Sporda Şiddet, Bağımlılık ve Politika Etkileşimi: Risk Yönetimi ve Önleme Stratejileri
Özet
Bu bölüm, spor alanında şiddet, bağımlılık ve politika etkileşimini çok boyutlu bir çerçevede ele almakta; saha içi ve saha dışı şiddetin yapısal, kültürel ve yönetsel belirleyicilerini analiz ederek spor organizasyonlarında risk yönetimi ihtiyacını ortaya koymaktadır. Literatür, fiziksel, psikolojik ve cinsel şiddetin yanı sıra ihmal ve yapısal istismarın spor ekosisteminde yaygın olduğunu; özellikle ergenler, elit sporcular ve kadın sporcular için yüksek risk oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. Taraftar şiddeti, koç-sporcu ilişkileri, örgütsel kültür ve toplumsal cinsiyet normları gibi farklı düzeylerde işleyen faktörlerin, sporun sosyo-ekolojik yapısında şiddetin görünür ve gizli biçimlerini ürettiği ifade edilmektedir. Türkiye bağlamında, spora özgü şiddet verilerinin sınırlı olduğu, cinsiyete dayalı şiddet, çevrimiçi taciz ve bildirim eksikliklerinin ise önemli politika boşlukları yarattığı vurgulanmaktadır. Bölümün ikinci ana ekseni, egzersiz bağımlılığı, başarı takıntısı, doping eğilimleri, sosyal medya etkisi ve davranışsal bağımlılıkların sporculardaki yansımalarını incelemektedir. Egzersiz bağımlılığının psikolojik (takıntılı tutku, kimlik bütünleşmesi), nörobiyolojik (ödül sistemleri) ve örgütsel (aşırı antrenmanı ödüllendiren yapılar) düzeylerde oluştuğu; başarı baskısı ve dijital görünürlük ile birleştiğinde madde kullanımı, takviye kötüye kullanımı ve psikolojik sorunların artmasına neden olabileceği belirtilmektedir. Üçüncü olarak, spor politikaları, federasyon düzenlemeleri ve Olimpik Hareket’in etik/uyum yapıları incelenmiş; disiplin mekanizmalarının bağımsızlığı, koruma politikalarının uygulanabilirliği ve yönetişim kalitesinin güvenli spor ortamlarına etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, devlet politikaları, federatif özerklik ve kurumsal kapasite arasındaki gerilimin, Türkiye’de spor yönetiminin en belirleyici unsurlarından olduğunu göstermektedir. Son olarak, risk yönetimi modelleri birincil–ikincil–üçüncül önleme perspektifiyle tanımlanmış; eğitim, tarama, raporlama mekanizmaları, yaptırımlar ve medya politikalarının bütüncül şekilde uygulanmasının gerekliliği ortaya konmuştur. Uluslararası kanıtlar, güvenli spor kültürü oluşturmanın yalnızca hukuki düzenlemelerle değil; yönetişim reformu, kurumlar arası koordinasyon, veri toplama standartları ve uygulama bilimi ile desteklenen çok düzeyli stratejilerle mümkün olabileceğini göstermektedir.
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