Serebral Palside Dil ve Konuşma Terapisi
Özet
Referanslar
Abdel Malek, S., Rosenbaum, P., & Gorter, J. W. (2020). Perspectives on cerebral palsy in Africa: Exploring the literature through the lens of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Child: Care, Health and Development, 46(2), 175-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12733
Allison, K. M., & Hustad, K. C. (2018). Data-Driven Classification of Dysarthria Profiles in Children With Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(12), 2837-2853. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0356
Andrew, M. J., Parr, J. R., & Sullivan, P. B. (2012). Feeding difficulties in children with cerebral palsy. Archives of disease in childhood - Education & practice edition, 97(6), 222-229. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-300914
Andrew, M. J., & Sullivan, P. B. (2010). Growth in Cerebral Palsy. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 25(4), 357-361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533610374061
Ansel, B. M., & Kent, R. D. (1992). Acoustic-Phonetic Contrasts and Intelligibility in the Dysarthria Associated With Mixed Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 35(2), 296-308. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3502.296
Arvedson, J. (2013). Feeding children with cerebral palsy and swallowing difficulties. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67(S2), S9-S12. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.224
Arvedson, J. C., Brodsky, Linda., & Lefton-Greif, M. A. (2020). Pediatric swallowing and feeding: assessment and management. Plural Publishing.
Arvedson, J., & Lefton-Greif, M. (2017). Instrumental Assessment of Pediatric Dysphagia. Seminars in Speech and Language, 38(02), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1599111
ASHA. (2025, Aralık 23). Spoken Language Disorders. https://www.Practice-Portal/Clinical-Topics/Spoken-Language-Disorders/
Belafsky, P. C., Mouadeb, D. A., Rees, C. J., Pryor, J. C., Postma, G. N., Allen, J., & Leonard, R. J. (2008). Validity and Reliability of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10). Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 117(12), 919-924. https://doi.org/10.1177/000348940811701210
Benfer, K. A., Weir, K. A., Bell, K. L., Ware, R. S., Davies, P. S. W., & Boyd, R. N. (2013). Oropharyngeal Dysphagia and Gross Motor Skills in Children With Cerebral Palsy. PEDIATRICS, 131(5), e1553-e1562. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-3093
Benfer, K. A., Weir, K. A., Bell, K. L., Ware, R. S., Davies, P. S. W., & Boyd, R. N. (2014). Oropharyngeal dysphagia in preschool children with cerebral palsy: Oral phase impairments. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(12), 3469-3481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.029
Benfer, K. A., Weir, K. A., Bell, K. L., Ware, R. S., Davies, P. S. W., & Boyd, R. N. (2015). Clinical signs suggestive of pharyngeal dysphagia in preschool children with cerebral palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 38, 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.021
Calderone, A., Militi, D., Cardile, D., Corallo, F., Calabrò, R. S., & Militi, A. (2025). Swallowing disorders in cerebral palsy: a systematic review of oropharyngeal Dysphagia, nutritional impact, and health risks. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 51(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-025-01903-1
Christovam, C. A., Manica, D., Schweiger, C., Sekine, L., Miranda, P. P., & Levy, D. S. (2022). Instrumental Swallowing Assessments in the Neonatal and Pediatric Populations: A Systematic Review. Dysphagia, 37(5), 1183-1200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-021-10379-0
Çevik, D. (2017). Gelişimsel Dil Bozuklukları. Içinde Ö. Diken (Ed.), İletişim ve Alternatif İletişim Sistemleri (ss. 65-83). Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Çevik, D., & Şahnalı, V. (2024). Motor Konuşma Bozukluklarının Değerlendirilmesi. Içinde S. Topbaşi, İ. Maviş, S. Selvi-Balo, & E. İyigün-Uzunöz (Ed.), Kuramdan Uygulamaya Klinik Dil ve Konuşma Terapisi (1. bs, ss. 247-256). Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
Dahlseng, M. O., Andersen, G. L., Da Graca Andrada, M., Arnaud, C., Balu, R., De La Cruz, J., Folha, T., Himmelmann, K., Horridge, K., Juliusson, P. B., Pahlman, M., Rackauskaite, G., Sigurdardottir, S., Uldall, P., & Vik, T. (2012). Gastrostomy tube feeding of children with cerebral palsy: variation across six European countries. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 54(10), 938-944. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04391.x
Dale, P. S., & Hayden, D. A. (2013). Treating Speech Subsystems in Childhood Apraxia of Speech With Tactual Input: The PROMPT Approach. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(4), 644-661. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2013/12-0055)
Darley, F. L., Aronson, A. E., & Brown, J. R. (1969). Clusters of Deviant Speech Dimensions in the Dysarthrias. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 12(3), 462-496. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.1203.462
Demir, N., Serel Arslan, S., İnal, Ö., & Karaduman, A. A. (2016). Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Eating Assessment Tool (T-EAT-10). Dysphagia, 31(5), 644-649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-016-9723-9
Duffy, J. R. . (2020). Motor speech disorders : substrates, differential diagnosis, and management. Elsevier.
Duffy, J. R., & Kent, R. D. (2001). Darley’s contributions to the understanding, differential diagnosis, and scientific study of the dysarthrias. Aphasiology, 15(3), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687040042000269
Dunst, C. J. (1998). Sensorimotor development and developmental disabilities. Içinde Handbook of mental retardation and development, (ss. 135-182.). Cambridge University Press.
Enderby, P. (1980). Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 15(3), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.3109/13682828009112541
Erasmus, C. E., van Hulst, K., Rotteveel, J. J., Willemsen, M. A. A. P., & Jongerius, P. H. (2012). Clinical practice. European Journal of Pediatrics, 171(3), 409-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-011-1570-y
Erasmus, C. E., van Hulst, K., Rotteveel, L. J. C., Jongerius, P. H., Van Den Hoogen, F. J. A., Roeleveld, N., & Rotteveel, J. J. (2009). Drooling in cerebral palsy: hypersalivation or dysfunctional oral motor control? Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 51(6), 454-459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03243.x
Erkin, G., Culha, C., Ozel, S., & Kirbiyik, E. G. (2010). Feeding and gastrointestinal problems in children with cerebral palsy. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 33(3), 218-224. https://doi.org/10.1097/MRR.0b013e3283375e10
Fletcher, N. A., & Marsden, C. D. (1996). Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy: A Clinical And Genetic Study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 38(10), 873-880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15043.x
Gise, E. G., Applegale‐Ferrante, T., Benson, J. E., & Bosnia, J. F. (1995). Effect Of Oral Sensorimotor Treatment On Measures Of Growth, Eating Efficiency And Aspiration In The Dysphagic Child With Cerebral Palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 37(6), 528-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb12040.x
Gosa, M. M., Carden, H. T., Jacks, C. C., Threadgill, A. Y., & Sidlovsky, T. C. (2017). Evidence to support treatment options for children with swallowing and feeding disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 10(2), 107-136. https://doi.org/10.3233/PRM-170436
Halfpenny, R., Stewart, A., Kelly, P., Conway, E., & Smith, C. (2021). Dysphagia rehabilitation following acquired brain injury, including cerebral palsy, across the lifespan: a scoping review protocol. Systematic Reviews, 10(1), 312. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01861-9
Hidecker, M. J. C., Ho, N. T., Dodge, N., Hurvitz, E. A., Slaughter, J., Workinger, M. Seif., Kent, R. D., Rosenbaum, P., Lenski, M., Messaros, B. M., Vanderbeek, S. B., Deroos, S., & Paneth, N. (2012). Inter‐relationships of functional status in cerebral palsy: analyzing gross motor function, manual ability, and communication function classification systems in children. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 54(8), 737-742. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04312.x
Hodge, M. (2013). Developmental dysarthria. Içinde The Cambridge Handbook of Communication Disorders. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139108683.004
Hodge, M. M. (2002). Nonspeech Oral Motor Treatment Approaches for Dysarthria: Perspectives on a Controversial Clinical Practice. Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders, 12(4), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1044/nnsld12.4.22
Hustad, K. C., Gorton, K., & Lee, J. (2010). Classification of Speech and Language Profiles in 4-Year-Old Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Prospective Preliminary Study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53(6), 1496-1513. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0176)
Hustad, K. C., Schueler, B., Schultz, L., & DuHadway, C. (2012). Intelligibility of 4-Year-Old Children With and Without Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(4), 1177-1189. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2011/11-0083)
Hustad, K. C., & Sassano, K. (2002). Effects of rate reduction on severe spastic dysarthria in cerebral palsy. Journal of Medical Speech Language Pathology, 10(4), 287-292.
Kent, R. D., Kent, J. F., Duffy, J. R., Thomas, J. E., Weismer, G., & Stuntebeck, S. (2000). Ataxic Dysarthria. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43(5), 1275-1289. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4305.1275
Kim, J.-S., Han, Z.-A., Song, D. H., Oh, H.-M., & Chung, M. E. (2013). Characteristics of Dysphagia in Children with Cerebral Palsy, Related to Gross Motor Function. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 92(10), 912-919. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e318296dd99
Konrot, A. (2024). İletişim, Dil ve Konuşma Bozuklukları. Içinde S. Topbaş (Ed.), Dil ve Kavram Gelişimi (16. bs, ss. 190-211). Kök Yayıncılık.
Korkalainen, J., McCabe, P., Smidt, A., & Morgan, C. (2023). Motor Speech Interventions for Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(1), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_JSLHR-22-00375
Krägeloh-Mann, I., & Cans, C. (2009). Cerebral palsy update. Brain and Development, 31(7), 537-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2009.03.009
Langmore, S. E. (2003). Evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia: which diagnostic tool is superior? Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, 11(6), 485-489. https://doi.org/10.1097/00020840-200312000-00014
Langmore, S. E., & Logemann, J. A. (1991). After the Clinical Bedside Swallowing Examination. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 1(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0101.13
Lefton-Greif, M., & McGrath-Morrow, S. (2007). Deglutition and Respiration: Development, Coordination, and Practical Implications. Seminars in Speech and Language, 28(3), 166-179. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-984723
Lewis, B. A., Miller, G. J., Iyengar, S. K., Stein, C., & Benchek, P. (2024). Long-Term Outcomes for Individuals With Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 67(9S), 3463-3479. https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_JSLHR-22-00647
Baki, E. M., & Çıtlak, Atilla. (2020). Serebral Palsiye Multidisipliner Yaklaşım (1. bs). Akademisyen Kitabevi.
Maas, E., Robin, D. A., Austermann Hula, S. N., Freedman, S. E., Wulf, G., Ballard, K. J., & Schmidt, R. A. (2008). Principles of Motor Learning in Treatment of Motor Speech Disorders. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(3), 277-298. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2008/025)
Marciniak, C. M., Ryan, J. M., Camacho‐Soto, A., Capellari, E., Burke, J., Sofiany, M., Post, Z., Sung, E. C., & Brown, M. D. (2025). Gastroenterological disorders and hepatic disease in adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.70034
McInerney, M., Moran, S., Molloy, S., Murphy, C.-A., & McAndrew, B. (2025). Behavioural Interventions to Treat Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(17), 6005. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176005
McInerney, M., Pearce, W., & Brignell, A. (2024). The nature of language impairments in children with cerebral palsy: A scoping review protocol. Advances in Communication and Swallowing, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3233/ACS-240001
Mei, C., Reilly, S., Bickerton, M., Mensah, F., Turner, S., Kumaranayagam, D., Pennington, L., Reddihough, D., & Morgan, A. T. (2020). Speech in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 62(12), 1374-1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14592
Mei, C., Reilly, S., Reddihough, D., Mensah, F., Pennington, L., & Morgan, A. (2016). Language outcomes of children with cerebral palsy aged 5 years and 6 years: a population‐based study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 58(6), 605-611. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12957
Min, K.-C., Woo, H.-S., & Son, Y.-S. (2024). Survey of Prevalence and Status of Drooling in Children with Cerebral Palsy in Korea. Journal of the Korean Dysphagia Society, 14(S1), 126-135. https://doi.org/10.34160/jkds.24.011
Morgan, A. T., Dodrill, P., & Ward, E. C. (2012). Interventions for oropharyngeal dysphagia in children with neurological impairment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012(10). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009456.pub2
Mouilly, M., El Midaoui, A., & El Hessni, A. (2022). The Effects of Swallowing Disorders and Oral Malformations on Nutritional Status in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Nutrients, 14(17), 3658. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173658
Murray, E., McCabe, P., & Ballard, K. J. (2014). A Systematic Review of Treatment Outcomes for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 23(3), 486-504. https://doi.org/10.1044/2014_AJSLP-13-0035
Murray, E., McCabe, P., & Ballard, K. J. (2015). A Randomized Controlled Trial for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech Comparing Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment and the Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme–Third Edition. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 58(3), 669-686. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-13-0179
Otapowicz, D., Sobaniec, W., Okurowska-Zawada, B., Artemowicz, B., Sendrowski, K., Kułak, W., Boćkowski, L., & Kuzia-Śmigielska, J. (2010). Dysphagia in children with infantile cerebral palsy. Advances in Medical Sciences, 55(2), 222-227. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10039-010-0034-3
Özcan, H. (2003). Biçimbirim ve Sözdizimi Gelişimi. Içinde S. Topbaş (Ed.), Çocukta Dil ve Kavram Gelişimi (ss. 113-124). Anadolu Üniversitesi.
Özcan, H. (2005). Cerebral Palsy (Beyin Hareket Bozukluğu). İstanbul: Boyut Yayınları.
Palisano, R., Rosenbaum, P., Walter, S., Russell, D., Wood, E., & Galuppi, B. (1997). Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 39(4), 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x
Paul, R. (2006). Language Disorders from Infancy Through Adolescence: Assessment and Intervention (3. bs). Mosby.
Pennington, L. (2008). Cerebral palsy and communication. Paediatrics and Child Health, 18(9), 405-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2008.05.013
Pennington, L. (2012). (2013). Speech and communication in cerebral palsy. . Eastern Journal of Medicine, , 17(4), 171-177.
Pennington, L., Goldbart, J., & Marshall, J. (2004a). Interaction training for conversational partners of children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 39(2), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/13682820310001625598
Pennington, L., Goldbart, J., & Marshall, J. (2004b). Speech and language therapy to improve the communication skills of children with cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003466.pub2
Pennington, L., & McConachie, H. (2001). Predicting patterns of interaction between children with cerebral palsy and their mothers. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43(02), 83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162201000147
Rashnoo, P., & Daniel, S. J. (2015). Drooling quantification: Correlation of different techniques. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 79(8), 1201-1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.05.010
Roseberry-McKibbin, Celeste., & Hegde, M. N. . (2011). An advanced review of speech-language pathology : preparation for the PRAXIS and comprehensive examination. PRO-ED.
Schölderle, T., Staiger, A., Lampe, R., Strecker, K., & Ziegler, W. (2016). Dysarthria in Adults With Cerebral Palsy: Clinical Presentation and Impacts on Communication. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 59(2), 216-229. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-15-0086
Serel Arslan, S., Demir, N., Karaduman, A. A., & Belafsky, P. C. (2018). The Pediatric Version of the Eating Assessment Tool: a caregiver administered dyphagia-specific outcome instrument for children. Disability and Rehabilitation, 40(17), 2088-2092. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1323235
Shriberg, L. D., Strand, E. A., Jakielski, K. J., & Mabie, H. L. (2019). Estimates of the prevalence of speech and motor speech disorders in persons with complex neurodevelopmental disorders. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 33(8), 707-736. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2019.1595732
Snider, L., Majnemer, A., & Darsaklis, V. (2011). Feeding Interventions for Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Evidence. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics, 31(1), 58-77. https://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2010.523397
Strand, E. A. (2020). Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing: A Treatment Strategy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(1), 30-48. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_AJSLP-19-0005
Strand, E. A., McCauley, R. J., Weigand, S. D., Stoeckel, R. E., & Baas, B. S. (2013). A Motor Speech Assessment for Children With Severe Speech Disorders: Reliability and Validity Evidence. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56(2), 505-520. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0094)
Sullivan, P. B. (2008). Gastrointestinal disorders in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 14(2), 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddrr.18
Sullivan, P. B., Lambert, B., Rose, M., Ford-Adams, M., Johnson, A., & Griffiths, P. (2000). Prevalence and severity of feeding and nutritional problems in children with neurological impairment: Oxford Feeding Study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 42(10), S0012162200001249. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162200001249
Swigert, N. B. ., Dunlap, Leslie., & DeBlieck, Jeff. (2010). The source for dysarthria. Pro-ed.
Teverovsky, E. G., Bickel, J. O., & Feldman, H. M. (2009a). Functional characteristics of children diagnosed with Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(2), 94-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280701795030
Teverovsky, E. G., Bickel, J. O., & Feldman, H. M. (2009b). Functional characteristics of children diagnosed with Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(2), 94-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280701795030
Topbaş, S. (2024). Dil ve Kavram Gelişimi (16. bs). Kök yayıncılık.
Vaillant, E., Geytenbeek, J. J. M., Jansma, E. P., Oostrom, K. J., Vermeulen, R. J., & Buizer, A. I. (2020). Factors associated with spoken language comprehension in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 62(12), 1363-1373. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14651
Velayutham, P., Irace, A. L., Kawai, K., Dodrill, P., Perez, J., Londahl, M., Mundy, L., Dombrowski, N. D., & Rahbar, R. (2018). Silent aspiration: Who is at risk? The Laryngoscope, 128(8), 1952-1957. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.27070
Vos, R. C., Dallmeijer, A. J., Verhoef, M., Van Schie, P. E. M., Voorman, J. M., Wiegerink, D. J. H. G., Geytenbeek, J. J. M., Roebroeck, M. E., & Becher, J. G. (2014). Developmental trajectories of receptive and expressive communication in children and young adults with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 56(10), 951-959. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12473
Walshe, M., Smith, M., & Pennington, L. (2012). Interventions for drooling in children with cerebral palsy. Içinde M. Walshe (Ed.), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008624.pub3
Workinger, M. Seif. (2005). Cerebral palsy resource guide for speech-language pathologists. Thomson Delmar Learning.
WHO. (2007). International classification of functioning, disability and health: Children & youth version (ICF-CY). World Health Organization.
Yorkston, K. M. . (2010). Management of motor speech disorders in children and adults. Pro-Ed.
Ziegler, W., Schölderle, T., Brendel, B., Risch, V., Felber, S., Ott, K., Goldenberg, G., Vogel, M., Bötzel, K., Zettl, L., Lorenzl, S., Lampe, R., Strecker, K., Synofzik, M., Lindig, T., Ackermann, H., & Staiger, A. (2023). Speech and Nonspeech Parameters in the Clinical Assessment of Dysarthria: A Dimensional Analysis. Brain Sciences, 13(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13010113
Ziegler, W., Staiger, A., & Schölderle, T. (2023). Profiles of Dysarthria: Clinical Assessment and Treatment. Brain Sciences, 14(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14010011