Bitki Doku Kültürlerinde Biyoreaktör Sistemleri
Özet
Bitki doku kültürlerinde biyoreaktör sistemleri, geleneksel katı ve yarı katı in vitro kültür yöntemlerine kıyasla daha yüksek üretim kapasitesi, otomasyon ve maliyet etkinliği sunan modern üretim platformları olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu sistemler; nadir, ekonomik değeri yüksek ve tıbbi öneme sahip bitkilerin hızlı çoğaltımı, klonal materyal üretimi ve sekonder metabolit sentezi açısından önemli avantajlar sağlamaktadır. Kontrollü kültür koşulları sayesinde besin maddeleri, oksijen ve bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerinin homojen dağılımı mümkün olmakta; iş gücü ihtiyacı ve üretim maliyetleri önemli ölçüde azaltılmaktadır. Günümüze kadar karıştırmalı tank, hava kaldırmalı, kabarcıklı kolon, dalga ve geçici daldırma biyoreaktörleri gibi farklı sistemler geliştirilmiştir. Özellikle geçici daldırma biyoreaktörleri, eksplantların besin ortamına aralıklı olarak maruz bırakılması prensibiyle çalışarak hiperhidrisiteyi azaltmakta ve besin ortamının daha verimli kullanılmasını sağlamaktadır. Biyoreaktör sistemleri, mikroçoğaltım, somatik embriyogenez ve sekonder metabolit üretiminde çoğalma oranlarını birkaç kat artırabilmekte; alan, enerji ve işçilikten tasarruf sağlamaktadır. 1980’li yıllardan itibaren geliştirilen otomatik sistemler, günümüzde standartlaştırılmış ticari ve araştırma amaçlı biyoreaktör uygulamalarının temelini oluşturmakta ve bitki doku kültürlerinin endüstriyel ölçekte uygulanabilirliğini güçlendirmektedir.
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