Orman Yangınlarının Nedenleri, Risk Faktörleri ve Yayılım Dinamikleri

Aponte, C., de Groot, W. J., & Wotton, B. M. (2016). Forest fires and climate change: causes, consequences and management options. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25(8), i-ii. https://doi.org/10.1071/WFv25n8_FO

Artés, T., Oom, D., de Rigo, D., Durrant, T. H., Maianti, P., Libertà, G., & San-Miguel-Ayanz, J. (2019). A global wildfire dataset for the analysis of fire regimes and fire behaviour. Scientific Data, 6, 296. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0312-2

Attri, V., Dhiman, R., & Sarvade, S. (2020). A review on status, implications and recent trends of forest fire management . Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 5(4), 592-602. https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2020.0504024

Balch, J. K., Bradley, B. A., Abatzoglou, J. T., Nagy, R. C., Fusco, E. J., & Mahood, A. L. (2017). Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(11), 2946-2951.

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617394114

Baltacı, U., & Yıldırım, F. (2020). Effect of slope on the analysis of forest fire risk. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 48(4), 373-379. https://doi.org/10.15671/hjbc.753080

Barni, P. E., Pereira, V. B., Manzi, A. O., & Barbosa, R. I. (2015). Deforestation and forest fires in Roraima and their relationship with phytoclimatic regions in the Northern Brazilian Amazon. Environmental Management, 55, 1124-1138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0447-7

Beer, T. (1991). The interaction of wind and fire. Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 54, 287–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00183958

Bonazountas, M., Kallidromitou, D., Kassomenos, P. A., & Passas, N. (2005). Forest fire risk analysis. human and ecological risk assessment: An International Journal, 11(3), 617–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807030590949717

Brodie, E. G., Knapp, E. E., Brooks, W. R., Drury, S. A., & Ritchie, M. W. (2024). Forest thinning and prescribed burning treatments reduce wildfire severity and buffer the impacts of severe fire weather. Fire Ecology, 20, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-023-00241-z

Chinamatira, L., Mtetwa, S., & Nyamadzawo, G. (2016). Causes of wildland fires, associated socio-economic impacts and challenges with policing, in Chakari resettlement area, Kadoma, Zimbabwe. Fire Science Reviews, 5,1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40038-016-0010-5

Dastour, H., Ahmed, M. R., & Hassan, Q. K. (2024). Analysis of forest fire patterns and their relationship with climate variables in Alberta's natural subregions. Ecological Informatics, 80, 102531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102531

Dos Reis, M., de Alencastro Graça, P. M. L., Yanai, A. M., Ramos, C. J. P., & Fearnside, P. M. (2021). Forest fires and deforestation in the central Amazon: Effects of landscape and climate on spatial and temporal dynamics. Journal of Environmental Management, 288, 112310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112310

Du, R., Liu, K., Zhao, D., & Fang, Q. (2024). Climate disaster and cognitive ability: evidence from wildfire. International Journal of Public Health, 69, 1607128. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2024.1607128

Eagleston, H., Bester, M., Yusuf, J., Damodaran, A., & Reno, M. J. (2025). Systemic drivers of electric-grid-caused catastrophic wildfires: ımplications for resilience in the United States. Challenges, 16(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe16010013

EC, JRC (2024). European Commission, Joint Research Centre, forest fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2023 (JRC Report No. JRC139704). Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/8027062

Fan, Q., Wang, C., Zhang, D., & Zang, S. (2017). Environmental influences on forest fire regime in the Greater Hinggan Mountains, Northeast China. Forests, 8(10), 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8100372

FAO (2020). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, global forest resources assessment 2020: main report. Rome.

Farid, A., Alam, M. K., Goli, V. S. N. S., Akin, I. D., Akinleye, T., Chen, X., ... & Winkler, J. (2024). A review of the occurrence and causes for wildfires and their ımpacts on the geoenvironment. Fire, 7(8), 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7080295

Fayiah, M., & Tulcan, R. X. S. (2021). Seasonal wildfire outbreak trend and its consequences on forest biodiversity and the environment: a case study of Sierra Leone. Int J Sustain Energy Environ Res, 10(2), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.13.2021.102.69.84

Ferreira, C., Pinto, L. C., & Valente, M. (2024). Forest fire causes and prevention strategies in Portugal: Insights from stakeholder focus groups. Forest Policy and Economics, 169, 103330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103330

Ga, R., Liu, X., Ma, B., Na, M., Zhang, J., Tong, Z., ... & Xu, J. (2025). The ındividual and combined effects of natural–human factors on forest fire frequency in Northeast China. Remote Sensing, 17(10), 1685. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17101685

Gill, A. M., Stephens, S. L., & Cary, G. J. (2013). The worldwide “wildfire” problem. Ecological applications, 23(2), 438-454. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-2213.1

Gong, A., Huang, Z., Liu, L., Yang, Y., Ba, W., & Wang, H. (2023). development of an ındex for forest fire risk assessment considering hazard factors and the hazard-formative environment. Remote Sensing, 15(21), 5077. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215077

Grala, K., Grala, R. K., Hussain, A., Cooke III, W. H., & Varner III, J. M. (2017). Impact of human factors on wildfire occurrence in Mississippi, United States. Forest Policy and Economics, 81, 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.04.011

Guardo, R., Bilotta, G., Ganci, G., Zuccarello, F., Andronico, D., & Cappello, A. (2024). Modeling fire hazards induced by volcanic eruptions: the case of Stromboli (Italy). Fire, 7(3), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7030070

Hayajneh, S. M., & Naser, J. (2025). Wind and slope ınfluence on wildland fire spread, a numerical study. Fire, 8(6), 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8060217

Hirschberger P. (2016). Forests ablaze: causes and effects of global forest fires. Deutschland. Berlin: World Wildlife Fund.

Hu, T., Xu, Z., Yu, C., Dou, X., Zhang, Y., & Sun, L. (2024). Impacts of different forest fire management policies and fuel treatment models on forest fire risk in boreal forest of China. Ecological Indicators, 169, 112806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112806

Huang, K., Wu, X., Zhang, L., Geng, H., & Qu, Y. (2025). Increasing risk of global forest loss from extreme wildfires under climate change. International Journal of Digital Earth, 18(1), 2483982. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2483982

Iacono, F., Bisson, M., Spinetti, C., & Kwasnitschka, T. (2025). Wildfires ınduced by volcanic activity at Stromboli Island during the 2019 summer through satellite and drone data. Remote Sensing in Earth Systems Sciences, 8, 733-752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41976-025-00215-6

Jaiswal, R. K., Mukherjee, S., Raju, K. D., & Saxena, R. (2002). Forest fire risk zone mapping from satellite imagery and GIS. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 4(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-2434(02)00006-5

Jellouli, O., & Bernoussi, A. S. (2022). The impact of dynamic wind flow behavior on forest fire spread using cellular automata: application to the watershed BOUKHALEF (Morocco). Ecological Modelling, 468, 109938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109938

Jenkins, S., Komorowski, J. C., Baxter, P. J., Spence, R., Picquout, A., & Lavigne, F. (2013). The Merapi 2010 eruption: An interdisciplinary impact assessment methodology for studying pyroclastic density current dynamics. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 261, 316-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.02.012

Johnson, S. D., & Balice, R. G. (2006). Seasons within the wildfire season: marking weather-related fire occurrence regimes. Fire Ecology, 2, 60-78. https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0202060

Jolly, C. J., Dickman, C. R., Doherty, T. S., van Eeden, L. M., Geary, W. L., Legge, S. M., ... & Nimmo, D. G. (2022). Animal mortality during fire. Global Change Biology, 28(6), 2053-2065. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16044

Jolly, W. M., Cochrane, M. A., Freeborn, P. H., Holden, Z. A., Brown, T. J., Williamson, G. J., & Bowman, D. M.J. S. (2015). Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013. Nature Communications, 6(1), 7537. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8537

Juárez-Orozco, S. M., Siebe, C., & Fernández y Fernández, D. (2017). Causes and effects of forest fires in tropical rainforests: a bibliometric approach. Tropical Conservation Science, 10, 1940082917737207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917737207

Kim, J., Kim, T., Lee, Y. E., & Im, S. (2025). Spatial and temporal variability of forest fires in the Republic of Korea over 1991–2020. Natural Hazards, 121, 9801-9821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07169-4

Kinnunen, O., Backman, L., Aalto, J., Aalto, T., & Markkanen, T. (2024). Projected changes in forest fire season, the number of fires, and burnt area in Fennoscandia by 2100. Biogeosciences, 21(21), 4739-4763. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4739-2024

Kolanek, A., Szymanowski, M., & Raczyk, A. (2021). Human activity affects forest fires: the impact of anthropogenic factors on the density of forest fires in Poland. Forests, 12(6), 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060728

Köçer, M. S., & Aslan, R. (2023). Gönüllü arama kurtarma ekiplerinin orman yangınlarındaki tahliye deneyimleri: 2021 Akdeniz orman yangınları. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 6(3), 829-851. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1236021

Kumar, K. P. ., & Chintala, R. R. . (2024). A Review of forest fires: causes, impacts, and management strategies. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 12(3), 229–234. Retrieved from https://www.ijisae.org/index.php/IJISAE/article/view/5245

Kumar, S., & Kumar, S. (2020). forest fires: causes and ımpact on environment. Just Agriculture E-Newsletter, 1(2).

Küçük, Ö., & Aktepe, N. (2017). Effect of phenolic compounds on the flammability in forest fires. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 6(4), 320-327.

Linares, M., & Ni-Meister, W. (2024). ımpact of wildfires on land surface cold season climate in the northern high-latitudes: a study on changes in vegetation, snow dynamics, Albedo, and Radiative Forcing. Remote Sensing, 16(8), 1461. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081461

Liu, T., Mickley, L. J., Marlier, M. E., DeFries, R. S., Khan, M. F., Latif, M. T., & Karambelas, A. (2020). Diagnosing spatial biases and uncertainties in global fire emissions inventories: Indonesia as regional case study. Remote Sensing of Environment, 237, 111557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111557

Liu, Z., Yang, J., Chang, Y., Weisberg, P. J., & He, H. S. (2012). Spatial patterns and drivers of fire occurrence and its future trend under climate change in a boreal forest of Northeast China. Global Change Biology, 18(6), 2041-2056. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02649.x

Ma, B., Liu, X., Tong, Z., Zhang, J., & Wang, X. (2024). Coupled effects of high temperatures and droughts on forest fires in Northeast China. Remote Sensing, 16(20), 3784. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203784

Marlon, JR, Bartlein, PJ, Gavin, DG, Long, CJ, Anderson, RS, Briles, CE, ... ve Walsh, MK (2012). Long-term perspective on wildfires in the western USA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) , 109 (9), E535-E543. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112839109

Martin, D., Tomida, M. & Meacham, B. (2016). Environmental impact of fire. Fire Sci Rev 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40038-016-0014-1

Masrur, A., Yu, M., & Taylor, A. (2024). Capturing and interpreting wildfire spread dynamics: attention-based spatiotemporal models using ConvLSTM networks. Ecological Informatics, 82, 102760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102760

Mohammadian Bishe, E., Norouzi, M., Afshin, H., & Farhanieh, B. (2023). A case study on the effects of weather conditions on forest fire propagation parameters in the Malekroud Forest in Guilan, Iran. Fire, 6(7), 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6070251

Narita, D., Gavrilyeva, T., & Isaev, A. (2021). Impacts and management of forest fires in the Republic of Sakha, Russia: A local perspective for a global problem. Polar Science, 27, 100573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2020.100573

NICC (t.y). National Interagency Coordination Center, Annual Reports. 20 Ekim 2025 tarihinde, https://www.nifc.gov/nicc/predictive-services/intelligence adresinden erişildi.

Pérez-Invernón, F. J., Gordillo-Vázquez, F. J., Huntrieser, H., & Jöckel, P. (2023). Variation of lightning-ignited wildfire patterns under climate change. Nature Communications, 14, 739. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36500-5

Pivello, V. R., Vieira, I., Christianini, A. V., Ribeiro, D. B., da Silva Menezes, L., Berlinck, C. N., ... & Overbeck, G. E. (2021). Understanding Brazil’s catastrophic fires: Causes, consequences and policy needed to prevent future tragedies. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 19(3), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2021.06.005

Quah, J. Y., Hayes, J. L., Fitzgerald, R. H., Lerner, G. A., Jenkins, S. F., Wilson, T. M., ... & Fleischmann, C. (2023). Fire from volcanic activity: quantifying the threat from an understudied hazard. Fire Safety Journal, 141, 103935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103935

Rahman, R. A., White, B., & Ma, C. (2024). The effect of growth, deforestation, forest fires, and volcanoes on Indonesian regional air quality. Journal of Cleaner Production, 457, 142311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142311

Raihan, A., Said, M.N.M. (2022). Cost–benefit analysis of climate change mitigation measures in the forestry sector of Peninsular Malaysia. Earth Syst Environ 6, 405–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00241-6

Rajput S. (2024). A Review on Lightning and its effects on Trees. Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 15(1):29-32. doi: 10.52711/2321-581X.2024.00005

Ribeiro, M. R., Lima, M. V. M., Ilacqua, R. C., Savoia, E. J. L., Alvarenga, R., Vittor, A. Y., Raimundo, R. D., & Laporta, G. Z. (2024). Amazon wildfires and respiratory health: ımpacts during the forest fire season from 2009 to 2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(6), 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060675

Sagar, N., Suresh, K. P., Naveesh, Y. B., Archana, C. A., Hemadri, D., Patil, S. S., ... & Chethan, A. J. (2024). Forest fire dynamics in India (2005–2022): Unveiling climatic Impacts, spatial patterns, and interface with anthrax incidence. Ecological Indicators, 166, 112454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112454

Sayarshad, H. R., & Ghorbanloo, R. (2023). Evaluating the resilience of electrical power line outages caused by wildfires. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 240, 109588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2023.109588

Shu, Y., Shi, C., Yi, B., Zhao, P., Guan, L., & Zhou, M. (2022). Influence of climatic factors on lightning fires in the primeval forest region of the Northern Daxing’an Mountains, China. Sustainability, 14(9), 5462. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095462

Silva Junior, C. H. L., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Fonseca, M. G., Almeida, C. T., Vedovato, L. B., & Anderson, L. O. (2018). deforestation-ınduced fragmentation ıncreases forest fire occurrence in Central Brazilian Amazonia. Forests, 9(6), 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9060305

Singh A. P. (2024). Forest fıre causes, ımpacts and management: a comprehensıve revıew. Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering & Food Sciences. IIP Series, Volume 3, Book 8, Part 2, Chapter 1.

Song, H. S., & Lee, S. H. (2017). Effects of wind and tree density on forest fire patterns in a mixed-tree species forest. Forest Science and Technology, 13(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2016.1262793

Speck, O., & Speck, T. (2024). Is a forest fire a natural disaster? Investigating the fire tolerance of various tree species—an educational module. Biomimetics, 9(2), 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9020114

Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega‐fires: characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122. https://doi.org/10.1890/120332

Tawade, S., Choudhary, R. R., & Chavan, V. S. (2022). Effects of forest fire on forest ecosystem, biodiversity and loss of plant and animal species. International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR). 10, 597-600. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/14926

Tian, Y., Wu, Z., Li, M., Wang, B., & Zhang, X. (2022). Forest fire spread monitoring and vegetation dynamics detection based on multi-source remote sensing ımages. Remote Sensing, 14(18), 4431. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184431

Toledo, N., Moulatlet, G., Gaona, G., Valencia, B., Hirata, R., & Conicelli, B. (2024). Dynamics of meteorological and hydrological drought: The impact of groundwater and el niño events on forest fires in the Amazon. Science of The Total Environment, 954, 176612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176612

Turchi, A., Di Traglia, F., Luti, T., Olori, D., Zetti, I., & Fanti, R. (2020). environmental aftermath of the 2019 Stromboli Eruption. Remote Sensing, 12(6), 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12060994

Türkiye Ormancılar Derneği (t.y). Orman Yangın İstatistikleri (1937-2024). 10 Ekim 2025 tarihinde https://www.ormancilardernegi.org/Yangin adresinden erişildi.

Vacik, H., Arndt, N., Arpaci, A., Koch, V., Mueller, M., & Gossow, H. (2011). Characterisation of forest fires in Austria. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 128(1), 1-32.

Van, L. N., & Lee, G. (2025). Investigating the Relationship Between Topographic Variables and Wildfire Burn Severity. Geographies, 5(3), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030047

Vilar, L., Camia, A., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., & Martín, M. P. (2016). Modeling temporal changes in human-caused wildfires in Mediterranean Europe based on land use-land cover interfaces. Forest Ecology and Management, 378, 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.020

Wang, S. S. C., Leung, L. R., & Qian, Y. (2025). The role of wind speed in prolonging large fire durations in the western US. Geophysical Research Letters, 52(8), e2024GL112539. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL112539

Wasserman, T. N., & Mueller, S. E. (2023). Climate influences on future fire severity: a synthesis of climate-fire interactions and impacts on fire regimes, high-severity fire, and forests in the western United States. Fire Ecology, 19(43), 19-43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-023-00200-8

Xing, H., Fang, K., Yao, Q., Zhou, F., Ou, T., Liu, J., ... & Chen, J. M. (2023). Impacts of changes in climate extremes on wildfire occurrences in China. Ecological Indicators, 157, 111288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111288

Zhang, B., Cai, D., Ai, S., Wang, H., & Zuo, X. (2023). Research on the influencing factors and prevention measures of long-term forest fire risk in Northeast China. Ecological Indicators, 155, 110965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110965

Zhao, E., Wang, N., Cui, S., Zhao, R., & Yu, Y. (2025). Identification method of forest fire risk factors and their coupling relationship driven by attribute dependence. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 125, 105529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105529

Živanović, S., & Gocić, M. (2022). Forest fires in Serbia-influence of humidity conditions. Journal of the Geographical Institute" Jovan Cvijic", SASA, 72(2), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI2202221Z

Zong, X., Tian, X., & Wang, X. (2024). The role of fuel treatments in mitigating wildfire risk. Landscape and Urban Planning, 242, 104957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104957