Lichen Sclerosus

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Ridley CM.Genital licken sclerosus(Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus) in childhood and adolescence.JR Soc Med 1993;86:69-75.

De Luca DA,Papara C,Vorobyev A, et al.Licken sclerosus:The 2023 update.Front Med 2023;10:1106318.

Gao, XH, Barnardo, MC, Winsey, S, et al. The association between HLA DR, DQ antigens, and vulval lichen sclerosus in the UK: HLA DRB112 and its associated DRB112/DQB10301/04/09/010 haplotype confers susceptibility to vulval lichen sclerosus, and HLA DRB10301/04 and its associatedDRB10301/04/DQB10201/02/03 haplotype protects from vulval lichen sclerosus. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:895–9.

Liu, GL, Cao, FL, Zhao, MY, Shi, J, and Liu, SH. Associations between HLA-AB DRB1 polymorphisms and risks of vulvar lichen sclerosus or squamous cell hyperplasia of the vulva. Genet Mol Res 2015; 14:15962–71.

Zhao, Y, Zhao, S, Li, H, Qin, X, and Wu, X. Expression of galectin-7 in vulvar lichen sclerosus and its effect on dermal fibroblasts. Oncol Lett 2018;16:2559–64.

Zannoni, GF, Faraglia, B, Tarquini, E, et al. Expression of the CDK inhibitor p27kip1 and oxidative DNA damage in non-neoplastic and neoplastic vulvar epithelial lesions. Mod Pathol 2006;19:504–13.

Vishwanath, T, Ghate, S, Shinde, G,et al. A. Koebnerization of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus at insulin injection sites - a rare case with dermoscopic features. Indian J Dermatol 2021,66:224.

Requena López, S, Hidalgo García, Y, Gómez Díez, S, and Vivanco, AB. Morphea and extragenital lichen sclerosus et atrophicus after influenza vaccination. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2018;109:86–8.

Arif, T, Adil, M, Amin, SS, and Mahtab, A. Concomitant morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in the same plaque at the site of intramuscular drug injection: an interesting case presentation. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat 2018;27:111–3.

Friedrich, EG Jr, and Kalra, PS. Serum levels of sex hormones in vulvar lichen sclerosus, and the effect of topical testosterone. N Engl J Med. 1984 ;310:488–91.

Clifton, MM, Garner, IB, Kohler, S, and Smoller, BR. Immunohistochemical evaluation of androgen receptors in genital and extragenital lichen sclerosus: evidence for loss of androgen receptors in lesional epidermis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:43–6.

Günthert, AR, Limacher, A, Beltraminelli, H, et al. Efficacy of topical progesterone versus topical clobetasol propionate in patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus - a double-blind randomized phase II pilot study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2022; 272:88–95.

Prowse, DM, Ktori, EN, Chandrasekaran, D, Prapa, A, and Baithun, S. Human papillomavirus-associated increase in p16INK4A expression in penile lichen sclerosus and squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2008 ;158:261–5.

de Martino, M, Haitel, A, Wrba, F, Schatzl, G, Klatte, T, and Waldert, M. High-risk human papilloma virus infection of the foreskin in asymptomatic boys. Urology.2013;81:869–72.

Edmonds, EV, Hunt, S, Hawkins, D,et al. Clinical parameters in male genital lichen sclerosus: a case series of 329 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26:730–7.

Edmonds, E, Barton, G, Buisson, S, Francis, N, Gotch, F, Game, L, et al. Gene expression profiling in male genital lichen sclerosus. Int J Exp Pathol. 2011 ;92:320–19. Shim, TN, Harwood, CA, Marsh, SG, et al. Immunogenetics and human papillomavirus (HPV) in male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc). Int J STD AIDS 2020; 31:1334–9.

Alonso-Llamazares, J, Persing, DH, Anda, P, et al. No evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi infection in lesions of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in Spain. A prospective study and literature review. Acta Derm Venereol 1997 ;77:299–304.

Ena, P, Lorrai, P, Pintus, A, Marraset al.Development of multifocal squamous cell carcinoma in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the penis associated to HCV hepatitis. Andrologia 2004;36:38–40.

Boulinguez, S, Bernard, P, Lacour, JP, et al. Bullous lichen sclerosus with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137:474–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03767.x

Cong, Q, Guo, X, Zhang, S, et all. HCV poly U/UC sequence-induced inflammation leads to metabolic disorders in vulvar lichen sclerosis. Life Sci Alliance. 2021; 4:e202000906.

Shim, TN, and Bunker, CB. Male genital lichen sclerosus and hepatitis C. Br J Dermatol 2012 ;167:1398–9.

Yang, M, Sun, K, and Chang, J. Screening differential circular RNAs expression profiles in vulvar lichen Sclerosus. Biomed Eng Online. 2022 ; 21:51.

Mühl, S, Ehrchen, J, and Metze, D. Blistering and skin fragility due to imatinib therapy: loss of laminin and collagen IV as a possible cause of cutaneous basement membrane instability. Am J Dermatopathol 2018; 40:371–4.

Skupsky, H, Abuav, R, High, W,et al. Development of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus while receiving a therapeutic dose of imatinib mesylate for chronic myelogenous leukemia. J Cutan Pathol 2010;37:877–80.

Pranteda, G, Muscianese, M, Grimaldi, M, et al. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus induced by carbamazepine: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013;26:791–4.

Conteduca, V, Medri, M, Mazzoni, L,et al. Anogenital lichen sclerosus et atrophicus lesions in a case series of cancer patients on immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:1545–8.

Seyed Jafari, SM, Feldmeyer, L, and Hunger, RE. Development of extragenital lichen sclerosus in malignant melanoma patients treated with Ipilimumab in combination with nivolumab. Front Oncol 2020 ;10:573527.

Miraglia, E, Soda, G, and Giustini, S. Genital lichen sclerosus after nivolumab. Dermatol Online J. 2020;26:13030.

Baldo, M, Ali, I, and Wojnarowska, F. The contribution of drugs to lichen sclerosus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39:234.

Kreuter, A, Kryvosheyeva, Y, Terras, S,et al. Association of autoimmune diseases with lichen sclerosus in 532 male and female patients. Acta Derm Venereol 2013; 93:238–41.

Fan, R, Leasure, AC, Maisha, FI, Cohen, JM, and Little, AJ. Thyroid disorders associated with lichen sclerosus: a case-control study in the all of us research program. Br J Dermatol 2022;187:797–9.

Becker, K, Meissner, V, Farwick, W, et al. Lichen sclerosus and atopy in boys: coincidence or correlation? Br J Dermatol. 2013;168:362–6.

Eberz, B, and Regauer, S. Assoziation von anogenitalem Lichen sclerosus und Psoriasis bei erwachsenen Frauen. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2008 ;68:32.

Ranum, A, Freese, R, Ramesh, V, and Pearson, DR. Lichen sclerosus in female patients is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular comorbidities: a retrospective cohort review. Br J Dermatol 2022;187:1030–2.