Deneysel Diyabet Modelleri
Özet
Diabetes mellitus, insülin sekresyonu ve/veya insülin etkisindeki bozukluklar sonucunda gelişen, hiperglisemi ile karakterize, kronik ve multisistemik bir metabolik hastalıktır. Dünya genelinde giderek artan prevalansı nedeniyle önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu oluşturan diyabet, başlıca tip 1 ve tip 2 diabetes mellitus olmak üzere farklı alt tiplere ayrılmaktadır. Tip 1 diyabet, pankreatik β-hücrelerin otoimmün yıkımına bağlı mutlak insülin eksikliği ile karakterize edilirken; tip 2 diyabet, insülin direnci ve buna eşlik eden progresif β-hücre disfonksiyonu ile tanımlanmaktadır. Diyabetin multifaktöriyel yapısı, hastalığın patogenezinin ve komplikasyonlarının anlaşılmasında deneysel hayvan modellerinin kullanımını vazgeçilmez kılmaktadır. Bu bölümde, diyabet araştırmalarında yaygın olarak kullanılan deneysel hayvan modelleri sistematik bir yaklaşımla sınıflandırılmıştır. Tip 1 diyabet için kimyasal olarak indüklenen, kendiliğinden gelişen otoimmün, genetik ve virüsle indüklenen modeller ayrıntılı biçimde ele alınmıştır. Tip 2 diyabet modelleri ise obez ve obez olmayan genetik modeller, diyet ve kimyasal ajanlarla indüklenen modeller ile β-hücre disfonksiyonunu temel alan genetik yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu bölümde ele alınan deneysel diyabet modelleri, diyabetin moleküler temellerinin aydınlatılması, hastalığa bağlı komplikasyonların mekanizmalarının anlaşılması ve yeni terapötik stratejilerin geliştirilmesi açısından önemli deneysel sistemler sunmaktadır.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, multisystemic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion and/or insulin action. With its increasing prevalence worldwide, diabetes constitutes a significant public health problem and is divided into different subtypes, primarily type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, while type 2 diabetes is defined by insulin resistance and accompanying progressive β-cell dysfunction. The multifactorial nature of diabetes makes the use of experimental animal models indispensable in understanding the pathogenesis and complications of the disease. In this section, experimental animal models commonly used in diabetes research are classified using a systematic approach. For type 1 diabetes, chemically induced, spontaneously occurring, autoimmune, genetic, and virus-induced models are discussed in detail. Type 2 diabetes models are examined within the framework of genetic models for obese and non-obese individuals, models induced by diet and chemical agents, and genetic approaches based on β-cell dysfunction. In conclusion, the experimental diabetes models discussed in this chapter offer important experimental systems for elucidating the molecular basis of diabetes, understanding the mechanisms of disease-related complications, and developing new therapeutic strategies.
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