/
Yao K, Haque T. The Ottawa knee rules – a useful clinical decision tool. Aust Fam Physician. 2012;41(4):223.
Bachmann LM, Haberzeth S, Steurer J, Ter Riet G. The accuracy of the Ottawa knee rule to rule out knee fractures: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med [Internet]. 2004 Jan 20 [cited 2025 Dec 9];140(2):121–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14734335/
Robb G, Reid D, Arroll B, Jackson RT, Goodyear-Smith F. General practitioner diagnosis and management of acute knee injuries: summary of an evidence-based guideline. N Z Med J [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2025 Dec 9];120(1249):U2419. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17308556/
Altman R, Alarcón G, Appelrouth D, Bloch D, Borenstein D, Brandt K, et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum [Internet]. 1991 [cited 2025 Dec 9];34(5):505–14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2025304/
Hall MM, Rajasekaran S. Musculoskeletal ultrasound of the knee - UpToDate [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Dec 9]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/musculoskeletal-ultrasound-of-the-knee?search=Musculoskeletal ultrasound of the knee&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
Tuite MJ, Kransdorf MJ, Beaman FD, Adler RS, Amini B, Appel M, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria Acute Trauma to the Knee. J Am Coll Radiol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Dec 9];12(11):1164–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26541130/
Tamsel İ, Argın M. Ağrılı Dize Yaklaşım (Radyoloji). In: İrdesel J, editor. Diz Ağrıları. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2018. p. 19–31.
Calmbach WL, Hutchens M. Evaluation of patients presenting with knee pain: Part I. History, physical examination, radiographs, and laboratory tests. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68(5):907–12.
Calmbach WL, Hutchens M. Evaluation of patients presenting with knee pain: Part II. Differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68(5):917–22.
Trees A, Howe T, Grant M, Gray H. Exercise for treating anterior cruciate ligament injuries in combination with colleteral ligament and meniscal damage of the knee in adults. Cochrane Databese Syst Rew. 2007;18(3):CD005961.
Stanitski CL. Pediatric and adolescent sports injuries. Clin Sports Med [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2025 Dec 9];16(4):613–33. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9330805/
Beutler A, Fields KB. Approach to the adult with knee pain likely of musculoskeletal origin - UpToDate [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Dec 9]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-knee-pain-likely-of-musculoskeletal-origin?search=Approach to the adult with knee pain likely of musculoskeletal origin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
Brushøj C, Hölmich P, Nielsen MB, Albrecht-Beste E. Acute patellofemoral pain: aggravating activities, clinical examination, MRI and ultrasound findings. Br J Sports Med [Internet]. 2008 Jan [cited 2025 Dec 9];42(1):64–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17562742/
Felson DT, Nevitt MC, Zhang Y, Aliabadi P, Baumer B, Gale D, et al. High prevalence of lateral knee osteoarthritis in Beijing Chinese compared with Framingham Caucasian subjects. Arthritis Rheum [Internet]. 2002 May 1 [cited 2025 Dec 9];46(5):1217–22. Available from: /doi/pdf/10.1002/art.10293
Panayiotou Charalambous C. Knee Arthritis. In: The Knee Made Easy [Internet]. Lancashire: Springer Nature Switzerland AG; 2022 [cited 2025 Dec 9]. p. 659–701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54506-2
Lerer DB, Umans HR, Xu MX, Jones MH. The role of meniscal root pathology and radial meniscal tear in medial meniscal extrusion. Skeletal Radiol [Internet]. 2004 Oct [cited 2025 Dec 9];33(10):569–74. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15316679/
Hohmann E, Glatt V, Tetsworth K, Cote M. Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy Versus Physical Therapy for Degenerative Meniscus Lesions: How Robust Is the Current Evidence? A Critical Systematic Review and Qualitative Synthesis. Arthrosc - J Arthrosc Relat Surg [Internet]. 2018 Sep 1 [cited 2025 Dec 9];34(9):2699–708. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30037571/
Svensson F, Felson DT, Zhang F, Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Niu J, et al. Meniscal body extrusion and cartilage coverage in middle-aged and elderly without radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Eur Radiol [Internet]. 2019 Apr 1 [cited 2025 Dec 9];29(4):1848–54. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30280250/
Jackson AM. Anterior knee pain. J Bone Joint Surg Br [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2025 Dec 9];83(7):937–48. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11603532/
Kodali P, Islam A, Andrish J. Anterior knee pain in the young athlete: diagnosis and treatment. Sports Med Arthrosc [Internet]. 2011 Mar [cited 2025 Dec 9];19(1):27–33. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21293235/
Adams J, Hamblem D. Outline of Orthopaedics. 12th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995. 325–358 p.
Panayiotou Charalambous C. Knee Pain. In: The Knee Made Easy. Lancashire: Springer Nature Switzerland AG; 2022. p. 343–63.
Guermazi A, Niu J, Hayashi D, Roemer FW, Englund M, Neogi T, et al. Prevalence of abnormalities in knees detected by MRI in adults without knee osteoarthritis: population based observational study (Framingham Osteoarthritis Study). BMJ [Internet]. 2012 Sep 14 [cited 2025 Dec 10];345(7874). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22932918/
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