Isoflavonoids: Molecular Regulation, Ecological Functions, and Health Applications
Özet
Isoflavonoids constitute a specialized class of plant secondary metabolites predominantly synthesized in legumes, characterized by their unique 3-phenylchroman backbone formed through the action of isoflavone synthase (IFS). These compounds occupy central roles in plant defense, microbial communication, and environmental adaptation, acting as phytoalexins essential for disease resistance and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (1,2). Isoflavonoid biosynthesis is controlled by a multi-layered regulatory network involving transcription factors (MYB, bHLH, bZIP, WRKY), epigenetic marks (DNA methylation, histone modifications), post-transcriptional regulation (miRNAs, siRNAs), and dynamic metabolon formation (3-7). Environmental signals, which, include light, drought, salinity, UV-B radiation, and pathogen attack, strongly influence these regulatory modules, inducing rapid transcriptional reprogramming of biosynthetic genes (8-15). In human health, isoflavonoids, particularly genistein, daidzein, and the microbial metabolite equol, exhibit phytoestrogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties (16-20). Their effects are shaped by gut microbiota, absorption efficiency, and metabolic polymorphisms, offering opportunities for personalized nutrition and therapeutic applications (21-23). This chapter integrates isoflavonoid biosynthetic mechanisms, regulatory networks, ecological functions, and human health implications, discussing future directions in biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine.
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