Psikiyatrik Bozukluklardaki Anksiyetenin Kanıta Dayalı Bitkisel ve Nutrisyonel Tedavisi

Dale E, Bang-Andersen B, Sánchez C (2015) Emerging mechanisms and treatments for depression beyond SSRIs and SNRIs. Biochem Pharmacol 2015;95(2):81–97

Magni LR, Purgato M, Gastaldon C et al (2013) Fluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(7):CD004185

Keefe RS (2016) Treating cognitive impairment in depression: an unmet need. Lancet Psychiatry 2016;3(5):392–393

Le Noury J, Nardo JM, Healy D et al (2015) Restoring Study 329: effi cacy and harms of paroxetine and imipramine in treatment of major depression in adolescence. BMJ 2015;351:h4320

McIntyre E, Saliba AJ, Wiener KK et al (2016) Herbal medicine use behaviour in Australian adults who experience anxiety: a descriptive study. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016;16(1):60

Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: summary of results, 2007. Canberra: ABS; 2007.

Slade T et al. 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: methods and key findings. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2009;43(7):594–605.

Kessler RC et al. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2012;21(3):169–84.

Barlow DH. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press; 1988.

Degenhardt L, Topp L. ‘Crystal meth’ use among polydrug users in Sydney’s dance party subculture: characteristics, use patterns and associated harms. Int J Drug Policy. b2003;14(1):17–24.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Otto MW, McHugh RK, Kantak KM. Combined pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: medication effects, glucocorticoids, and attenuated treatment outcomes. Clin Psychol(Science and Practice). 2010;17(2):91–103.

Read J, Cartwright C, Gibson K. Adverse emotional and interpersonal effects reported by 1829 New Zealanders while taking antidepressants. Psychiatry Res. 2014;216(1):67–73.

Baldwin D et al. Effi cacy of drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342.

Serretti A, Chiesa A. Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction related to antidepressants: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(3):259–66.

Lam RW. Sleep disturbances and depression: a challenge for antidepressants. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21(Suppl 1):S25–9.

Serretti A, Mandelli L. Antidepressants and body weight: a comprehensive review and metaanalysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(10):1259–72.

Hofmann SG et al. The effi cacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Cognit Thera Res. 2012;36(5):427–40.

Hofmann SG, Smits JAJ. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a metaanalysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(4):621–32.

Olatunji BO, Cisler JM, Deacon BJ. Effi cacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: a review of meta-analytic fi ndings. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2010;33(3):557–77.

Clarke TC, Black LI, Stussman BJ, Barnes PM, Nahin RL. Trends in the Use of Complementary Health Approaches Among Adults: United States, 2002–2012. National health statistics reports. 2015;(79):1–16.

Spinks J, Hollingsworth B. Policy implications of complementary and alternative medicine use in Australia: Data from the National Health Survey. The Journal of Alternative and Complement Medicine. 2012;18(4):371–378. http://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0817

Zhang AL et al. A population survey on the use of 24 common medicinal herbs in Australia. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2008;17(10):1006–13.

McIntyre E et al. Herbal medicine use behaviour in Australian adults who experience anxiety: a descriptive study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16:60.

McIntyre E et al. Prevalence and predictors of herbal medicine use in adults experiencing anxiety: a critical review of the literature. Adv Intern Med. 2015;2(1):38–48.

Pirotta M et al. Complementary medicine in general practice a national survey of GP attitudes and knowledge. Aust Fam Physician. 2010;39:946–50.

Zhang Y et al. Discrepancy between patients use of and health providers familiarity with CAM. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;89(3):399–404.

Heinrich M et al. Fundamentals of pharmacognosy and phytotherapy. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2004.

Williamson EM. Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines. Phytomedicine. 2001;8:401–9.

Bensky D, Gamble A. Chinese herbal formulas. Seattle: Eastland Press; 1991.

Camfield DA. Herbal extracts and cognition in adulthood and ageing. In: Riby LM, Smith MA, Foster JK, editors. Nutrition and mental performance – a lifespan perspective. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan; 2012.

Groot MJ, Van Der Roest J. Quality control in the production chain of herbal products. In: Bogers RJ, Craker LE, Lange D, editors. Medicinal and aromatic plants. The Netherlands: Springer; 2006. p. 253–60.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Lebot V, Lévesque J. The origin and distribution of kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f. and Piper wichmannii C. DC., Piperaceae): a phytochemical approach. Allertonia. 1989;5:223–80.

Awad R et al. Effects of traditionally used anxiolytic botanicals on enzymes of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;85(9):933–42.

Bilia AR, Gallon S, Vincieri FF. Kava-kava and anxiety: growing knowledge about the effi cacy and safety. Life Sci. 2002;70(22):2581–97.

LaPorte E et al. Neurocognitive effects of kava (Piper methysticum): a systematic review. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011;26(2):102–11.

Rickels K, Rynn M. Pharmacotherapy of generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(Suppl 14):9–16.

Pittler MH, Ernst E. Kava extract for treating anxiety. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;1:CD003383.

Clouatre DL. Kava kava: examining new reports of toxicity. Toxicol Lett. 2004;150(1):85–96.

Teschke R, Schwarzenboeck A, Akinci A. Kava hepatotoxicity: a European view. N Z Med J. 2008;121(1283):90–8.

Raduege KM et al. Anesthetic considerations of the herbal, kava. J Clin Anesth. 2004;16(4):305–11.

Singh YN, Singh NN. Therapeutic potential of kava in the treatment of anxiety disorders. CNS Drugs. 2002;16(11):731–43.

Nerurkar PV, Dragull K, Tang CS. In vitro toxicity of kava alkaloid, pipermethystine, in HepG2 cells compared to kavalactones. Toxicol Sci. 2004;79(1):106–11.

Kinzler E, Kromer J, Lehmann E. Effect of a special kava extract in patients with anxiety-, tension-, and excitation states of non-psychotic genesis. Double blind study with placebos over 4 weeks. Arzneimittelforschung. 1991;41(6):584–8.

Gleitz J et al. The protective action of tetrodotoxin and (+/−)-kavain on anaerobic glycolysis, ATP content and intracellular Na + and Ca2+ of anoxic brain vesicles. Neuropharmacology. 1996;35(12):1743–52.

Jamieson DD, Duffi eld PH. The antinociceptive actions of kava components in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1990;17(7):495–507.

Singh YN. Effects of kava on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contractility. J Ethnopharmacol. 1983;7(3):267–76.

Gleitz J et al. Antithrombotic action of the kava pyrone (+)-kavain prepared from Piper methysticum on human platelets. Planta Med. 1997;63(1):27–30.

Singh HK, Dhawan BN. Neuropsychopharmacological effects of the ayurvedic nootropic Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi). Indian J Pharm. 1997;29(5):S359–65.

Wheatley D. Stress-induced insomnia treated with kava and valerian: singly and in combination. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2001;16(4):353–6.

Jussofi e A, Schmiz A, Hiemke C. Kavapyrone enriched extract from Piper methysticum as modulator of the GABA binding site in different regions of rat brain. Psychopharmacolog (Berl). 1994;116:469–74.

Davies LP et al. Kava pyrones and resin: studies on GABAA, GABAB and benzodiazepine binding sites in rodent brain. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1992;71(2):120–6.

Boonen G, Haberlein H. Infl uence of genuine kavapyrone enantiomers on the GABAA binding site. Planta Med. 1998;64:504–6.

Witte S, Loew D, Gaus W. Meta-analysis of the effi cacy of the acetonic kava-kava extract WS1490 in patients with non-psychotic anxiety disorders. Phytother Res. 2005;19(3):183–8.

CoulterD.Assessment of the risk of hepatotoxicity with kava products . WHO Appointed Committee.2007.

Whitton PA et al. Kava lactones and the kava-kava controversy. Phytochemistry. 2003;64(3):673–9.

Sarris J et al. The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): a randomized, placebo- controlled, cross-over trial using an aqueous extract of Piper methysticum. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009;205(3):399–407.

Sarris J, Adams J, Kavanagh D. An explorative qualitative analysis of participants’ experience of using kava versus placebo in an RCT. Aust J Med Med Herbalism. 2010;22(1):12–6.

Sarris J et al. Kava in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(5):643–8.

Boerner RJ et al. Kava-Kava extract LI 150 is as effective as Opipramol and Buspirone in Generalised Anxiety Disorder–an 8-week randomized, double-blind multi- centre clinical trial in 129 out-patients. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(Suppl 4):38–49.

Buffett-Jerrott SE, Stewart SH. Cognitive and sedative effects of benzodiazepine use. Curr Pharm Des. 2002;8(1):45–58.

Thompson R, Ruch W, Hasenohrl RU. Enhanced cognitive performance and cheerful mood by standardized extracts of Piper methysticum (Kava-kava). Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004;19(4):243–50.

Saletu B et al. EEG-brain mapping, psychometric and psychophysiological studies on central effects of kavain – a kava plant derivative. Hum Psychopharmacol. 1989;4:169–90.

Heinze HJ et al. Pharmacopsychological effects of oxazepam and kava-extract in a visual search paradigm assessed with event-related potentials. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1994;27(6):224–30.

Munte TF et al. Effects of oxazepam and an extract of kava roots (Piper methysticum) on event-related potentials in a word recognition task. Neuropsychobiology. 1993;27(1):46–53.

Foo H, Lemon J. Acute effects of kava, alone or in combination with alcohol, on subjective measures of impairment and intoxication and on cognitive performance. Drug Alcohol Rev. 1997;16(2):147–55.

Prescott J et al. Acute effects of kava on measures of cognitive performance, physiological function and mood. Drug Alcohol Rev. 1993;12(1):49–57.

Russell PN, Bakker D, Singh NN. The effects of kava on altering and speed of access of information from long-term memory. Bull Psychon Soc. 1987;25(4):236–7.

Mathews JD et al. Effects of the heavy usage of kava on physical health: summary of a pilot survey in an aboriginal community. Med J Aust. 1988;148(11):548–55.

Cairney S et al. Saccade and cognitive function in chronic kava users. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28(2):389–96.

Sarris J et al. The acute effects of kava and oxazepam on anxiety, mood, neurocognition; and genetic correlates: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(3):262–9.

Cairney S et al. Saccade and cognitive impairment associated with kava intoxication. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(7):525–33.

Akhondzadeh S et al. Passionfl ower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot doubleblind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001;26(5):363–7.

Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Anxiolytic activity of aerial and underground parts of Passifl ora incarnata. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;72(8):922–6.

Dhawan K, Dhawan S, Sharma A. Passifl ora: a review update. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;94(1):1–23.

Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King’s American dispensatory . 1898.

Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Comparative biological activity study on Passifl ora incarnata and P. edulis. Fitoterapia. 2001;72(6):698–702.

Awad R et al. Phytochemical and biological analysis of skullcap (Scutellaria laterifl ora L.): a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(8):640–9.

Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Anti-anxiety studies on extracts of Passifl ora incarnata Linneaus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;78(2–3):165–70.

Brown E et al. Evaluation of the anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a Passifl ora incarnata extract, in the laboratory rat. AANA J. 2007;75(5):333–7.

Zanoli P, Avallone R, Baraldi M. Behavioral characterisation of the fl avonoids apigenin and chrysin. Fitoterapia. 2000;71(Suppl 1):S117–23.

de Castro PCF et al. Possible anxiolytic effect of two extracts of Passifl ora quadrangularis L. in experimental models. Phytother Res. 2007;21(5):481–4.

Salgueiro JB et al. Anxiolytic natural and synthetic fl avonoid ligands of the central benzodiazepine receptor have no effect on memory tasks in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997;58(4):887–91.

Wolfman C et al. Possible anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a central benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated from Passifl ora Coerulea. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1994;47(1):1–4.

Sampath C et al. Anxiolytic effects of fractions obtained from Passifl ora incarnata L. in the elevated plus maze in mice. Phytother Res. 2011;25(6):789–95.

Movafegh A et al. Preoperative oral Passifl ora incarnata reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2008;106(6): 1728–32.

Aslanargun P et al. Passifl ora incarnata Linneaus as an anxiolytic before spinal anesthesia. J Anesth. 2012;26(1):39–44.

Appel K et al. Modulation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Passifl ora incarnata L. Phytother Res. 2011;25(6):838–43.

Petry RD et al. Comparative pharmacological study of hydroethanol extracts of Passifl ora alata and Passifl ora edulis leaves. Phytother Res. 2001;15(2):162–4.

Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Comparative anxiolytic activity profi le of various preparationsof Passifl ora incarnata linneaus: a comment on medicinal plants’ standardization. J Altern Complement Med. 2002;8(3):283–91.

Grundmann O et al. Anxiolytic effects of a passion fl ower (Passifl ora incarnata L.) extract in the elevated plus maze in mice. Die Pharmazie(An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences). 2009;64(1):63–4.

Grundmann O et al. Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passifl ora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic system. Planta Med. 2008;74(15):1769–73.

Barbosa PR et al. The aqueous extracts of Passifl ora alata and Passifl ora edulis reduce anxiety- related behaviors without affecting memory process in rats. J Med Food. 2008;11(2):282–8.

Deng J et al. Anxiolytic and sedative activities of Passifl ora edulis f. fl avicarpa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):148–53.

Li H et al. Comparative studies on anxiolytic activities and fl avonoid compositions of Passifl ora edulis ‘edulis’ and Passifl ora edulis ‘fl avicarpa’. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(3): 1085–90.

Lolli LF et al. Possible involvement of GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor in the anxiolyticlike effect induced by Passifl ora actinia extracts in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 111(2):308–14.

Soulimani R et al. Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;57(1): 11–20.

Amsterdam JD et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(4):378–82. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181ac935c .

Avallone R et al. Pharmacological profi le of apigenin, a fl avonoid isolated from Matricaria chamomilla. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000;59(11):1387–94.

Viola H et al. Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita fl owers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med. 1995;61(3):213–6.

Gutierrez SLG, Chilpa RR, Jaime HB. Medicinal plants for the treatment of “nervios”, anxiety, and depression in Mexican Traditional Medicine. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2014;24(5):591–608.

Abarca Vargas R et al. Pharmacokinetic study in mice of galphimine-A, an anxiolytic compound from Galphimia glauca. Molecules. 2014;19(3):3120–34.

Jimenez-Ferrer E et al. Interaction of the natural anxiolytic Galphimine-B with serotonergic drugs on dorsal hippocampus in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(1):724–9.

Herrera-Ruiz M et al. Anxiolytic and antidepressant-like activity of a standardized extract from Galphimia glauca. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(1–2):23–8.

Herrera-Arellano A et al. Effi cacy and tolerability of a standardized herbal product from Galphimia glauca on generalized anxiety disorder. A randomized, double- blind clinical trial controlled with lorazepam. Planta Med. 2007;73(8):713–7.

Herrera-Arellano A et al. Therapeutic effectiveness of galphimia glauca vslorazepam in generalized anxiety disorder. A controlled 15-week clinical trial. Planta Med. 2012;78(14):1529–35.

Wolfson P, Hoffmann D. An investigation into the effi cacy of Scutellaria laterifl ora in healthy volunteers. Altern Ther Health Med. 2003;9(2):74.

Li J et al. Identifi cation of phenolic compounds from Scutellaria laterifl ora by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet photodiode array and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2012;63(0):120–7.

Zhang Z et al. Characterization of chemical ingredients and anticonvulsant activity of American skullcap (Scutellaria laterifl ora). Phytomedicine. 2009;16(5):485–93.

Kuroda M, Iwabuchi K, Mimaki Y. Chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Scutellaria laterifl ora and their alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Nat Prod Commun. 2012;7(4):471.

Yaghmai MS. Volatile constituents of Scutellaria laterifl ora L. Flavour Frag J. 1988;3(1):27–31.

Hui KM et al. Anxiolytic effect of wogonin, a benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Biochem Pharmacol. 2002;64(9):1415–24. de Carvalho RSM, Duarte FS, de Lima TCM. Involvement of GABAergic non- benzodiazepine sites in the anxiolytic-like and sedative effects of the fl avonoid baicalein in mice. Behav Brain Res. 2011;221(1):75–82.

Brock C et al. American Skullcap (Scutellaria laterifl ora): a randomised, double- blind placebo- controlled crossover study of its effects on mood in healthy volunteers. Phytother Res. 2014;28(5):692–8.

Gao XQ, Bjork L. Valerenic acid derivatives and valepotriates among individuals, varieties and species of Valeriana. Fitoterapia. 2000;71(1):19–24.

Patočka J, Jakl J. Biomedically relevant chemical constituents of Valeriana offi cinalis. J Appl Biomed. 2010;8(11–18).

Muller CE et al. Interactions of valerian extracts and a fi xed valerian-hop extract combination with adenosine receptors. Life Sci. 2002;71(16):1939–49.

87. Benke D et al. GABA(A) receptors as in vivo substrate for the anxiolytic action of valerenic acid, a major constituent of valerian root extracts. Neuropharmacology. 2009;56(1):174–81. Dunayev VV et al. Biological activity of the sum of valepotriates isolated from Val. alliariifolia Adams. Farmakol Toksikol. 1987;50(6):33–7.

Hattesohl M et al. Extracts of Valeriana offi cinalis L. s.l. show anxiolytic and antidepressant effects but neither sedative nor myorelaxant properties. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(1–2):2–15.

Murphy K et al. Valeriana offi cinalis root extracts have potent anxiolytic effects in laboratory rats. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(8–9):674–8.

Andreatini R et al. Effect of valepotriates (valerian extract) in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Phytother Res. 2002;16(7):650– 4.

Bos R et al. Cytotoxic potential of valerian constituents and valerian tinctures. Phytomedicine. 1998;5(3):219–25.

Bounthanh C et al. Valepotriates, a new class of cytotoxic and antitumor agents. Planta Med. 1981;41(1):21–8.

Bhattacharyya D et al. Initial exploratory observational pharmacology of Valeriana wallichii on stress management: a clinical report. Nepal Med CollJ(NMCJ). 2007;9(1):36–9.

Pinheiro ML et al. Valeriana offi cinalis L. for conscious sedation of patients submitted to impacted lower third molar surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled splitmouth study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2014;6(2):109–14.

Sarris J. Current challenges in appraising complementary medicine evidence. Med J Aust. 2012;196(5):310–1.

Teschke R et al. Kava, the anxiolytic herb: back to basics to prevent liver injury? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(3):445–8.

Sarris J, LaPorte E, Schweitzer I. Kava: a comprehensive review of effi cacy, safety, and psychopharmacology. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45(1):27–35.

Malsch U, Kieser M. Effi cacy of kava-kava in the treatment of non-psychotic anxiety, following pretreatment with benzodiazepines. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001;157:277–83.

Carney CE et al. Distinguishing rumination from worry in clinical insomnia. BehavRes Ther. 2010;48(6):540–6.

Hanrahan F et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive therapy for worry in generalized anxiety disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(1):120–32.

Taylor S, Abramowitz JS, McKay D. Non-adherence and non-response in the treatment of anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26(5):583–9.

Farrell AK, Simpson JA. Effects of relationship functioning on the biological experience of stress and physical health. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2017;13:49-53.

Burton L, Westen D, Kowalski R. Psychology. 3rd Australian and New Zealand ed. Milton: Wiley Australia; 2012.

Provino R. The role of adaptogens in stress management. Australian J Med Herbalism. 2010;22(2):41-9.

Panossian A, Wikman G. Evidence-based effi cacy of adaptogens in fatigue, and molecular mechanisms related to their stress-protective activity. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2009;4(3):198-219.

Darbinyan V et al. Rhodiolarosea in stress induced fatigue a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty. Phytomedicine. 2000;7(5):365-71.

Kulkarni SK, Dhir A. Withaniasomnifera : an Indian ginseng. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32(5):1093-105.

Alramadhan E et al. Dietary and botanical anxiolytics. Med Sci Monit. 2012;18(4):RA40-8.

Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientifi c basis for the therapeutic use of Withaniasomnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(4):334-46.

Schliebs R et al. Systemic administration of defi ned extracts from Withaniasomnifera (Indian Ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and gabaergic markers in rat brain. Neurochem Int. 1997;30(2):181-90.

Matsuda H et al. Structures of withanosides I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII, new withanolide glycosides, from the roots of Indian Withaniasomnifera DUNAL. and inhibitory activity for tachyphylaxis to clonidine in isolated guinea-pig ileum. Bioorg Med Chem. 2001;9(6):1499-507.

Kulkarni S et al. GABA receptor mediated anticonvulsant action of Withaniasomnifera root extract. Indian Drugs. 1993;30(7):305-12.

Mehta A et al. Pharmacological effects of Withaniasomnifera root extract on GABAA receptor complex. Indian J Med Res. 1991;94:312-5.

Bhattacharya SK, Muruganandam AV. Adaptogenic activity of Withaniasomnifera : an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003;75(3):547-55.

Bhattacharya SK et al. Anti-stress activity of sitoindosides VII and VIII, new acylsterylglucosides from Withaniasomnifera . Phytother Res. 1987;1(1):32-7.

Archana R, Namasivayam A. Antistressor effect of Withaniasomnifera . J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;64(1):91-3.

Dadkar VN, Ranadive N, Dhar H. Evaluation of antistress (adaptogen) activity of Withaniasomnifera (ashwagandha).Ind J Clin Bio Chem. 1987;2:101-8.

Grandhi A, Mujumdar AM, Patwardhan B. A comparative pharmacological investigation of Ashwagandha and Ginseng. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;44(3):131-5.

Bhattacharya SK et al. Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withaniasomnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. Phytomedicine. 2000;7(6):463-9.

Pratte MA et al. An alternative treatment for anxiety: a systematic review of human trial results reported for the Ayurvedic Herb Ashwagandha ( Withaniasomnifera ). J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(12):901-8.

Andrade C et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic effi cacy ff an ethanolic extract of Withaniasomnifera . Indian JPsychiatry. 2000;42(3):295.

Auddy B, Hazra PJ, Mitra PA. A standardized Withaniasomnifera extract signifi cantly reduces stress-related parameters in chronically stressed humans: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Am Nutraceutical Assoc. 2008;11:50-6.

Cooley K et al. Naturopathic care for anxiety: a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN78958974. PLoS One. 2009;4(8):e6628.

Chandrasekhar K, Kapoor J, Anishetty S. A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebocontrolled study of safety and effi cacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian J Psychol Med. 2012;34(3):255-62.

SudKhyati S, Anup BT. A randomized double blind placebo controlled study of ashwagandha on generalized anxiety disorder. IntAyurvedic Med J. 2013;1:1-7.

Jahanbakhsh SP et al. Evaluation of the effi cacy of Withaniasomnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized double-blind placebocontrolled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2016;27:25-9.

26. Kushwaha S, Betsy A, Chawla P. Effect of Ashwagandha ( Withaniasomnifera ) root powder supplementation in treatment of hypertension. Stud Ethno-Med. 2012;6(2):111-5.

TalbottSM,KraemerWJ.The cortisol connection: why stress makes you fat and ruins your health-and what you can do about it. Alameda, CA: Hunter House; 2007. Mell C. Dyes, tannins, perfumes, and medicines from Rhodiolarosea . Textile Colorist. 1938;60(715):483-4.

Panossian A, Wikman G, Sarris J. Rosenroot ( Rhodiolarosea ): traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology and clinical effi cacy. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(7):481-93.

Shevtsov VA et al. A randomized trial of two different doses of a SHR-5 Rhodiolarosea extract versus placebo and control of capacity for mental work. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(2-3):95-105.

Ming DS et al. Bioactive compounds from Rhodiolarosea (Crassulaceae). Phytother Res. 2005;19(9):740-3.

Aksyonova R. The stimulating and adaptogenic effect of a purifi ed Rhodiolarosea preparationrhodosine. In: Stimulants of the central nervous system. Tomsk; 1966. p. 77-9.

Saratikov A. Golden root ( Rhodiolarosea ). Tomsk: Russia; 1974.

Sokolov SY et al. Studies of neurotropic activity of new agents isolated from Rodiola-rosea. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal. 1985;19(11):1367-71.

Petkov VD et al. Effects of alcohol aqueous extract from Rhodiolarosea L. roots on learning and memory. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1986;12(1):3-16.

Norr H. Phytochemical and pharmacological Investigations of the Adaptogens: Eleutherococcussenticosus , Ocimum sanctum , Codonopsispilosula , Rhodiolarosea and Rhodiola crenulata. Û Ludwig Maximilians University. Û Muenchen; 1993. p. 228.

Wagner H, Nörr H, Winterhoff H. Plant adaptogens. Phytomedicine. 1994;1(1):6376.

Olsson EM, von Scheele B, Panossian AG. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the standardised extract shr-5 of the roots of Rhodiolarosea in the treatment of subjects with stress-related fatigue. Planta Med. 2009;75(2):105.

Van Diermen D et al. Monoamine oxidase inhibition by Rhodiolarosea L. roots. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(2):397-401.

Stancheva S, Mosharrof A. Effect of the extract of Rhodiola-rosea L on the content of the brain biogenic monoamines. Dokladi Na Bolgarskata Akademiya Na Naukite. 1987;40(6):85-7.

Kelly GS. Rhodiolarosea : a possible plant adaptogen. Altern Med Rev. 2001;6(3):293302.

Azizov AP, Seifulla RD. The effect of elton, leveton, phytoton, and adapton on the working capacity of experimental animals. Geogr Rev. 1998;88(3):63.

Panossian A, Wagner H. Stimulating effect of adaptogens: an overview with particular reference to their effi cacy following single dose administration. Phytother Res. 2005;19(10):819-38.

Bystritsky A, Kerwin L, Feusner JD. A pilot study of Rhodiolarosea (Rhodax®) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(2):175-80.

Baek JH, Nierenberg AA, Kinrys G. Clinical applications of herbal medicines for anxiety and insomnia; targeting patients with bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48(8):705-15.

Hellum BH et al. Potent in vitro inhibition of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein by Rhodiolarosea . Planta Med. 2010;76(4):331-8.

Head KA, Kelly GS. Nutrients and botanicals for treatment of stress: adrenal fatigue, neurotransmitter imbalance, anxiety, and restless sleep. Altern Med Rev. 2009;14(2):114-40.

Bradwejn J et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (Centellaasiatica ) on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20(6):680-4.

Wijeweera P et al. Evaluation of anxiolytic properties of Gotukola ( Centellaasiatica ) extracts and asiaticoside in rat behavioral models. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(910):668-76.

Gohil KJ, Patel JA, Gajjar AK. Pharmacological review on Centellaasiatica : a potential herbal cure-all. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010;72(5):546-56.

Grimaldi R et al. Pharmacokinetics of the total triterpenic fraction of Centellaasiatica after single and multiple administrations to healthy volunteers. A new assay for asiatic acid. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990;28(2):235-41.

Chen Y et al. Effects of total triterpenes of Centellaasiatica on the corticosterone levels in serum and contents of monoamine in depression rat brain. Zhong Yao Cai (Zhongyaocai, Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials). 2005;28(6):492-6.

Chatterjee TK et al. Effects of plant extract Centellaasiatica (Linn.) on cold restraint stress ulcer in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1992;30(10):889-91..

Awad R et al. Effects of traditionally used anxiolytic botanicals on enzymes of the Y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;85(9):933-42.

Ceremuga TE et al. Evaluation of the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of asiatic acid, a compound from Gotu kola or Centellaasiatica , in the male Sprague Dawley rat. AANA J. 2015;83(2):91-8.

Ramaswamy A, Periyasamy S, Basu N. Pharmacological studies on Centella asaitica Linn. (Brahma manduki)(no Umbelliferae). J Res Indian Med. 1970;4:160-75.

Chen SW et al. Anxiolytic-like effect of asiaticoside in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006;85(2):339-44.

Ernst E. Herbal remedies for anxiety a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(3):205-8.

Wattanathorn J et al. Positive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly volunteer following the administration of Centellaasiatica . J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116(2):325-32.

Carlson JJ et al. Safety and effi cacy of a ginkgo biloba-containing dietary supplement on cognitive function, quality of life, and platelet function in healthy, cognitively intact older adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(3):422-32.

Jana U et al. A clinical study on the management of generalized anxiety disorder with Centellaasiatica . Nepal Med CollJournal (NMCJ). 2010;12(1):8-11.

Jorge OA, Jorge AD. Hepatotoxicity associated with the ingestion of Centellaasiatica . Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2005;97(2):115-24.

Turton S. Centellaasiatica . Australian J Herbal Med. 1993;5(3):57-61.

Wielgorskaya T, Takhtadzhian AL. Dictionary of generic names of seed plants. New York: Columbia University Press; 1995.

Davydov M, Krikorian AD. Eleutherococcussenticosus (Rupr. and Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: a closer look. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72(3):345-93.

Takeshi D, Sansei N, Yoshihisa N. Constituents and pharmacological effects of Eucommia and Siberian ginseng. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2001;22:1057-70.

Oates L. Siberian ginseng Eleutherococcussenticosus . J Complement Med. 2008;7(4):44-7 , +67.

Pawar VS, Shivakumar H. A current status of adaptogens: natural remedy to stress. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2012;2(Suppl1):S480-90.

Mills S, Bone K. Principles and practice of phytotherapy. London: Churchill livigstone; 2000.

Panossian A et al. Adaptogens exert a stress-protective effect by modulation of expression of mmolecular chaperones. Phytomedicine. 2009;16(6):617-22.

FarnsworthNet al. Siberian ginseng ( Eleutherococcussenticosus ): current status as an adaptogen . In: Wagner H, Hikino H, Farnsworth NR, editors. Economic and medicinal plant research, 1985.

Grigorenko G,Berdishev V. The use of tonic drinks and drugs increasing working capacity of sailors during night shifts. In Abstract Book of the Scientifi c Practical Conference on Medical and Social Aspects of the “Man-Ocean” Problem ,Vladivostok, Russia; 1988.

Berdyshev V. Some specifi c effects of single doses of adaptogens. Valeology: diagnosis, means and practice in health care. IntCollection SciPapers. 1995;2:105-17.

Facchinetti F, Neri I, Tarabusi M. Eleutherococcussenticosus reduces cardiovascular stress response in healthy subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Stress Health. 2002;18(1):11-7.

Hartz A et al. Randomized controlled trial of Siberian ginseng for chronic fatigue. Psychol Med. 2004;34(01):51-61.

Schaffl er K, Wolf OT, Burkart M. No benefi t adding Eleutherococcussenticosus to stress management training in stress-related fatigue/weakness, impaired work or concentration, a randomized controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2013;46(5):181-90.

Hung TM et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect of lignans isolated fromSchizandra chinensis. Arch Pharm Res. 2007;30(6):685-90.

Panossian A, Wikman G. Effects of adaptogens on the central nervous system and the molecular mechanisms associated with their stress—protective activity. Pharmaceuticals. 2010;3(1):188-224.

Szopa A, Ekiert R, Ekiert H. Current knowledge of Schisandra Chinensis. Phytochemsitry reviews. 2016:1-24.

Bone K. A clinical guide to blending liquid herbs: herbal formulations for the individual patient. London: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2003.

Zhang C et al. Pharmacological evaluation of sedative and hypnotic effects of schizandrin through the modifi cation of pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014;744:157-63.

Chen Y et al. An immunostimulatory polysaccharide (SCP-IIa) from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Int J Biol Macromol. 2012;50(3):844-8.

Zhao T et al. Antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of a water-soluble low molecular weight polysaccharide from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;55:609-16.

Lupandin A et al. On the adaptogenic effect of Schizandra and other adaptogens . In Brekhman II, Fruentov NK, editors. Syktyvkar: acute and chronic stress. VL Komarov's Far East Branch of USSR Academy of Science; 1986. p. 86-90.

Lupandin A, Ovsyanikova V. Increasing resistance to unfavourable factors under the effect of Schizandrachinensis extract. In: Brekhman II editor. Physiological mechanisms of adaptation. Russia: Ivanovo State University; 1986. p. 92-7.

Lupandin A. The role of catecholaminergic synapses in the mechanisms of the formation of adaptation with the participation of polyphenol adaptogens. Fiziologicheskii zhurnal SSSR imeni IM Sechenova. 1989;75(8):1082-8.

Barnaulov OD, Shanin SN. Stress-limiting effect of phytopreparations: endocrine system and detrimental environmental factors. In: Abstracts of the Fourth All-Union Conference, November 1991. Ministry of Health of USSR, Moscow, p. 27.

Panossian A, Wikman G. Pharmacology of Schisandra chinensis Bail.: an overview of Russian research and uses in medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;118(2):183-212.

Chen W-W et al. Pharmacological studies on the anxiolytic effect of standardized Schisandra lignans extract on restraint-stressed mice. Phytomedicine. 2011;18(13):1144-7.

Kim SR et al. Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra chinensis protect primary cultures of rat cortical cells from glutamate-induced toxicity. J Neurosci Res. 2004;76(3):397-405.

You JS, Pan TL, Hou YC. Schisandra chinensis protects against adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Chang Gung Med J. 2006;29(1):63-70.

Xia N et al. Schisandra chinensis and Rhodiolarosea exert an anti-stress effect on the HPA axis and reduce hypothalamic c-Fos expression in rats subjected to repeated stress. Exp Ther Med. 2016;11(1):353-9.

Wu YY et al. Effects of the aqueous extract of Schizandra chinensis fruit on ethanol withdrawalinduced anxiety in rats. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127(10):1935-40.

Lebedev A. Comparative evaluation of the stimulating effect of various Schizandra products. In Materials for the study of stimulants and tonics from Ginseng and Schizandra roots. Issue 1. Vladivostok: Komarovs' Far East Branch of USSR Academy of Science. 1951. p. 103-8.

Lebedev A. Some materials on the pharmacology of schizandrin. Issue 1. Vladivostok: Komarovs' Far East Branch of USSR Academy of Science. 1951. p. 109-17.

Lebedev A. Schizandrin—a new stimulant from Schizandrachinensis fruits. Summary of Thesis for a Candidate's Degree in Medicine, Tashkent; 1967.

Kochmareva L. The effect of Schizandrachinensis and Ginseng on processes of concentration. In: Lazarev (ed.). Materials for the study of Ginseng and Leningrad: V. L. Komarov's Far East Branch of USSR Academy of Science. 1958. p. 12-17.

Gubchenko P, Fruentov N. A comparative study of stimulating effect of adaptogenic agents prepared from some far-eastern plants. New data on Eleutherococcus and other adaptogens Vladivostok: USSR Academy of Science, Far East Science Center, Institute of Marin Biology;1981. p. 18-25.

Gubchenko P, Fruentov N. Comparative study of the effectiveness of Eleutherococcus and other plant adaptogens as remedies for increasing the work capacity of fl ight personnel. In Newdata on Eleutherococcus: proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Eleutherococcus (Moscow, 1984). Vladivostok: Far East Academy of Science of the USSR; 1986.

Panossian AG et al. Effects of heavy physical exercise and adaptogens on nitric oxide content in human saliva. Phytomedicine. 1999;6(1):17-26.

Kormosh N, Laktionov K, Antoshechkina M. Effect of a combination of extract from several plants on cell-mediated and humoral immunity of patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Phytother Res. 2006;20(5):424-5.

Bogatova RI et al. Evaluation of the effect of a single dose of phytoadaptogen on human's working ability during long-term isolation. Aviakosmicheskaia i ekologicheskaia meditsina(Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 1997;31(4):51-4.

Bogatova R, Malozemov V. Experimental research on estimation of infl uence of single dose of phytoadaptogens on short memory. The report on Moscow: Institute of Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP). 1994. p. 1-151.

Aslanyan G et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study of single dose effects of ADAPT-232 on cognitive functions. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(7):494-9.

Narimanian M et al. Impact of Chisan® (ADAPT-232) on the quality-of-life and its effi cacy as an adjuvant in the treatment of acute non-specifi c pneumonia. Phyto¬medicine. 2005;12(10):723-9.

Roslyakova N et al. The effect of single dose of Rodelim phytoadaptogen on the performance of operators under intensive activity. In Abstract book of scientifi c conference biologically active food supplements and natural medicines in prophylaxis, treatment and rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia; 2000.

Ferreri F, Lapp LK, Peretti CS. Current research on cognitive aspects of anxiety disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011;24:49-54.

O'Sullivan K, Newman EF. Neuropsychological impairments in panic disorder: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2014;167:268-84.

O'Toole MS, Pedersen AD. A systematic review of neuropsychological performance in social anxiety disorder. Nord J Psychiatry. 2011;65:147-61.

Yang Y et al. Cognitive impairment in generalized anxiety disorder revealed by event-related potential N270. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:1405-11.

Rickels K, Rynn M. Pharmacotherapy of generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:9-16.

Stewart SA. The effects of benzodiazepines on cognition. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:9-13.

Russo A, Borrelli F. Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: an overview. Phytomedicine. 2005;12:305-17.

Aguiar S, Borowski T. Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri. Rejuvenation Res. 2013;16:313-26.

Singh HK, Dhawan BN. Neuropsychopharmacological effects of the Ayurvedic nootropic Bacopa monniera Linn (Brahmi). Indian J Pharmacol. 1997;29:359-65.

Nathan PJ et al. The acute effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy normal subjects. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2001;16:345-51.

Downey LA et al. An acute, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of 320 mg and 640 mg doses of a special extract of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on sustained cognitive performance. Phytother Res. 2013;27:1407-13.

Becker RE. Therapy of the cognitive deficit in Alzheimers disease: the cholinergic system. In: Becker RE, Giabcobini E, editors. Cholinergic basis for Alzheimer therapy. Boston: Birkhauser; 1991. p. 1-22.

Bhattacharya SK et al. Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytother Res. 2000;14:174-9.

Piyabhan P, Wetchateng T. Neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri (brahmi) on novel object recognition and NMDAR1 immunodensity in the prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus of sub-chronic phencyclidine rat model of schizophrenia. J Med Assoc Thai. 2014;97:S50-6.

Vollala VR, Upadhya S, Nayak S. Enhanced dendritic arborization of hippocampal CA3 neurons by Bacopa monniera extract treatment in adult rats. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2011;52:879-86.

Bhattacharya SK, Ghosal S. Anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera: an experimental study. Phytomedicine. 1998;5:77-82.

Benson S et al. An acute, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of 320 mg and 640 mg doses of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on multitasking stress reactivity and mood. Phytother Res. 2014;28:551-9.

Calabrese C et al. Effects of a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract on cognitive performance, anxiety, and depression in the elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14:707-13.

Kumar T et al. Randomized control, double blind cross-over study to clinically assess the Rasayana effect of a standardized extract of Brahmi (Bacopa monniera) in adult human volunteers. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;3(Suppl 4):263-6.

Sathyanarayanan V et al. Brahmi for the better? New findings challenging cognition and antianxiety effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monniera) in healthy adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013;227:299-306.

Sarris J, McIntyre E, Camfield DA. Plant-based medicines for anxiety disorders, Part 2: a review of clinical studies with supporting preclinical evidence. CNS Drugs. 2013;27:301-19.

Kongkeaw C et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151:528-35.

Pase MP et al. The cognitive-enhancing effects of bacopa monnieri: a systematic review of randomized, controlled human clinical trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18:647-52.

Singh B et al. Biology and chemistry of Ginkgo biloba. Fitoterapia. 2008;79:401-18.

Christen Y, Maixent JM. What is Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761? An overview from molecular biology to clinical medicine. Cell Mol Biol. 2002;48(6):601-11.

Maclennan KM, Darlington CL, Smith PF. The CNS effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts and ginkgolide B. Prog Neurobiol. 2002;67:235-57.

Diamond BJ et al. Ginkgo biloba extract: mechanisms and clinical indications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:668-78.

Domingo MT et al. Inhibition by ginkgolides of the binding of [3H]PAF platelet-activating factor (PAF) to platelet membranes. In: Braquet P, editor. Ginkgolides. Barcelona: JR Prous; 1988. p. 79-84.

Hou Y et al. Anti-depressant natural flavonols modulate BDNF and beta amyloid in neurons and hippocampus of double TgAD mice. Neuropharmacology. 2010;58:911-20.

DeFeudis FV, Drieu K. “Stress-alleviating” and “vigilance-enhancing” actions of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Drug Dev Res. 2004;62:1-25.

Belviranli M, Okudan N. The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cognitive functions in aged female rats: the role of oxidative stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Behav Brain Res. 2015;278:453-61.

Ward CP et al. Ginkgo biloba extract: cognitive enhancer or antistress buffer. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002;72:913-22.

Satyan KS et al. Effect of Ginkgolic acid conjugates on the brain monoamines and metabolites in rodents. Biogenic Amines. 1997;13:143-51.

Hartley DE et al. Effects on cognition and mood in postmenopausal women of 1-week treatment with Ginkgo biloba. Pharmacol Bioch Behav. 2003;75:711-20.

Woelk H et al. Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761® in generalized anxiety disorder and adjustment disorder with anxious mood: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41:472-80.

Gavrilova SI et al. Efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in mild cognitive impairment with neuropsychiatric symptoms: a randomized, placebo-controlled, doubleblind, multicenter trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29:1087-95.

Hoerr R. Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): effects of EGb 761®. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003;36(Suppl 1).

Vellas B et al. Long-term use of standardised ginkgo biloba extract for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (GuidAge): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:851-9.

Birks J, Grimley Evans J. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;2.

Brondino N et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of ginkgo biloba in neuropsychiatric disorders: from ancient tradition to modern-day medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013.

Scholey A et al. Investigation of a Melissa officinalis special extract on Cognition II: human study Lemon balm extract administered in confectionary bars. Agro Food Ind Hi-Tech. 2015;26:12-4.

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB. The psychopharmacology of European herbs with cognitionenhancing properties. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12:4613-23.

Kennedy DO et al. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of single doses of Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) with human CNS nicotinic and muscarinic receptor-binding properties. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28:1871-81.

Awad R et al. Bioassay-guided fractionation of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) using an in vitro measure of GABA transaminase activity. Phytother Res. 2009;23:1075-81.

Buchwald-Werner S, Vazquez I, Röchter S. Investigation of a Melissa officinalis special extract on Cognition I: in vitro study on muscarinic properties. Agro Food Ind Hi-Tech. 2015;26:34-6.

Scholey A et al. Anti-stress effects of lemon balm-containing foods. Nutrients. 2014;6:4805-21.

Lin SH et al. A medicinal herb, Melissa officinalis L. ameliorates depressive-like behavior of rats in the forced swimming test via regulating the serotonergic neurotransmitter. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;175:266-72.

Ibarra A et al. Effects of chronic administration of Melissa officinalis L. extract on anxietylike reactivity and on circadian and exploratory activities in mice. Phytomedicine. 2010;17:397-403.

Yoo DY et al. Effects of Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon Balm) extract on neurogenesis associated with serum corticosterone and GABA in the mouse dentate gyrus. Neurochem Res. 2011;36:250-7.

Taiwo AE et al. Anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) extract in rats: influence of administration and gender. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012;44:189-92.

Raines T et al. Investigation of the anxiolytic effects of luteolin, a lemon balm flavonoid in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. AANA J. 2009;77:33-6.

Kennedy DO et al. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002;72:953-64.

Kennedy DO, Little W, Scholey AB. Attenuation of laboratory-induced stress in humans after acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Psychosom Med. 2004;66:607-13.

Cases J et al. Pilot trial of Melissa officinalis L. leaf extract in the treatment of volunteers suffering from mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances. Med J Nutrition Metab. 2011;4:211-8.Ballard CG et al. Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:553-8.

Akhondzadeh S et al. Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosur Psychiatry. 2003;74:863-6.

Burns A et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial of melissa officinalis oil and donepezil for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2011;31:158-64.

Feng L et al. Cognitive function and tea consumption in community dwelling older Chinese in Singapore. J Nutr Health Aging. 2010;14:433-8.

Kuriyama S et al. Green tea consumption and cognitive function: a cross-sectional study from the Tsurugaya Project 1. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:355-61.

Ng TP et al. Tea consumption and cognitive impairment and decline in older Chinese adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:224-31.

Hozawa A et al. Green tea consumption is associated with lower psychological distress in a general population: the Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:1390-6.

Sharangi AB. Medicinal and therapeutic potentialities of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) a review. Food Res Int. 2009;42:529-35.

Graham HN. Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry. Prev Med. 1992;21:334-50.

Singh BN, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications. Biochem Pharmacol. 2011;82:1807-21.

Lu K et al. The acute effects of L-theanine in comparison with alprazolam on anticipatory anxiety in humans. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004;19:457-65.

Yokogoshi H et al. Effect of theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on brain monoamines and striatal dopamine release in conscious rats. Neurochem Res. 1998;23:667-73.

Lardner AL. Neurobiological effects of the green tea constituent theanine and its potential role in the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Nutr Neurosci. 2014;17:145-55.

Heese T et al. Anxiolytic effects of L-theanine: a component of green tea-when combined with midazolam, in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. AANA J. 2009;77:445-9.

Kelly SP et al. L-theanine and caffeine in combination affect human cognition as evidenced by oscillatory alpha-band activity and attention task performance. J Nutr. 2008;138.

Wise LE et al. L-theanine attenuates abstinence signs in morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys and elicits anxiolytic-like activity in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012;103:245-52.

Banji D et al. Amelioration of behavioral aberrations and oxidative markers by green tea extract in valproate induced autism in animals. Brain Res. 2011;1410:141-51.

Kaur T et al. Effects of green tea extract on learning, memory, behavior and acetylcholinesterase activity in young and old male rats. Brain Cogn. 2008;67:25-30.

Bitu Pinto N et al. Neuroprotective properties of the standardized extract from Camellia sinensis (Green Tea) and its main bioactive components, Epicatechin and Epigallocatechin Gallate, in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's Disease. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015.

Vignes M et al. Anxiolytic properties of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Brain Res. 2006;1110:102-15.

Stringer M et al. Low dose EGCG treatment beginning in adolescence does not improve cognitive impairment in a Down syndrome mouse model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2015:70-9.

Dodd FL et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of caffeine and L-theanine both alone and in combination on cerebral blood flow, cognition and mood. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015;232:2563-76.

Rogers PJ et al. Time for tea: mood, blood pressure and cognitive performance effects of caffeine and theanine administered alone and together. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008;195:569-77.

Camfield DA et al. Acute effects of tea constituents L-theanine, caffeine, and epigallocatechin gallate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2014;72:507-22.

Ritsner MS et al. L-theanine relieves positive, activation, and anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-center study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(1):34-42.

White DJ et al. Anti-stress, behavioural and magnetoencephalography effects of an l-theaninebased nutrient drink: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Nutrients. 2016;8.

Yoto A et al. Effects of L-theanine or caffeine intake on changes in blood pressure under physical and psychological stresses. J Physiol Anthropol. 2012;31:28.

Kimura K et al. l-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses. Biol Psychol. 2007;74(1):39-45.

Scholey A et al. Acute neurocognitive effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Appetite. 2012;58:767-70.

Wightman EL et al. Epigallocatechin gallate, cerebral blood flow parameters, cognitive performance and mood in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover investigation. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012;27:177-86.

Borgwardt S et al. Neural effects of green tea extract on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66:1187-92.

Perry E, Howes MJR. Medicinal plants and dementia therapy: herbal hopes for brain aging? CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011;17:683-98.

Perry NSL et al. In-vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil and constituent terpenes. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2000;52:895-902.

Savelev S et al. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of anticholinesterase terpenoids in Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003;75:661-8.

Perry NSL et al. Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil inhibits cholinesterase in vivo. Phytomedicine. 2002;9:48-51.

Savelev SU, Okello EJ, Perry EK. Butyryland acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitory activities in essential oils of Salvia species and their constituents. Phytother Res. 2004;18:315-24.

Perry NSL et al. Salvia for dementia therapy: review of pharmacological activity and pilot tolerability clinical trial. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003;75:651-9.

Herrera-Ruiz M et al. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of hydroalcoholic extract from Salvia elegans. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107:53-8.

Mora S et al. The hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia elegans induces anxiolyticand antidepressant-like effects in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106:76-81.

Hosseinzadeh H, Danaee A, Ziaee T. Anti-anxiety effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Salvia leriifolia Benth. leaves in mice using elevated plus maze. J Med Plants. 2008;7:25-36.

Rabbani M et al. Anxiolytic effects of Salvia reuterana Boiss. on the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;101:100-3.

Liu AD et al. Anxiolytic effect of essential oils of Salvia miltiorrhiza in rats. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8:12756-64.

Tildesley NTJ et al. Positive modulation of mood and cognitive performance following administration of acute doses of Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil to healthy young volunteers. Physiol Behav. 2005;83:699-709.

Kennedy DO et al. Effects of cholinesterase inhibiting sage (Salvia officinalis) on mood, anxiety and performance on a psychological stressor battery. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31:845-52.

Kennedy DO et al. Monoterpenoid extract of sage (Salvia lavandulaefolia) with cholinesterase inhibiting properties improves cognitive performance and mood in healthy adults. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25:1088-100.

Eidi M, Eidi A, Bahar M. Effects of Salvia officinalis L. (sage) leaves on memory retention and its interaction with the cholinergic system in rats. Nutrition. 2006;22:321-6.

Tildesley NTJ et al. Salvia lavandulaefolia (Spanish sage) enhances memory in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003;75:669-74.

Scholey AB et al. An extract of Salvia (sage) with anticholinesterase properties improves memory and attention in healthy older volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008;198:127-39.

Akhondzadeh S et al. Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2003;28:53-9.

El Omri A et al. Rosmarinus officinalis polyphenols activate cholinergic activities in PC12 cells through phosphorylation of ERK1/2. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;131:451-8.

Orhan I et al. Inhibitory effect of Turkish Rosmarinus officinalis L. on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. Food Chem. 2008;108:663-8.

Kovar KA et al. Blood levels of 1,8-cineole and locomotor activity of mice after inhalation and oral administration of rosemary oil. Planta Med. 1987;53:315-8.

Ozarowski M et al. Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaf extract improves memory impairment and affects acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in rat brain. Fitoterapia. 2013;91:261-71.

Heuberger E et al. Physiological and behavioral effects of 1,8-cineol and (±)-linalool: a comparison of inhalation and massage aromatherapy. Nat Prod Commun. 2008;3:1103-10.

Moss M et al. Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int J Neurosci. 2003;113:15-38.

Diego MA et al. Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. Int J Neurosci. 1998;96:217-24.

Tsang HW, Ho TY. A systematic review on the anxiolytic effects of aromatherapy on rodents under experimentally induced anxiety models. Rev Neurosci. 2010;21:141-52.

Ferlemi AV et al. Rosemary tea consumption results to anxiolyticand anti-depressant-like behavior of adult male mice and inhibits all cerebral area and liver cholinesterase activity; phytochemical investigation and in silico studies. Chem Biol Interact. 2015;237:47-57.

Abdelhalim A et al. Antidepressant, anxiolytic and antinociceptive activities of constituents from rosmarinus officinalis. J Phar Pharm Sci. 2015;18:448-59.

McCaffrey R, Thomas DJ, Kinzelman AO. The effects of lavender and rosemary essential oils on test-taking anxiety among graduate nursing students. Holist Nurs Pract. 2009;23:88-93.

Rho KH et al. Effects of aromatherapy massage on anxiety and self-esteem in Korean elderly women: a pilot study. Int J Neurosci. 2006;116:1447-55.

Lee YL et al. A systematic review on the anxiolytic effects of aromatherapy in people with anxiety symptoms. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17:101-8.

Burnett KM, Solterbeck LA, Strapp CM. Scent and mood state following an anxietyprovoking task. Psychol Rep. 2004;95:707-22.

Field T. Massage therapy research review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2014;20(4=):224-9.

Keeratitanont K et al. The efficacy of traditional Thai massage for the treatment of chronic pain: a systematic review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2015;21:26-32.

Yuan SLK, Matsutani LA, Marques AP. Effectiveness of different styles of massage therapy in fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Man Ther. 2015;20:257-64.

Morin AK. Off-label use of atypical antipsychotic agents for treatment of insomnia. Mental Health Clinician (March 2014-Trends in Sedative-Hypnotic Therapy). 2014;4:65-72.

APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

Beck AT. Cognitive therapy: basics and beyond. New York: Guilford Press; 1995.

Clark, D.A. and A.T. Beck, Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: science and practice. 2010, New York: Guilford Publications.

Barlow DH. Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: a step-by-step treatment manual. 4th ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2008.

Bennett-Levy J et al. Oxford guide to behavioural experiments in cognitive therapy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2004.

Kalra EK. Nutraceutical definition and introduction. AAPS PharmSci. 2003;5(3).

Brower V. Nutraceuticals: poised for a healthy slice of the healthcare market? Nat Biotechnol. 1998;16(8):728-30.

Bor MV et al. Plasma vitamin B6 vitamers before and after oral vitamin B6 treatment: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Clin Chem. 2003;49(1):155-61.

Dainty JR et al. Quantification of the bioavailability of riboflavin from foods by use of stableisotope labels and kinetic modeling. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(6):1557-64.

Mönch S et al. Quantitation of folates and their catabolites in blood plasma, erythrocytes, and urine by stable isotope dilution assays. Anal Biochem. 2010;398(2):150-60.

Bottiglieri T. Homocysteine and folate metabolism in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005;29(7):1103-12.

Mattson MP, Shea TB. Folate and homocysteine metabolism in neural plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Neurosci. 2003;26(3):137-46.

Miller AL. The methionine-homocysteine cycle and its effects on cognitive diseases. Altern Med Rev. 2003;8(1):7-19.

Head KA, Kelly GS. Nutrients and botanicals for treatment of stress: adrenal fatigue, neurotransmitter imbalance, anxiety, and restless sleep. Altern Med Rev. 2009;14(2):114-40.

Rogaev EI et al. The upstream promoter of the Î2-amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) shows differential patterns of methylation in human brain. Genomics. 1994;22(2):340-7.

West RL, Lee JM, Maroun LE. Hypomethylation of the amyloid precursor protein gene in the brain of an alzheimer's disease patient. J Mol Neurosci. 1995;6(2):141-6.

Kruman II et al. Homocysteine elicits a DNA damage response in neurons that promotes apoptosis and hypersensitivity to excitotoxicity. J Neurosci. 2000;20(18):6920-6.

Dief AE, Samy DM, Dowedar FI. Impact of exercise and vitamin B1 intake on hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and spatial memory performance in a rat model of stress. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2015;61(1):1-7.

Kennedy DO. B vitamins and the brain: Mechanisms, dose and efficacy—A review. Nutrients. 2016;8(2).

Camfield DA et al. The effects of multivitamin supplementation on diurnal cortisol secretion and perceived stress. Nutrients. 2013;5(11):4429-50.

Schlebusch L et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-centre study of the effects of an oral multivitamin-mineral combination on stress. S Afr Med J. 2000;90(12):1216-23.

Carroll D et al. The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: A double-blind placebocontrolled trial. Psychopharmacology, 2000;150(2):220-225.

Stough C et al. The effect of 90 day administration of a high dose vitamin B-complex on work stress. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011;26(7):470-6.

Harris E et al. Effects of a multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement on cognition and bloodbiomarkersinoldermen: arandomised, placebo-controlled trial. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012;27:370-7.

Macpherson H et al. Acute mood but not cognitive improvements following administration of a single multivitamin and mineral supplement in healthy women aged 50 and above: a randomised controlled trial. Age. 2015;37(3).

White DJ et al. Effects of four-week supplementation with a multi-vitamin/mineral preparation on mood and blood biomarkers in young adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Nutrients. 2015;7(11):9005-17.

Haskell CF et al. Effects of a multi-vitamin/mineral supplement on cognitive function and fatigue during extended multi-tasking. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2010;25(6):448-61.

Kennedy DO et al. Improved cognitive performance and mental fatigue following a multivitamin and mineral supplement with added guarana (Paullinia cupana). Appetite. 2008;50(2-3):506-13.

Kennedy DO et al. Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010:1-14.

Pipingas A et al. The effects of multivitamin supplementation on mood and general wellbeing in healthy young adults. a laboratory and at-home mobile phone assessment. Appetite. 2013;69:123-36.

Long SJ, Benton D. Effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation on stress, mild psychiatric symptoms, and mood in nonclinical samples: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2013;75(2):144-53.

Alpert JE et al. Nutrition and depression: focus on folate. Nutrition. 2000;16(7-8):544-6.

Baldewicz TT et al. Cobalamin level is related to self-reported and clinically rated mood and to syndromal depression in bereaved HIV-1+ and HIV-1-homosexual men. J Psychosom Res. 2000;48(2):177-85.

Tolmunen T et al. Dietary folate and depressive symptoms are associated in middle-aged Finnish men. J Nutr. 2003;133(10):3233-6.

Tiemeier H et al. Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine in depression: the Rotterdam study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(12):2099-101.

Bjelland I et al. Folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and the MTHFR 677C -> T polymorphism in anxiety and depression. the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(6):618-26.

Botez MI et al. Folate deficiency and decreased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in man and rat [21]. Nature. 1979;278(5700):182-3.

Godfrey PSA et al. Enhancement of recovery from psychiatric illness by methylfolate. Lancet. 1990;336(8712):392-5.

Passen M et al. Oral 5'-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in senile organic mental disorders with depression: results of a double-blind multicenter study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 1993;5(1):63-71.

Coppen A, Bailey J. Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: a randomised, placebo controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2000;60(2):121-30.

Alpert JE et al. Folinic acid (leucovorin) as an adjunctive treatment for SSRI-refractory depression. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2002;14(1):33-8.

Taylor MJ et al. Folate for depressive disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol. 2004;18(2):251-6.

Coppen A, Bolander-Gouaille C. Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B 12. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19(1):59-65.

Rucklidge JJ et al. Shaken but unstirred? Effects of micronutrients on stress and trauma after an earthquake: RCT evidence comparing formulas and doses. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(5):440-54.

Rucklidge JJ et al. Psychological functioning 1 year after a brief intervention using micronutrients to treat stress and anxiety related to the 2011 Christchurch earthquakes: a naturalistic follow-up. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2014;29(3):230-43.

Swaminathan R. Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003;24(2):47-66.

Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Dietary magnesium intake in a national sample of U.S. adults. J Nutr. 2003;133(9):2879-82.

Elin RJ. Magnesium metabolism in health and disease. Dis Mon. 1988;34(4):166-218.

Mori H et al. Identification by mutagenesis of a Mg2+ -block site of the NMDA receptor channel. Nature. 1992;358(6388):673-5.

Decollogne S et al. NMDA receptor complex blockade by oral administration of magnesium: comparison with MK-801. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997;58(1):261-8.

Poleszak E et al. Antidepressantand anxiolytic-like activity of magnesium in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004;78(1):7-12.

Eby GA, Eby KL. Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment. Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(2):362-70.

Szewczyk B et al. Antidepressant activity of zinc and magnesium in view of the current hypotheses of antidepressant action. Pharmacol Rep. 2008;60(5):588-99.

Frizel D, Coppen A, Marks V. Plasma magnesium and calcium in depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1969;115(529):1375-7.

Wacker WE, Parisi AF. Magnesium metabolism. N Engl J Med. 1968;278(12):658-63.

Eby Iii GA, Eby KL. Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: a review and hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2010;74(4):649-60.

Abraham GE. Nutritional factors in the etiology of the premenstrual tension syndromes. J Reprod Med. 1983;28(7):446-64.

De Souza MC et al. A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2000;9(2):131-9.

Walker AF et al. Magnesium supplementation alleviates premenstrual symptoms of fluid retention. J Womens Health. 1998;7(9):1157-65.

Hanus M, Lafon J, Mathieu M. Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a fixed combination containing two plant extracts (Crataegus oxyacantha and Eschscholtzia californica) and magnesium in mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(1):63-71.

Lakhan SE, Vieira KF. Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review. Nutr J. 2010;9(1).

Nieves Jr C, Langkamp-Henken B. Arginine and immunity: a unique perspective.

Biomed Pharmacother. 2002;56(10):471-82.

Smriga M, Torii K. L-Lysine acts like a partial serotonin receptor 4 antagonist and inhibits serotonin-mediated intestinal pathologies and anxiety in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(26):15370-5.

Chang YF et al. Chronic L-lysine develops anti-pentylenetetrazol tolerance and reduces synaptic GABAergic sensitivity. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993;233(2-3):209-17.

Masood A et al. Modulation of stress-induced neurobehavioral changes by nitric oxide in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;458(1-2):135-9.

Srinongkote S et al. A diet fortified with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces plasma cortisol and blocks anxiogenic response to transportation in pigs. Nutr Neurosci. 2003;6(5):283-9.

Jezova D et al. Subchronic treatment with amino acid mixture of L-lysine and L-arginine modifies neuroendocrine activation during psychological stress in subjects with high trait anxiety. Nutr Neurosci. 2005;8(3):155-60.

Smriga M et al. Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans. Biomed Res. 2007;28(2):85-90.

Smriga M et al. Lysine fortification reduces anxiety and lessens stress in family members in economically weak communities in Northwest Syria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(22):8285-8.

Clements Jr RS, Darnell B. Myo-inositol content of common foods: development of a highmyo-inositol diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33(9):1954-67.

Einat H, Belmaker RH. The effects of inositol treatment in animal models of psychiatric disorders. J Affect Disord. 2001;62(1-2):113-21.

Frey R et al. Myo-inositol in depressive and healthy subjects determined by frontal 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 1.5 tesla. J Psychiatr Res. 1998;32(6):411-20.

Levine J et al. Inositol treatment raises CSF inositol levels. Brain Res. 1993;627(1):168-70.

Rahman S, Neuman RS. Myo-inositol reduces serotonin (5-HT2) receptor induced homologous and heterologous desensitization. Brain Res. 1993;631(2):349-51.

Marazziti D et al. Decreased inhibitory activity of PKC in OCD patients after six months of treatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2002;27(7):769-76.

Marazziti D et al. Increased inhibitory activity of protein kinase C on the serotonin transporter in OCD. Neuropsychobiology. 2000;41(4):171-7.

Einat H et al. The antidepressant activity of inositol in the forced swim test involves 5-HT2 receptors. Behav Brain Res. 2001;118(1):77-83.

Harvey BH et al. Defining the neuromolecular action of myo-inositol: application to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002;26(1):21-32.

Levine J et al. Combination of inositol and serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45(3):270-3.

Camfield DA, Sarris J, Berk M. Nutraceuticals in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): a review of mechanistic and clinical evidence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35(4):887-95.

Levine J. Controlled trials of inositol in psychiatry. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997;7(2):147-55.

Carey PD et al. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in obsessivecompulsive disorder before and after treatment with inositol. Metab Brain Dis. 2004;19(1-2):125-34.

Levine J, Pomerantz T, Belmaker RH. The effect of inositol on cognitive processes and mood states in normal volunteers. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1994;4(3):417.

Mukai T et al. A meta-analysis of inositol for depression and anxiety disorders. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2014;29(1):55-63.

Benjamin J et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(7):1084-6.

Benjamin J et al. Acute inositol does not attenuate m-CPP-induced anxiety, mydriasis and endocrine effects in panic disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 1997;31(4):489-95.

Kaplan Z et al. Inositol treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Anxiety. 1996;2(1):51-2.

Fux M et al. Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(9):1219-21.

Fux M, Benjamin J, Belmaker RH. Inositol versus placebo aumentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitor in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind cross-over study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999;2(3):193-5.

Seedat S, Stein DJ. Inositol augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatmentrefractory obsessive compulsive disorder: an open trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;14(6):353-6.

Seedat S, Stein DJ, Harvey BH. Inositol in the treatment of trichotillomania and compulsive skin picking [5]. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(1):60-1.

Levine J et al. Double-blind, controlled trial of inositol treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(5):792-4.

Bonanomi L, Gazzaniga A. Toxicology, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of acetylcysteine. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1980;111:45-51.

Pendyala L, Creaven PJ. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of N-acetylcysteine, a potential chemopreventive agent during a Phase I trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers and Prev. 1995;4(3):245-51.

Allegra L et al. Human neutrophil oxidative bursts and their in vitro modulation by different N-acetylcysteine concentrations. Arzneimittelforschung. 2002;52(9):66976.

Atkuri KR, Mantovani JJ, Herzenberg LA. N-Acetylcysteine-a safe antidote for cysteine/ glutathione deficiency. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2007;7(4):355-9.

Samuni Y et al. The chemistry and biological activities of N-acetylcysteine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1830(8):4117-29.

Katz M et al. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of N-acetylcysteine after oral administration in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(5):500-3.

Pittenger C, Bloch MH, Williams K. Glutamate abnormalities in obsessive compulsive disorder: neurobiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Pharmacol Ther. 2011;132(3):314-32.

Berk M et al. Glutathione: a novel treatment target in psychiatry. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2008;29(7):346-51.

Camfield DA. The actions of N-Acetylcysteine in the central nervous system: Implications for the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. In: Scholey AB, Stough C, editors. Advances in natural medicines, nutraceuticals and neurocognition. Florida: CRC Press, Taylor Francis Group; 2013.

Costa-Campos L et al. Interactive effects of N-acetylcysteine and antidepressants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;44:125-30.

De Rosa SC et al. N-acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione in HIV infection. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000;30(10):915-29.

Deepmala et al. Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;55:294-321.

Berk M et al. The promise of N-acetylcysteine in neuropsychiatry. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2013;34(3):167-77.

Strawn JR, Saldana SN. Treatment with adjunctive N-acetylcysteine in an adolescent with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant anxiety. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012;22(6):472-3.

Behl A et al. Relationship of possible stress-related biochemical markers to oxidative/antioxidative status in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychobiology. 2010;61(4):210-4.

Ozdemir E et al. Serum selenium and plasma malondialdehyde levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(1):62-5.

Konuk N et al. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in obsessive compulsive disorder. Mediators Infl amm. 2007;2007.

Ng F et al. Oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: evidence base and therapeutic implications. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11(6):851-76.

Lafl eur DL et al. N-acetylcysteine augmentation in serotonin reuptake inhibitor refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006;184(2):254-6.

Van Ameringen M et al. N-acetylcysteine augmentation in treatment resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: a case series. J Obesessive-Compuls Relat Disord. 2013;2(1):48-52.

Afshar H et al. N-acetylcysteine add-on treatment in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(6):797-803.

Sarris J et al. N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 16-week, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(9):801-9.

Sarris, J., et al. Participant characteristics as modifi ers of response to N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Clin Psychol Sci. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/ 2167702616639864 .

Berk M et al. Nail-biting stuff? The effect of N-acetyl cysteine on nail-biting. CNS Spectr. 2009;14(7):357-60.

Ghanizadeh A, Derakhshan N, Berk M. N-acetylcysteine versus placebo for treating nail biting, a double blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Anti-Infl amm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2013;12(3):223-8.

Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Suck WK. N-acetylcysteine, a glutamate modulator, in the treatment of trichotillomania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(7):756-63.

Odlaug BL, Grant JE. N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of grooming disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(2):227-9.

Rodrigues-Barata AR et al. N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of trichotillomania. Int J Trichol. 2012;4(3):176-8.

Silva-Netto R et al. N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of skin-picking disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2014;36(1):101.

Oliver G et al. N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive and related disorders: a systematic review. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015;13(1):12-24.

Firoz M, Graber M. Bioavallability of US commercial magnesium preparations. Magnes Res. 2001;14(4):257-62.

Lindberg JS et al. Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide. J Am Coll Nutr. 1990;9(1):48-55.

Walker AF et al. Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study. Magnes Res. 2003;16(3):183-91.

Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM. The clinical pharmacology of L-arginine. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001:79-99.

L-arginine. Review of natural products. Facts comparisons [database online]. October 2010, St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer Health Inc.

Carlomagno G et al. Myo-inositol in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011;26(7):526-30.

Kessler RC et al. Co-morbid major depression and generalized anxiety disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey follow-up. Psychol Med. 2008;38(3):365-74.

Mellman TA. Sleep and anxiety disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2006;29(4):1047-58 ; abstract x.

Roth T. Insomnia as a risk factor for depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;7:S34-5.

Brady KT, Verduin ML. Pharmacotherapy of comorbid mood, anxiety, and substan- ce use disorders. Subst Use Misuse. 2005;40(13-14):2021-41 ,2043-8.

Nierenberg AA. Current perspectives on the diagnosis and treatment of major dep- ressive disorder. Am J Manag Care. 2001;7 (Suppl11):S353-66.

Sarris J et al. The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): a randomi- zed, placebocontrolled, cross-over trial using an aqueous extract of Piper methysti- cum. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009;205(3):399-407.

Sarris J et al. Nutritional medicine as mainstream in psychiatry. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(3):271-4.

Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ. Kava and St John's wort: current evidence for use in mood and anxiety disorders. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(8):827-36.

Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group. Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) in major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287 (14):1807-14.

Shelton RC et al. Effectiveness of St John's wort in major depression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001; 285(15):1978-86.

Fournier J et al. Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level metaanalysis. JAMA. 2010;303(1):47-53.

Werneke U, Horn O, Taylor D. How effective is St John's wort? The evidence revisi- ted. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(5):611-7.

Butterweck V, Schmidt M. St. John's wort: role of active compounds for its mecha- nism of action and effi cacy. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2007;157(13-14):356-61.

Butterweck V. Mechanism of action of St John's wort in depression : what is known? CNS Drugs. 2003;17(8):539-62.

Sublette, M., S. Ellis, A. Geant and J. Mann (2011). “Meta-analysis of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in clinical trials in depression.” J Clin Psychiatry 72 (12): 1577-1584.

Wurglics M, Schubert-Zsilavecz M. Hypericum perforatum : a ‘modern' her- bal antidepressant: pharmacokinetics of active ingredients. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45(5):449-68.

Schulz HU et al. Investigation of pharmacokinetic data of hypericin, pseudohyperi- cin, hyperforin and the flavonoids quercetin and isorhamnetin revealed from single and multiple oral dose studies with a hypericum extract containing tablet in healthy male volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung. 2005;55(10):561-8.

Biber A. Oral bioavailability of hyperforin from hypericum extracts in rats and human volunteers. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1998;31(Suppl 1):36-43.

Linde K, Berner M, Kriston L. St John's wort for major depression. Cochrane Data- base Syst Rev. 2008;4:CD000448.

Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Effi cacy and tolerability of Hypericum perfo- ratum in majör depressive disorder in comparison with selective serotonin reup- take inhibitors: a meta- analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(1):118-27.

Taylor LH, Kobak KA. An open-label trial of St. John's Wort ( Hypericum perfora- tum ) in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(8):575-8.

Kobak KA et al. St John's wort versus placebo in obsessive-compulsive disorder: results from a double-blind study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;20(6):299-304.

Kobak KA et al. St. John's wort versus placebo in social phobia: results from a place- bocontrolled pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25(1):51-8.

Volz HP et al. St John's wort extract (LI 160) in somatoform disorders: results of a placebocontrolled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002;164(3):294-300.

Muller T et al. Treatment of somatoform disorders with St. John's wort: a randomi- zed, doubleblind and placebo-controlled trial. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(4):538-47.

Kessler RC et al. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2010;2:21-35.

Tyrer P, Baldwin D. Generalised anxiety disorder. Lancet. 2006;368(9553):2156-66.

Newcorn JH, Weiss M, Stein MA. The complexity of ADHD: diagnosis and treat- ment of the adult patient with comorbidities. CNS spectr. 2007;12(8 Suppl 12):1-14.

Weber W et al. Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) for attention-defi cit/hy- peractivity disorder in children and adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299(22):2633-41.

Schmidt M, Betti G, Hensel A. Saffron in phytotherapy: pharmacology and clinical uses. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2007;157(13-14):315-9.

Hosseinzadeh H, Noraei NB. Anxiolytic and hypnotic effect of Crocus sativus aqueous extract and its constituents, crocin and safranal, in mice. Phytother Res. 2009;23(6):768-74.

Lechtenberg M et al. Quality and functionality of saffron: quality control, species assortment and affinity of extract and isolated saffron compounds to NMDA and sigma1 (sigma-1) receptors. Planta Med. 2008;74(7):764-72.

Hosseinzadeh H, Sadeghnia H. Protective effect of safranal on pentylenetetrazol-in- duced seizures in the rat: involvement of GABAergic and opioids systems. Phytome- dicine. 2007;14(4):256-62.

Pathan SA et al. Quantitative analysis of safranal in saffron extract and nanoparticle formulation by a validated high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method. Phytochem Anal. 2010;21(3):219-23.

Ghadrdoost B et al. Protective effects of saffron extract and its active constituent crocin against oxidative stress and spatial learning and memory defi cits induced by chronic stress in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;667(1-3):222-9.

Nam KN et al. Anti-infl ammatory effects of crocin and crocetin in rat brain mic- roglial cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;648(1-3):110-6.

Mehri S et al. Neuroprotective effect of crocin on acrylamide-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.Cell MolNeurobiol. 2011;32(2):227-35.

Akhondzadeh S et al. Crocus sativus L. in the treatment of mild to moderate dep- ression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res. 2005;19(2):148-51.

Moshiri E et al. Crocus sativus L. (petal) in the treatment of mild-to-moderate dep- ression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(9-10):607-11.

Akhondzadeh S et al. Comparison of Crocus sativus L. and imipramine in the tre- atment of mild to moderate depression: a pilot double-blind randomized trial [ISR-CTN45683816]. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004;4:12.

Noorbala AA et al. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Crocus sativus L. versus fl uoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot trial. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97(2):281-4.

Akhondzadeh B et al. Comparison of petal of Crocus sativus L. and fl uoxetine in the treatment of depressed outpatients: a pilot double-blind randomized trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;30(2):439-42.

Mischoulon D, Freeman MP. Omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatry. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36(1):15-23.

Rapaport MH et al. Infl ammation as a predictive biomarker for response to ome- ga-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder: a proof-of-concept study. Mol Psychi- atry. 2015;21(1):71-9.

Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH. Cytokines sing the blues: infl ammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol. 2006;27(1):24-31.

Tassoni D et al. The role of eicosanoids in the brain. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(Suppl 1):220-8.

Sarris J, Mischoulon D, Schweitzer I. Omega-3 for bipolar disorder: meta-analyses of use in mania and bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(1):81-6.

Stoll A. Omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders: a review of neurobiological and clinical actions.In: Rosenbaum J,Mischoulon D, editors.Natural medications for ps- ychiatric disorders: Considering the alternatives. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins;2008.p. 39-67.

Hamazaki K et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid-containing phospholipids on blood catecholamine concentrations in healthy volunteers: a randomized, placebo-cont- rolled, double-blind trial. Nutrition. 2005;21(6):705-10.

Appleton KM, Rogers PJ, Ness AR. Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(3):757-70.

Lin PY et al. Are omega-3 fatty acids antidepressants or just mood-improving agents? The effect depends upon diagnosis, supplement preparation, and severity of depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17(12):1161-3; author reply 1163-7.

Sarris, J., J. Murphy, D. Mischoulon, M. Fava, M. Berk and C. Ng (2016). “Adjunc- tive Nutrient Nutraceuticals for Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analy- ses.” The American Journal Of Psychiatry; 1;173(6):575-87.

Martins JG. EPA but not DHA appears to be responsible for the effi cacy of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in depression: evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009;28(5):525-42.

Mischoulon D et al. A double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial comparing eicosapentaenoic acid versus docosahexaenoic acid for depression. J Clin Psychi- atry. 2015;76(1):54-61.

Papakostas GI. Evidence for S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM-e) for the treatment of majör depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(Suppl 5):18-22.

Fava M, Mischoulon D. Folate in depression: effi cacy, safety, differences in formu- lations, and clinical issues. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(Suppl 5):12-7.

Alpert JE et al. Folinic acid (Leucovorin) as an adjunctive treatment for SSRI-refra- ctory depression. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2002;14(1):33-8.

Papakostas GI et al. L-methylfolate as adjunctive therapy for SSRI-resistant major depression: results of two randomized, double-blind, parallel-sequential trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(12):1267-74.

Williams AL et al. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) as treatment for depression: a sys- tematic review. Clin Invest Med. 2005;28(3):132-9.

Baek J, Bernstein E, Nierenberg A. One-carbon metabolism and bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47(11):1013-8.

Genedani S et al. Influence of SAMe on the modifi cations of brain polyamine levels in an animal model of depression. Neuroreport. 2001;12(18):3939-42.

Zomkowski AD, Santos AR, Rodrigues AL. Putrescine produces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swimming test and in the tail suspension test in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30(8):1419-25.

Berlanga C et al. Efficacy of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in speeding the onset of acti- on of imipramine. Psychiatry Res. 1992;44(3):257-62.

Papakostas GI et al. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disor- der: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(8):942-8.

Mischoulon D et al. A Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) versus escitalopram in major depressive disor- der. J Clin Psychiatry 2014;75(4):370-6.

Sarris J et al. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) versus escitalopram and placebo in majör depression: efficacy and effects of histamine and carnitine as moderators of response. J Affect Disord. 2014;164:76-81.

Sarris J, Price LH, Carpenter L, Tyrka AR, Ng CH, Papakostas GI, Jaeger A, Fava M, Mischoulon D. Is S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression only effective in males? A re-analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2015;48(4-5):141-4.

Mischoulon D, Raab MF. The role of folate in depression and dementia. J Clin Psy- chiatry. 2007;68(Suppl 10):28-33.

Deligiannidis KM, Freeman MP. Complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of depressive disorders in women. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 33(2):441-63.

Spillmann M, Fava M. S-adenosyl-methionine (ademethionine) in psychiatric di- sorders. CNS Drugs. 1996;6:416-25.

Carrieri P et al. S-adenosylmethionine treatment of depressioin in patients with Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, crossover study versus placebo. Curr Ther Res. 1990;48(1):154-60.

Di Rocco A et al. Adenosyl-Methionine improves depression in patients with Par- kinson's disease in an open-label clinical trial. Mov Disord. 2000;15(6):1225-9.

Szewczyk B, Kubera M, Nowak G. The role of zinc in neurodegenerative infl am- matory pathways in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35(3):693-701.

Swardfager W et al. Potential roles of zinc in the pathophysiology and treatment of majör depressive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(5):911-29.

Prasad AS. Zinc: role in immunity, oxidative stress and chronic infl ammation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12(6):646-52.

Yary T, Aazami S. Dietary intake of zinc was inversely associated with depression. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;145(3):286-90.

Swardfager W et al. Zinc in depression: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychi- atry.2013;74(12):872-8.

Lai J et al. The effi cacy of zinc supplementation in depression: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(1-2):e31-9.

Cunha MP et al. Interaction of zinc with antidepressants in the tail suspension test. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32(8):1913-20.

Barrie SA et al. Comparative absorption of zinc picolinate, zinc citrate and zinc gluconate in humans. Agents Actions. 1987;21(1-2):223-8.

Mischoulon D, Fava M. Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of dep- ression: a review of the evidence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1158S-61S.

Sarris J. Current challenges in appraising complementary medicine evidence. MJA. 2012; 196(5):310-1.

Izzo AA. Drug interactions with St. John's Wort ( Hypericum perforatum ): a review of the clinical evidence. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;42(3):139-48.

Whitten D et al. The effect of St John's wort extracts on CYP3A: a systematic review of prospective clinical trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62(5):512-26.

FDA. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/GenerallyRecognize- dasSafe GRAS/default.htm. 2012.

Modaghegh MH et al. Safety evaluation of saffron ( Crocus sativus ) tablets in he- althy volunteers. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(12):1032-7.

Grob CS et al. Human psychopharmacology of hoasca, a plant hallucinogen used in ritual context in Brazil. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1996;184(2):86-94.

McKenna DJ, Luna LE, Towers GH. Biodynamic constituents in ayahuasca admixture plants. In: von Reis S, Schultes RE, editors. Ethnobotany: evolution of a discipline. Portland: Dioscorides Press; 1995.

Luna LE. Indigenous and mestizo use of ayahuasca: an overview. In: Santos RE d, editor. The ethnopharmacology of ayahuasca. Trivandrum: Transworld Research Network, Kerala; 2011. p. 1-21.

Santos RG et al. Effects of ayahuasca on psychometric measures of anxiety, panic-like and hopelessness in Santo Daime members. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112(3):507-13.

McKenna DJ. Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: rationale and regulatory challenge. PharmacolTher. 2004;102(2):111-29.

Callaway JC et al. Pharmacokinetics of Hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans. J Ethnop- harmacol. 1999;65(3):243-56.

Frecska E et al. A possibly sigma-1 receptor mediated role of dimethyltryptamine in tissue protection, regeneration, and immunity. J Neural Trans. 2013;120(9):1295-303.

Bouso JC, Riba J. Ayahuasca and the treatment of drug addiction. In: The therapeutic use of ayahuasca. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2014. p. 95-109.

Anderson BT, Labate BC, DeLeon CM. Healing with Yage: an interview with Taita Juan Bautista Agreda Chindoy. In: Therapeutic use of ayahuasca. Berlin: Springer; 2014. p. 197-215.

Coe, M. A Ethnomedical components of the ayahuasca complex: vegetalismo in the peruvian amazon region.B.S. 'Ihesis. 2014, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Fotiou E. Working with “La Medicina”: elements of healing in contemporary ayahuasca rituals. Anthropol Consciousness. 2012;23(1):6-27.

Riba J et al. Metabolism and disposition of N, N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids after oral administration of ayahuasca. Drug TestingAnalysis. 2012;4(7-8):610-6.

Riba J et al. Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokinetics. J PharmacolExp Ther. 2003;306(1): 73-83.

Riba J et al. Effects of the South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca on regional brain electrical activity in humans: a functional neuroimaging study using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography. Neuropsychobiol. 2004;50(1):89-101.

McKenna DJ. The healing vine: ayahuasca as medicine in the 21st century. In: Winkelman MJ, Roberts TB, editors. Psychedelic medicine: New evidence for hallucinogenic substances as treatments. Westport: Praeger; 2007. p. 21-44.

Brierley D, Davidson C. Developments in harmine pharmacology: implications for ayahuasca use and drug-dependence treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012;39(2):263-72.

Luna LE. Vegetalismo: Shamanism among the Mestizo population of the Peruvian Amazon. Stockholm: Almqvist Wiksell International; 1986.

Luna LE, Amaringo P. Ayahuasca visions: the religious iconography of a Peruvian shaman Berkeley: North Atlantic Books; 1991.

Schultes RE, Hofmann A. Plants of the gods: their sacred, healing and hallucinogenic powers. Rochester: Healing Arts Press; 1992.

Luna LE. Ayahuasca shamanism shared across cultures. Cultural Survival Quarterly. 2003;27(2):20-3.

Tupper KW. Entheogenic healing: the spiritual effects and therapeutic potential of ceremonial ayahuasca use. In: Ellens JH, editor. The healing power of spirituality: how faith helps humans thrive. Westport: Praeger; 2009. p. 269-82.

Liester MB, Prickett J. Hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of ayahuasca in the treatment of addictions. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2012;44(3):200-8.

Luna LE. The concept of plants as teachers among four mestizo shamans of Iquitos, northeastern Peru. JEthnopharmacol. 1984;11(2):135-56.

Beyer SV. Special ayahuasca issue introduction: toward a multidisciplinary approach to ayahuasca studies. Anthropol Consciousness. 2012;23(1):1-5.

Winkleman MJ. Drug tourism or spiritual healing? Ayahuasca seekers in Amazonia. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2005;37(2):209-18.

Gerra G et al. Association between low-activity serotonin transporter genotype and heroin dependence: behavioral and personality correlates. Am J Med Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics. 2004;126(1):37-42.

Hallikainen T et al. Association between low activity serotonin transporter promoter genotype and early onset alcoholism with habitual impulsive violent behavior. Molecular Psychiatry. 1999;4(4):385-8.

Mantere T et al. Serotonin transporter distribution and density in the cerebral cortex of alcoholic and nonalcoholic comparison subjects: a whole-hemisphere autoradiography study. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;159(4):599-606.

Callaway JC et al. Platelet serotonin uptake sites increased in drinkers of ayahuasca. Psychopharmacol. 1994;116(3):385-7.

Fernandez X et al. Assessment of the psychotherapeutic effects of ritual ayahuasca use on drug dependence: a pilot study. In: The therapeutic use of ayahuasca. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. p. 183-96.

Osorio FDL et al. Antidepressant effects of a single dose of ayahuasca in patients with recurrent depression: a preliminary report. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2015;37(1):13-20.

de Lima Osorio F et al. The therapeutic potential of harmine and ayahuasca in depression: evidence from exploratory animal and human studies. In: Santos RED, editor. The Ethnopharmacology of Ayahuasca. Trivandrum: Transworld Research Network; 2011.

Pacher P, Kecskemeti V. Trends in the development of new antidepressants. Is there a light at the end of the tunnel? Current Medicinal Chem. 2004;11(7):925.

Mabit J. Ayahuasca in the treatment of addictions. In: Winkelman MJ, Roberts TB, editors. Psychedelic medicine: new evidence for hallucinogenic substances as treatments. Westport: Praeger; 2007.

Winkleman MJ. Psychedelics as medicines for substance abuse rehabilitation: evaluating treatments with LSD, Peyote, Ibogaine and Ayahuasca. Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 2014;7(1):101-16.

Paul A, Cox PA. An ethnobotanical survey of the uses for Citrus aurantium (Rutaceae) in Haiti. Econ Bot. 1995;49(3):249-56.

Carvalho-Freitas MIR, Costa M. Anxiolytic and sedative effects of extracts and essential oil from C itrus Aurantium L. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002;25(12):1629-33.

Goes TC, Antunes FD, Alves PB, Teixeira-Silva F. Effect of sweet orange aroma on experimental anxiety in humans. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18(8):798-804.

Namazi M, Akbari SAA, Mojab F, Talebi A, Majd HA, Jannesaria S. Effects of Citrus Aurantium (Bitter Orange) on the severity of fi rst-stage labor pain. Iran J Pharm Res. 2014;13(3):1011-8.

Namazi M, Amir Ali Akbari S, Mojab F, Talebi A, Alavi Majd H, Jannesari S. Aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium oil and anxiety during the first stage of labor. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(6):e18371.

Cho MY, Min ES, Hur MH, Lee MS. Effects of aromatherapy on the anxiety, vital signs, and sleep quality of percutaneous coronary intervention patients in intensive care units. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med eCAM. 2013;2013:381381.

Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. A review of the human clinical studies involving Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Int J Med Sci.2012;9(7):527-38.

Costa CA, Cury TC, Cassettari BO, Takahira RK, Florio JC, Costa M. Citrus aurantium L. Essential oil exhibits anxiolyticlike activity mediated by 5-HT1A-receptors andreduces cholesterol after repeated oral treatment. BMC Complementary Altern Med. 2013;13(42):1-10.

Pultrini Ade M, Galindo LA, Costa M. Effects of the essential oil from Citrus aurantium L. İn experimental anxiety models in mice. Life Sci. 2006;78(15):1720-5.

Leite MP, Fassin Jr J, Baziloni F, Almeida RN, Mattei R, Leite JR. Behavioral effects of essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. inhalation in rats. Braz J Pharmacognosy. 2008;18(Supp): 661-6.

Khosravi M, Khakpour S, Adibi L, Jahromy MH. A study of the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interaction with GABAergic pathways in male mice. J Behav Brain Sci. 2014;04(10):470-6.

Akhlaghi M, Shabanian G, Rafi eian-Kopaei M, Parvin N, Saadat M. Citrus aurantium blossom and preoperative anxiety. RevBrasAnestesiol. 2011;61(6):702-12.

Haller J, Freund TF, Pelczer KG, Furedi J, Krecsak L, Zambori J. The anxiolytic potential and psychotropic side effects of an echinacea preparation in laboratory animals and healthy volunteers. Phytother Res. 2013;27(1):54-61.

Kindscher K. Ethnobotany of purple conefl ower (Echinacea angustifolia, Astraceae) and other echinacea species. Econ Bot. 1989;43(4):498-507.

Woelkart K, Baur R. The role of alkamides as an active principle of echinacea. Planta Med. 2007;73:615-23.

Tambaro S, Bortolato M. Cannabinoid-related agents in the treatment of anxiety disorders: current knowledge and future perspectives. CNS Drugs Discov. 2012;7(1):25-40.

Hajos N, Holderith N, Nemeth B, Papp OI, Szabo GG, Zemankovics R, et al. The effects of an echinacea preparation on synaptic transmission and the fi ring properties of CA1 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. Phytother Res. 2012;26(3):354-62.

Haller J, Hohmann J, Freund TF. The effect of Echinacea preparations in three laboratory tests of anxiety: comparison with chlordiazepoxide. Phytother Res. 2010;24(11):1605-13.

Rabbani M, Sajjadi SE, Khalili S. A lack of tolerance to the anxiolytic action of Echium amoenum. Res Pharm Sci. 2011;6(2):101-6.

Gholamzadeh S, Zare S, Ikhanipoor M. Anxiolytic effect of Echium amoenum during different treatment courses. Res Biol Sci. 2008;3(2):176-8.

Gholamzadeh S, Zare S, Ilkhanipoor M. Evaluation of the anxiolytic effect of Echium amoenum petalsextract, during chronic treatment in rat. Res Pharm Sci. 2007;2(2):91-5.

Rabbani M, Sajjadi SE, Vaseghi G, Jafarian A. Anxiolytic effects of Echium amoenum on the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety in mice. Fitoterapia. 2004;75(5):457-64.

Shafaghi B, Naderi N, Tahmasb L, Kamalinejad M. Anxiolytic effect of Echium amoenum L. in Mice. Iran J Pharm Res. 2002;1:37-41.

Sayyah M, Boostani H, Pakseresht S, Malaieri A. Effi cacy of aqueous extract of Echium amoenum in treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(8):1513-6.

Sayyah M, Siahpoosh A, Khalili H, Malaieri A, Samaee H. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the aqueous extract ofEchium amoenum for patients with general anxiety disorder. Iran J Pharm Res. 2012;11(2):697-701.

Sayyah M, Sayyah M, Kamalinejad M. A preliminary randomized double blind clinical trial on the efficacy ofaqueous extract of Echium amoenum in the treatment of mild to moderate major depression. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30:166-9.

Abenavoli L, Capasso R, Milic N, Capasso F. Milk thistle in liver diseases: past, present, future. Phytother Res. 2010;24(10):1423-32.

Bahmani M, Shirzad H, Rafi eian S, Rafi eian-Kopaei M. Silybum marianum: beyond Hepatoprotection. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015;20(4):292-301.

Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King's American dispensatory. 1898.

Mosaddegh M, Naghibi F, Moazzeni H, Pirani A, Esmaeili S. Ethnobotanical survey of herbal remedies traditionally used in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province of Iran. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;141(1):80-95.

Kroll DJ, Shaw HS, Oberlies NH. Milk thistle nomenclature: why it matters in cancer research and pharmacokinetic studies. Integr Cancer Ther. 2007;6(2):110-9.

Osuchowski MF, Johnson VJ, He Q, Sharma RP. Alterations in regional brain neurotransmitters by silymarin, a natural antioxidant fl avonoid mixture, in BALB/c mice. Pharmaceutical Biol. 2004;42(4-5):384-9.

Lu P, Mamiya T, Lu L, Mouri A, Niwa M, Kim HC, et al. Silibinin attenuates cognitive deficits and decreases of dopamine and serotonin induced by repeated methamphetamine treatment. Behav Brain Res. 2010;207(2):387-93.

Mazzio EA, Harris N, Soliman KFA. Food constituents attenuate monoamine oxidase activity and peroxide levels in C6 astrocyte cells. Planta Medica. 1998;64(7):603-6.

Solati J, Yaghmaei P, Mohammdadi K. Role of the 5-HT1A serotonergic system in anxiolyticlike effects of Silymarin. Neurophysiol. 2012;44(1):49-55.

Sayyah M, Boostani H, Pakseresht S, Malayeri A. Comparison of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. with fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog NeuroPsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010;34(2):362-5.

Gordon A, Hobbs DA, Bowden DS, Bailey MJ, Mitchell J, Francis AJP, et al. Effects of Silybum marianum on serum hepatitis C virus RNA, alanine aminotransferase levels and wellbeing in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(1):275-80.

Grant JE, Odlaug BL. Silymarin treatment of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35(3):340-2.

Ardjomand-Woelkart K, Bauer R. Review and assessment of medicinal safety data of orally used Echinacea preparations. Planta Medica. 2016;82(01/02):17-31.

Sarris J, Ng C, Schweitzer I. “Omic” genetic technologies for herbal medicines in psychiatry. Phytother Res. 2011;26:522-7.

Ulrich-Merzenich G, Zeitler H, Jobst D, Panek D, Vetter H, Wagner H. Application of the “-Omic-” technologies in phytomedicine. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(1):70-82.

Thomas G et al. Ayahuasca-assisted therapy for addictions: results from a preliminary observational study in Canada. Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 2013;6(1):30-42.

Labate BC et al. Effect of Santo Daime membership on substance dependence. In: The therapeutic use of ayahuasca. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. p. 153-9.

McKenna DJ. Ayahuasca: an ehtnopharmacologic history. In: Metzner R, editor. Ayahuasca: Hallucinogens, consciousness, and the spirit of nature. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press; 1999. p. 187-213.

Callaway JC. Ayahuasca preparations and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a potential combination for severe adverse interactions. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1998;30(4):367-9.

Jellin PG, Gregory PJ. Pharmacist's letter/prescriber's letter natural medicines comprehensive database. 12th ed. Therapeutic Research: Stockton; 2009.

White DJ et al. Anti-stress, behavioural and magnetoencephalography effects of an l-theaninebased nutrient drink: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Nutrients. 2016;8(1):53-72.

Lardner AL. Neurobiological effects of the green tea constituent theanine and its potential role in the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Nutr Neurosci. 2014;17(4):145-55.

Kirsch DL, Nichols F. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for treatment of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. In: Muskin PR, Gerbarg PL, Brown RP editors. Complementary and Integrative Therapies for Psychiatric Disorders. Psych Clin NA. 2013;36(1):169-176.

Sageman S, Brown RP. 3-Acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone for healing treatmentresistant posttraumatic stress disorder in women: 5 case reports [2]. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67 (3):493-6.

Rasmusson AM et al. An increased capacity for adrenal DHEA release is associated with decreased avoidance and negative mood symptoms in women with PTSD. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;29(8):1546-57.

Mohamadpour AH et al. Safety evaluation of crocin (a constituent of saffron) tablets in healthy volunteers. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2013;16(1):39-46.

Shahmansouri N et al. A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial comparing the effi cacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with fl uoxetine for improving mild to moderate depression in post percutaneous coronary intervention patients. J Affect Disord. 2014;155(1):216-22.

Modabbernia A, Akhondzadeh S. Saffron, passionfl ower, valerian and sage for mental health. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2013;36(1):85-91.

Pratte MA, Nanavati KB, Young V, Morley CP. An alternative treatment foranxiety: a systematic review of human trial results reported for the Ayurvedic herb ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). J Altern Complementary Med. 2014;20(12):901-8. doi: 10.1089/acm.2014.0177 .

Delalleau B et al. Analysis of the side effects of tianeptine. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1988;11(Suppl 2):S83-9.

Atmaca M et al. Switching to tianeptine in patients with antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(4):277-80.

JA C e S. From restoration of neuroplasticity to the treatment of depression: clinical experience. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;14(Suppl 5):S511-21.

Zoladz PR, Fleshner M, Diamond DM. Differential effectiveness of tianeptine, clonidine and amitriptyline in blocking traumatic memory expression, anxiety and hypertension in an animal model of PTSD. ProgNeuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;44:1-16.

Streeter CC et al. Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system, gamma-aminobutyricacid, and allostasis in epilepsy, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Med Hypotheses. 2012;78(5):571-9.

Abdou AM et al. Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA) administration in humans. Biofactors. 2006;26(3):201-8.

Winblad B. Piracetam: a review of pharmacological properties and clinical uses. CNS Drug Rev. 2005;11(2):169-82.

Winnicka K, Tomasiak M, Bielawska A. Piracetaman old drug with novel properties? Acta Pol PharmDrug Res. 2005;62(5):405-9.

He Z et al. Piracetam ameliorated oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced injury in rat cortical neurons via inhibition of oxidative stress, excitatory amino acids release and P53/Bax. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2014;34(4):539-47.

Graham KA et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of amantadine for weight loss in subjects who gained weight with olanzapine. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(9):1744-6.

Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Complementary and integrative treatments in brain injury. In: Silver JM, McAllister TW, Yudofsky SC, editors. Textbook of traumatic brain injury. 2 ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.; 2011. p. 599-622.

Gerbarg PL, Brown RP. Phytomedicines for prevention and treatment of mental health disorders. Psychiatric Clin N Am. 2013;36(1):37-47.

Van Strien AM et al. Psychotropic medications, including short acting benzodiazepines, strongly increase the frequency of falls in elderly. Maturitas. 2013;74(4):357-62.

Gustafsson M et al. Association between behavioral and psychological symptoms and psychotropic drug use among old people with cognitive impairment living in geriatric care settings. Int Psychogeriatrics. 2013;25(9):1415-23.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5. ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Li LT et al. The benefi cial effects of the herbal medicine free and easy wanderer plus (FEWP) and fl uoxetine on post-stroke depression. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(7):841-6.

Qin F et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the effectiveness and safety of free and easy wanderer plus, a polyherbal preparation for depressive disorders. JPsychiatr Res. 2011;45(11):1518-24.

Wang HN et al. Free and Easy Wanderer Plus (FEWP), a polyherbal preparation, ameliorates PTSD-like behavior and cognitive impairments in stressed rats. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(8):1458-63.

Maes M, Berk M, Goehler L, Song C, Anderson G, Galecki P, et al. Depression and sickness behavior are Janus-faced responses to shared infl ammatory pathways. BMC Med. 2012;10:66.

Maintz L, Novak N. Histamine and histamine intolerance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(5):1185-96.

Siwek M, Szewczyk B, Dudek D, Styczen K, Sowa-Kucma M, Mlyniec K, et al. Zinc as a marker of affective disorders. Pharmacol Rep. 2013;65(6):1512-8.

Swardfager W, Herrmann N, McIntyre RS, Mazereeuw G, Goldberger K, Cha DS, et al. Potential roles of zinc in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(5):911-29.

Sartori SB, Whittle N, Hetzenauer A, Singewald N. Magnesium defi ciency induces anxiety and HPA axis dysregulation: modulation by therapeutic drug treatment. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(1):304-12.

Brody S, Preut R, Schommer K, Schurmeyer TH. A randomized controlled trial of high dose ascorbic acid for reduction of blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective responses to psychological stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002;159(3):319-24.

de Oliveira IJ, de Souza VV, Motta V, Da-Silva SL. Effects of oral vitamin C supplementation on anxiety in students: adouble-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pak J Biol Sci. 2015;18(1):11-8.

Nathan PJ, Lu K, Gray M, Oliver C. The neuropharmacology of L-theanine(N-ethyl-Lglutamine): a possible neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent. J Herb Pharmacother. 2006;6(2):21-30.

Sarris J, Papakostas GI, Vitolo O, Fava M, Mischoulon D. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) versus escitalopram and placebo in major depression RCT: effi cacy and effects of histamine and carnitine as moderators of response. J Affect Disord. 2014;164:76-81.

Papakostas GI, Mischoulon D, Shyu I, Alpert JE, Fava M. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(8):942-8.

Pfeiffer CC. Nutrition and mental illness: an orthomolecular approach tobalancing body chemistry. Rochester: Healing Art Press; 1988.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5 ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Murck H. Magnesium and affective disorders. Nutr Neurosci. 2002;5(6):375-89.

Poleszak E. Benzodiazepine/GABA(A) receptors are involved in magnesium-induced anxiolyticlike behavior in mice. Pharmacol Rep. 2008;60(4):483-9.

Poleszak E, Wlaz P, Wrobel A, Fidecka S, Nowak G. NMDA/glutamate mechanism of magnesium-induced anxiolytic-like behavior in mice. Pharmacol Rep. 2008;60(5):655-63.

Abumaria N, Yin B, Zhang L, Li X-Y, Chen T, Descalzi G, Zhao L, Ahn M, Luo L, Ran C, Zhuo M, Liu G. Effects of elevation of brain magnesium on fear conditioning, fear extinction, and synaptic plasticity in the infralimbic prefrontal cortex and lateral amygdala. J Neurosci. 2011;31(42):14871-81.

Lui J, Galfalvy H, Cooper T, Oquendo M, Grunebaum M, Mann J, Sublette M. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status in major depression with comorbid anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(7):732-8.

Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey M, Hibbeln JR. Associations between increases in plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids following supplementation and decreases in anger and anxiety in substance abusers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32:568-75.

Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Belury MA, Andridge R, Malarkey WB, Glaser R. Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation and anxiety in medical students: a randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25:1725-34.

Sarris J, McIntyre E, Camfield D. Plant-based medicines for anxiety disorders, part 2: areview of clinical studies with supporting preclinical evidence. CNS Drugs. 2013;27(4):301-19.

Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. 2 ed. Sydney: Psychology Foundation; 1995.

Burckhardt C, Anderson K. The Quality of Life Scale (QOLS): reliability, validity, and utilization Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:60.

Paterson C. Patient-centred outcome measurement. In: Macpherson H, Hammerschlag R, Lewith G, Schnyer R, editors. Acupuncture research: strategies for establishing an evidence base. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2007.

Posadzki P, Watson L, Ernst E. Herb-drug interactions: an overview of systematic reviews. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(3):603-18.

Cheng N, et al. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Schisandra chinensis pollen extract on CCl4-induced acute liver damage in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;55:234-40.

Bahmani M, et al. Silybum marianum: beyond hepatoprotection. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015;20(4):292-301.

Abenavoli L, et al. Milk thistle in liver diseases: past, present, future. Phytother Res. 2010;24(10):1423-32.

Liu X, et al. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on metabolism of alcohol and its mechanism research. Chin Pharm J. 2006;41(14):1063-6.

Seiva FRF, et al. Alcoholism and alcohol abstinence: N-acetylcysteine to improve energy expenditure, myocardial oxidative stress, and energy metabolism in alcoholic heart disease. Alcohol. 2009;43(8):649-56.

Russo E, et al. Hypericum perforatum: pharmacokinetic, mechanism of action, tolerability, and clinical drug-drug interactions. Phytother Res. 2014;28(5):643-55.

Izzo AA. Interactions between herbs and conventional drugs: overview of the clinical data. Med Princ Pract. 2012;21(5):404-28.

Kulkarni SK, Ninan I. Inhibition of morphine tolerance and dependence by Withania somnifera in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;57(3):213-7.

Smilkstein MJ, et al. Effi cacy of oral N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Analysis of the National Multicenter Study (1976 to 1985). N Engl J Med. 1988;319(24):1557-62.

Gurley BJ, Fifer EK, Gardner Z. Pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions (part 2): drug interactions involving popular botanical dietary supplements and their clinical relevance. Planta Med. 2012;78(13):1490-514.

Rahimi R, Abdollahi M. An update on the ability of St. John's wort to affect the metabolism of other drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012;8(6):691-708.

Gleitz J, et al. Anticonvulsive action of (±)-kavain estimated from its properties on stimulated synaptosomes and Na + channel receptor sites. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996;315(1):89-97.

Gastpar M. Hypericum extract WS® 5570 for depression: an overview. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2013;17:1-7.

Benjamin J, et al. Inositol treatment in psychiatry. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31(1):167-75.

Zhang XY, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extract of Ginkgo biloba added to haloperidol in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(11):878-83.

Jimenez-Ferrer E, et al. Interaction of the natural anxiolytic Galphimine-B with serotonergic drugs on dorsal hippocampus in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(1):724-9.

Sarris J, Wardle J. Clinical naturopathy. An evidence-based guide to practice. 2nd ed.

Chatswood: Elsevier; 2014. Viola H, et al. Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita fl owers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med. 1995;61(3):213-6.

Awad R, et al. Bioassay-guided fractionation of lemon balm (Melissa offi cinalis L.) using an in vitro measure of GABA transaminase activity. Phytother Res. 2009;23(8):1075-81.

Brown E, et al. Evaluation of the anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a Passifl ora incarnata extract, in the laboratory rat. AANA J. 2007;75(5):333-7.

Zanoli P, Avallone R, Baraldi M. Behavioral characterisation of the fl avonoids apigenin and chrysin. Fitoterapia. 2000;71 Suppl 1:S117-23.

de Carvalho RSM, Duarte FS, de Lima TCM. Involvement of GABAergic non-benzodiazepine sites in the anxiolytic-like and sedative effects of the fl avonoid baicalein in mice. Behav Brain Res. 2011;221(1):75-82.

Muller CE, et al. Interactions of valerian extracts and a fi xed valerian-hop extract combination with adenosine receptors. Life Sci. 2002;71(16):1939-49.

Benke D, et al. GABA (A) receptors as in vivo substrate for the anxiolytic action of valerenic acid, a major constituent of valerian root extracts. Neuropharmacology. 2009;56(1):174-81.

Braun L, Cohen M. Herbs natural supplements: an evidence-based guide. 3rd ed. Sydney: Elsevier; 2010.

Salgueiro JB, et al. Anxiolytic natural and synthetic fl avonoid ligands of the central benzodiazepine receptor have No effect on memory tasks in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997;58(4):887-91.

Malsch U, Kiese M. Effi cacy of kava-kava in the treatment of non-psychotic anxiety, following pretreatment with benzodiazepines. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001;157:277-83.

L-arginine. Review of natural products. Facts comparisons [database online] (2010). Wolters Kluwer Health Inc.: St. Louis

Yun-Choi HS, Kim JH, Lee JR. Potential inhibitors of platelet aggregation from plant sources, III. J Nat Prod. 1987;50(6):1059-64.

Izzo AA, et al. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: the risk of drug interaction. Int J Cardiol. 2005;98(1):1-14.

Unger M. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving Ginkgo biloba. Drug Metab Rev. 2013;45(3):353-85.

Fasinu P, Bouic P, Rosenkranz B. An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb-drug interactions. Front Pharmacol. 2012;3.

Alsanad SM, Williamson EM, Howard RL. Cancer patients at risk of herb/food supplement drug interactions: a systematic review. Phytother Res. 2014;28(12):1749-55.

Goey AKL, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM. Herb-drug interactions in oncology. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;95(4):354-5.

Madabushi R, et al. Hyperforin in St. John's wort drug interactions. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62(3):225-33.