Apigenin
Özet
Apigenin, a flavonoid naturally found in many vegetables, fruits, and medicinal plants, possesses strong antioxidant properties. Apigenin is produced in plants through flavonoid biosynthesis, starting with phenylalanine. Thanks to its three hydroxyl groups, it reduces cellular damage by scavenging free radicals. The richest sources of apigenin include plants such as parsley, chamomile, celery, grapefruit, tea, and wheat germ. Apigenin is notable for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-fibrotic, and anticancer effects. Various studies show that apigenin can inhibit growth in cancer cells, increase apoptosis (programmed cell death), and regulate many signaling pathways. It is also reported to have protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's), diabetes, and autoimmune disorders. Considered therapeutically safe due to its low toxicity, apigenin is included in numerous scientific studies.
Referanslar
Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR. Flavonoids: An overview. Journal of Nutritional Science. 2016;5:e47. doi: 10.1017/jns.2016.41.
Nabavi SF, Khan H, D’Onofrio G, Šamec D, Shirooie S, Dehpour AR, et al. Apigenin as neuroprotective agent: Of mice and men. Pharmacological Research. 2018;128:359–365. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.10.018.
Nurgali K, Jagoe RT, Abalo R. Adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy: Anything new to improve tolerance and reduce sequelae? Frontiers Media SA. 2018. doi: 10.3389/978-2-88945-245-3
Zhang J, Liu D, Huang Y, Gao Y, Qian S. Biopharmaceutics classification and intestinal absorption study of apigenin. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2012;436(1–2):311–317. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.032
Shukla S, Gupta S. Apigenin: A promising molecule for cancer prevention. Pharmaceutical Research. 2010;27(6):962–978. doi: 10.1007/s11095-010-0089-7
Miean KH, Mohamed S. Flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001;49(6):3106–3112. doi: 10.1021/jf000892m
Hostetler GL, Ralston RA, Schwartz SJ. Flavones: Food sources, bioavailability, metabolism, and bioactivity. Advances in Nutrition. 2017;8(3):423–435. doi: 10.3945/an.116.012948
Martens S, Mithöfer A. Flavones and flavone synthases. Phytochemistry. 2005;66(20):2399–2407. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.013
Mushtaq Z, Sadeer NB, Hussain M, Alsagaby SA, Imran M, Mumtaz T, et al. Therapeutical properties of apigenin: A review on the experimental evidence and basic mechanisms. International Journal of Food Properties. 2023;26(1):1914–1939. doi: 10.1080/10942912.2023.2236329
Ali F, Rahul, Naz F, Jyoti S, Siddique YH. Health functionality of apigenin: A review. International Journal of Food Properties. 2017;20(6):1197–1238. doi: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1327335
Yoon JH, Kim MY, Cho JY. Apigenin: A therapeutic agent for treatment of skin inflammatory diseases and cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(2):1498. doi: 10.3390/ijms24021498
Barky A, Ezz A, Mohammed T. The potential role of apigenin in diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. 2020;3(1):32–40.
Imran M, Gondal TA, Atif M, Shahbaz M, Qaisarani TB, Mughal MH, Salehi B, Martorell M, Sharifi-Rad J. Apigenin as an anticancer agent. Phytotherapy Research. 2020;34(8):1812–1828. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6647
Kilit AC, Aydemir D. Apiin’in sitotoksik etkisi. Bilim Armonisi. 2021;4(2):64–70.
Moslehi M, Rezaei S, Talebzadeh P, Ansari MJ, Jawad MA, Jalil AT, et al. Apigenin in cancer therapy: Prevention of genomic instability and anticancer mechanisms. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2023;50(1):3–18. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.13725
Susam S, Çıkım G. Apigenin'in potansiyel farmakolojik etkileri üzerine bir derleme. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi. 2023;32(2):134–150.
Gupta S, Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Selective growth-inhibitory, cell-cycle deregulatory and apoptotic response of apigenin in normal versus human prostate carcinoma cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001;287(4):914–920. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5669
Bi CC, Han WW, Yu JR, Zhang HF, Xing GY, Liu Z. Insights into the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of apigenin in liver injuries and diseases. Heliyon. 2023;9(5):e15609. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15609
Harborne JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry. 2000;55(6):481–504. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00235-1
Shukla S, MacLennan GT, Fu P, Gupta S. Apigenin attenuates insulin-like growth factor-I signaling in an autochthonous mouse prostate cancer model. Pharmaceutical Research. 2012;29(6):1506–1517. doi: 10.1007/s11095-012-0675-1
Chiang LC, Ng LT, Lin IC, Kuo PL, Lin CC. Anti-proliferative effect of apigenin and its apoptotic induction in human Hep G2 cells. Cancer Letters. 2006;237(2):207–214. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.018
Hicks DF, Goossens N, Blas-García A, Tsuchida T, Wooden B, Wallace MC, Friedman SL. Transcriptome-based repurposing of apigenin as a potential anti-fibrotic agent targeting hepatic stellate cells. Scientific Reports. 2017;7(1):42563. doi: 10.1038/srep42563
Malik S, Suchal K, Khan SI, Bhatia J, Kishore K, Dinda AK, Arya DS. Apigenin ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats via MAPK-NF-κB-TNF-α and TGF-β1-MAPK-fibronectin pathways. American Journal of Physiology–Renal Physiology. 2017;313(2):F414–F422. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00439.2016
Shin GC, Kim C, Lee JM, Cho WS, Lee SG, Jeong M, et al. Apigenin-induced apoptosis is mediated by reactive oxygen species and activation of ERK1/2 in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2009;182(1):29–36. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.08.012
Zhang S, Liu X, Sun C, Yang J, Wang L, Liu J, et al. Apigenin attenuates experimental autoimmune myocarditis by modulating Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in mice. Inflammation. 2016;39(2):678–686. doi: 10.1007/s10753-015-0288-6
Zhao L, Wang JL, Liu R, Li XX, Li JF, Zhang L. Neuroprotective, anti-amyloidogenic and neurotrophic effects of apigenin in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Molecules. 2013;18(8):9949–9965. doi: 10.3390/molecules18089949
Salehi B, Venditti A, Sharifi-Rad M, Kręgiel D, Sharifi-Rad J, Durazzo A, et al. The therapeutic potential of apigenin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019;20(6):1305. doi: 10.3390/ijms20061305.
