Topical and Systemic Antimicotics

Zhang AY, Camp WL, Elewski BE. Advances in topical and systemic antifungals. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25(2):165-vi. doi:10.1016/j.det.2007.01.002.

Georgopapadakou NH. Antifungals: mechanism of action and resistance, established and novel drugs. Curr Opin Microbiol. 1998;1(5):547-557. doi:10.1016/s1369-5274(98)80087-8.

Gøtzsche PC, Johansen HK. Nystatin prophylaxis and treatment in severely immunodepressed patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD002033. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002033.

Egger T, Gratwohl A, Tichelli A, et al. Comparison of fluconazole with oral polyenes in the prevention of fungal infections in neutropenic patients. A prospective, randomized, single-center study. Support Care Cancer. 1995;3(2):139-146. doi:10.1007/BF00365855.

Epstein JB, Truelove EL, Hanson-Huggins K, et al. Topical polyene antifungals in hematopoietic cell transplant patients: tolerability and efficacy. Support Care Cancer. 2004;12(7):517-525. doi:10.1007/s00520-004-0634-1.

Sheikh S, Ahmad A, Ali SM et al. Topical delivery of lipid based amphotericin B gel in the treatment of fungal infection: A clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability study in patients. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res, 2014, 5.248: 2.

Taillandier J, Esnault Y, Alemanni M. A comparison of fluconazole oral suspension and amphotericin B oral suspension in older patients with oropharyngeal candidosis. Multicentre Study Group. Age Ageing. 2000;29(2):117-123. doi:10.1093/ageing/29.2.117.

Fluconazole [package insert]. New York: Pfizer Roerig; 1997.

Yu DT, Peterson JF, Seger DL, Gerth WC, Bates DW. Frequency of potential azole drug-drug interactions and consequences of potential fluconazole drug interactions. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2005;14(11):755-767. doi:10.1002/pds.1073.

Itraconazole [package insert]. Titusville (NJ): Jans- sen; 1996.

Piérard GE, Arrese JE, Piérard-Franchimont C. Itraconazole. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2000;1(2):287-304. doi:10.1517/14656566.1.2.287.

Nizoral tablets [package insert]. Titusville (NJ): Janssen Pharmaceutica; 2001.

Lester M. Ketoconazole 2 percent cream in the treat- ment of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis. Cutis 1995;55(3):181–3.

Vfend [package insert]. New York: Pfizer Roerig; 2003.

Herbrecht R. Voriconazole: therapeutic review of a new azole antifungal. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2004;2(4):485–97.

Singer JP, Boker A, Metchnikoff C, et al. High cumulative dose exposure to voriconazole is associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2012;31:694–699.

Eiden C, Peyriere H, Cociglio M, et al. Adverse effects of voriconazole: analysis ofthe FrenchPharmacovigilanceDatabase.Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:755–763.

Levine MT, Chandrasekar PH. Adverse effects of voriconazole: Over a decade of use. Clin Transplant. 2016;30(11):1377-1386. doi:10.1111/ctr.12834.

U.S FDA. Noxafil instruction. 2015. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/205053s1lbl.pdf.

Cornely OA, Maertens J, Winston DJ, et al. Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(4):348-359. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061094.

Ullmann AJ, Lipton JH, Vesole DH, et al. Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graft-versus-host disease [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 26;357(4):428]. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(4):335-347. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061098.

Maertens JA, Rahav G, Lee DG, et al. Posaconazole versus voriconazole for primary treatment of invasive aspergillosis: a phase 3, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial [published correction appears in Lancet. 2021 Aug 7;398(10299):490. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01745-1]. Lancet. 2021;397(10273):499-509. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00219-1.

Crevits B, Picoto A, Staberg B, Urbanowski S, Silny W (1998) Comparison of efficacy and safety of oral Fluconazole and topical clotrimazole in the treatment of Tinea corporis, Tinea cruris, Tinea pedis, and Cutaneous candidiasis. Current Therapeutic Research 59: 503-510.

Elewski BE, Vlahovic TC. Econazole nitrate foam 1% for the treatment of tinea pedis: results from two double-blind, vehicle-controlled, phase 3 clinical trials. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(7):803-808.

Repiso Montero T, López S, Rodríguez C, del Rio R, Badell A, Gratacós MR. Eberconazole 1% cream is an effective and safe alternative for dermatophytosis treatment: multicenter, randomized, double-blind, comparative trial with miconazole 2% cream. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45(5):600-604. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02841.x.

Jegasothy BV, Pakes GE. Oxiconazole nitrate: pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of a new imidazole antifungal agent. Clin Ther. 1991;13(1):126-141.

Sahni K, Singh S, Dogra S. Newer Topical Treatments in Skin and Nail Dermatophyte Infections. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2018;9(3):149-158. doi:10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_281_17.

Sharma A, Saple DG, Surjushe A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of sertaconazole nitrate 2% cream vs. miconazole in patients with cutaneous dermatophytosis. Mycoses. 2011;54(3):217-222. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01801.x.

Jarratt M, Jones T, Adelglass J, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily luliconazole 1% cream in patients ≥12 years of age with interdigital tinea pedis: a phase 3, randomized, double-blind,vehicle-controlled study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(7):838-846.

Watanabe S, Kishida H, Okubo A. Efficacy and safety of luliconazole 5% nail solution for the treatment of onychomycosis: A multicenter, double-blind, randomized phase III study. J Dermatol. 2017;44(7):753-759. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.13816 [20].

Ravichandran M, Srikanth S, Kumar BA, Munusamy R. Efficacy and Safety of Eberconazole vs Sertaconazole in Localised Tinea Infection. Indian J Dermatol. 2021;66(5):573. doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_893_20.

Ghannoum MA, Long L, Kim HG, Cirino AJ, Miller AR, Mallefet P. Efficacy of terbinafine compared to lanoconazole and luliconazole in the topical treatment of dermatophytosis in a guinea pig model. Med Mycol 2010;48:491-7.

Sugiura K, Sugimoto N, Hosaka S, Katafuchi-Nagashima M, Arakawa Y, Tatsumi Y, et al. The low keratin affinity of efinaconazole contributes to its nail penetration and fungicidal activity in topical onychomycosis treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:3837-42.

Anonymous. 2021. Full prescribing information isavuconazonium sulfate (Cresemba). United States Food and Drug Administration.

Bhatia A, Kanish B, Badyal DK, Kate P, Choudhary S. Efficacy of oral terbinafine versus itraconazole in treatment of dermatophytic infection of skin - A prospective, randomized comparative study. Indian J Pharmacol. 2019;51(2):116-119. doi:10.4103/ijp.IJP_578_17.

Evans EG, Sigurgeirsson B. Double blind, randomised study of continuous terbinafine compared with intermittent itraconazole in treatment of toenail onychomycosis. The LION Study Group. BMJ. 1999;318(7190):1031-1035. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7190.1031.

Darkes MJ, Scott LJ, Goa KL. Terbinafine: a review of its use in onychomycosis in adults. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(1):39-65. doi:10.2165/00128071-200304010-00005.

Hall M, Monka C, Krupp P, O’Sullivan D. Safety of oral terbinafine: results of a postmarketing surveillance study in 25,884 patients. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133(10):1213-1219. doi:10.1001/archderm.133.10.1213.

Sinha SD, Rajamma A, Bandi MR, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Naftifine Hydrochloride 2% Gel in Interdigital Tinea Pedis: A Phase III Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Active-Controlled Study in Indian Adult Patients. Clin Drug Investig. 2023;43(7):565-574. doi:10.1007/s40261-023-01288-1.

Syed TA, Maibach HI. Butenafine hydrochloride: for the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2000;1(3):467-473. doi:10.1517/14656566.1.3.467.

Elewski BE, Aly R, Baldwin SL, et al. Efficacy and safety of tavaborole topical solution, 5%, a novel boron-based antifungal agent, for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: Results from 2 randomized phase-III studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015 pii:S0190-9622(15)01512-1.

Iorizzo M, Hartmane I, Derveniece A, Mikazans I. Ciclopirox 8% HPCH nail lacquer in the treatment of mild-to-moderate onychomycosis: a randomized, amorolfine controlled study using a blinded evaluator. Skin Appendage Disord. 2016;1:134–140.

Ferrari J. Fungal toenail infections. Am Fam Phys. 2015;92:132–133.

Lauharanta J. Comparative efficacy and safety of amorolfine nail lacquer 2% versus 5% once weekly. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1992;17:41–3.

Feng X, Xiong X, Ran Y. Efficacy and tolerability of amorolfine 5% nail lacquer in combination with systemic antifungal agents for onychomycosis: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Dermatol Ther. 2017;30(3):10.1111/dth.12457. doi:10.1111/dth.12457.

Araujo OE, Flowers FP, King MM. Griseofulvin: a new look at an old drug. DICP. 1990;24(9):851-854. doi:10.1177/106002809002400912.

Stone JA, Holland SD, Wickersham PJ, et al. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in healthy men. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46(3):739-745. doi:10.1128/AAC.46.3.739-745.2002.

MSD Sharp & Dohme Ltd. Caspofungin MSD: summary of product characteristics. Available at: http://www.eudra.org, 2004.

National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 16119814, Caspofungin.

Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Kontoyiannis D, Raffalli J, et al. International, open-label, noncomparative, clinical trial of micafungin alone and in combination for treatment of newly diagnosed and refractory candidemia [published correction appears in Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006 Jan;25(1):69]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;24(10):654-661. doi:10.1007/s10096-005-0024-8.

Kohno S, Masaoka T, Yamaguchi H, et al. A multicenter, open-label clinical study of micafungin (FK463) in the treatment of deep-seated mycosis in Japan. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(5):372-379. doi:10.1080/00365540410020406.

Pappas PG, Rotstein CM, Betts RF, et al. Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis [published correction appears in Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jul 15;47(2):302]. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(7):883-893. doi:10.1086/520980.