Karakterler
Özet
Hayvansal üretim; yetiştirilen hayvanların genetik özellikleri ile içinde bulundukları çevresel koşulların etkileşimi neticesinde belirlenmektedir. Bu sebeple, hem genetik yapının hem de çevre faktörlerinin ayrıntılı biçimde bilinmesi ve birlikte değerlendirilmesi gereklidir. Evcil hayatta insanlar yetiştirdikleri hayvanlardan bir kısmını damızlık olarak kullanmak üzere ayırırlar ve bunlara üreme imkanı verirler. Verimleri düşük veya istenmeyen özelliklere sahip olanları ise yetiştirme dışına çıkarırlar. Bu amaçla hayvanlar değerlendirilirken karakterler üzerinde durulmaktadır. Irk karakterleri yönünden bir tür içindeki ırkların belirgin şekilde farklılığı yanında bir ırk içindeki bireylerin belirgin şekilde benzerliği de hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde önem arz etmektedir. Sunulan çalışmanın amacı hayvanları değerlendirmede önemli olan morfolojik ve fizyolojik ırk karakterleri tanımlayarak detaylı bilgi vermektir.
In this chapter, the mechanisms by which animals adapt to environmental conditions are examined in detail. The environment is defined as the entirety of physical, biological, and socio-cultural factors in which living organisms sustain their lives, and the decisive role of interactions with these factors on survival, reproduction, and productivity is emphasized. Since animals have a limited capacity to modify environmental changes in their favor, adaptation processes are of vital importance. In this context, the concepts of acclimatization (short-term, reversible adjustment) and adaptation (permanent, genetically based adjustment) are explained, and examples of morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations are presented. The chapter also addresses the effects of climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, air movement, atmospheric pressure, radiation, and precipitation on animals, with particular emphasis on thermoregulation, the thermal comfort zone, and the consequences of heat and cold stress on animal health and productivity. By examining the regulation of body temperature, mechanisms of heat production and heat loss, and pathways of heat transfer, the significance of environmental stress factors for animal production and welfare is highlighted.
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