Otizm Olgularında Nörogörüntüleme Bulguları

Özet

Bugüne kadar yapılan çok sayıda araştırmada, yapısal ve fonksiyonel görüntüleme yöntemleri kullanılarak otizmdeki nöroanatomik ve işlevsel bozukluklar ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu alanda her geçen gün yeni bilgiler kazanılmakta, henüz kanıtlanmış veriler az olsa da görüntüleme alanındaki teknolojik gelişmeler umut vadetmektedir. Bu makalenin amacı otizmde yapılan görüntüleme tekniklerine ve bunların sonuçlarına hızlı bir bakış sunmaktır.

Referanslar

Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Baio J, Washington A, Patrick M, DiRienzo M, et al. Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2020;69(4):1–12. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1.

Talantseva OI, Romanova RS, Shurdova EM, Dolgorukova TA, Sologub PS, Titova OS, et al. The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: A three-level meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1071181. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.107118.

Tuna Ulay H, Ertuğrul A. Neuroimaging findings in autism: A brief review. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2009;20(2):164–174.

Eigsti IM, Shapiro T. A systems neuroscience approach to autism: biological, cognitive, and clinical perspectives. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2003;9(3):205–215. doi:10.1002/mrdd.10081.

Lainhart JE. Advances in autism neuroimaging research for the clinician and geneticist. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2006;142C(1):33–39. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30080.

Hallmayer J, Cleveland S, Torres A, Phillips J, Cohen B, Torigoe T, et al. Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(11):1095–1102. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76.

Yenkoyan K, Grigoryan A, Fereshetyan K, Yepremyan D. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Behav Brain Res. 2017;331:92–101. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.038.

Betancur C. Etiological heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders: more than 100 genetic and genomic disorders and still counting. Brain Res. 2011;1380:42–77. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.078.

Ecker C. The neuroanatomy of autism spectrum disorder: An overview of structural neuroimaging findings and their translatability to the clinical setting. Autism. 2017;21(1):18–28. doi:10.1177/1362361315627136.

Gabard-Durnam LJ, Wilkinson CL, Kapur K, Tager-Flusberg H, Levin AR, Nelson CA. Longitudinal EEG power in the first postnatal year differentiates autism outcomes. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):4188. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12202-9.

Adolphs R. The neurobiology of social cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001;11(2):231–239. doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00202-6.

Courchesne E, Redcay E, Kennedy DP. The autistic brain: birth through adulthood. Curr Opin Neurol. 2004;17(4):489–496. doi:10.1097/01.wco.0000137542.14610.b4.

Jumah F, Ghannam M, Jaber M, Adeeb N, Tubbs RS. Neuroanatomical variation in autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review. Clin Anat. 2016;29(4):454–465. doi:10.1002/ca.22717.

Bolton PF, Roobol M, Allsopp L, Pickles A. Association between idiopathic infantile macrocephaly and autism spectrum disorders. Lancet. 2001;358(9283):726–727. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05903-7.

Bartholomeusz HH, Courchesne E, Karns CM. Relationship between head circumference and brain volume in healthy normal toddlers, children, and adults. Neuropediatrics. 2002;33(5):239–241. doi:10.1055/s-2002-36735.

Fidler DJ, Bailey JN, Smalley SL. Macrocephaly in autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42(11):737–740. doi:10.1017/s0012162200001358.

Courchesne E, Karns CM, Davis HR, Ziccardi R, Carper RA, Tigue ZD, et al. Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study. Neurology. 2001;57(2):245–254. doi:10.1212/wnl.57.2.245.

Carper RA, Courchesne E. Inverse correlation between frontal lobe and cerebellum sizes in children with autism. Brain. 2000;123(4):836–844. doi:10.1093/brain/123.4.836.

Carper RA, Moses P, Tigue ZD, Courchesne E. Cerebral lobes in autism: Early hyperplasia and abnormal age effects. Neuroimage. 2002;16(4):1038–1051. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1095.

Sparks BF, Friedman SD, Shaw DW, Aylward EH, Echelard D, Artru AA, et al. Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Neurology. 2002;59(2):184–192

Carper RA, Courchesne E. Localized enlargement of the frontal cortex in early autism. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(2):126–133. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.005.

Lainhart JE, Piven J, Wzorek M, Landa R, Santangelo SL, Coon H, et al. Macrocephaly in children and adults with autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(2):282–290. doi:10.1097/00004583-199702000-00020.

Aylward EH, Minshew NJ, Field K, Sparks BF, Singh N. Effects of age on brain volume and head circumference in autism. Neurology. 2002;59(2):175–183. doi:10.1212/wnl.59.2.175.

Friedman SD, Shaw DW, Artru AA, Richards TL, Gardner J, Dawson G, et al. Regional brain chemical alterations in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Neurology. 2003;60(1):100–107. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000031072.60720.27.

Piven J, Berthier ML, Starkstein SE, Nehme E, Pearlson G, Folstein S. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a defect of cerebral cortical development in autism. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147(6):734–739. doi:10.1176/ajp.147.6.734.

Bolton PF, Griffiths PD. Association of tuberous sclerosis of temporal lobes with autism and atypical autism. Lancet. 1997;349(9049):392–395. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07001-4.

Hauser SL, DeLong GR, Rosman NP. Pneumographic findings in the infantile autism syndrome. A correlation with temporal lobe disease. Brain. 1975;98(4):667–688. doi:10.1093/brain/98.4.667.

Gaffney GR, Kuperman S, Tsai LY, Minchin S. Forebrain structure in infantile autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1989;28(4):534–537. doi:10.1097/00004583-198907000-00006.

Piven J, Arndt S, Bailey J, Havercamp S, Andreasen NC, Palmer P. An MRI study of brain size in autism. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(8):1145–1149. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.8.1145.

Piven J, Bailey J, Ranson BJ, Arndt S. An MRI study of the corpus callosum in autism. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(8):1051–1056. doi:10.1176/ajp.154.8.1051.

Herbert MR, Ziegler DA, Deutsch CK, O’Brien LM, Lange N, Bakardjiev A, et al. Dissociations of cerebral cortex, subcortical and cerebral white matter volumes in autistic boys. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 5):1182–1192. doi:10.1093/brain/awg113.

Waiter GD, Williams JHG, Murray AD, Gilchrist A, Perrett DI, Whiten A. A voxel-based investigation of brain structure in male adolescents with autistic spectrum disorder. Neuroimage. 2004;22(2):619–625. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.031.

Waiter GD, Williams JHG, Murray AD, Gilchrist A, Perrett DI, Whiten A. Structural white matter deficits in high-functioning individuals with autistic spectrum disorder: a voxel-based investigation. Neuroimage. 2005;24(2):455–461. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.022.

Levitt JG, Blanton RE, Smalley S, Thompson PM, Guthrie D, McCracken JT, et al. Cortical sulcal maps in autism. Cereb Cortex. 2003;13(7):728–735. doi:10.1093/cercor/13.7.728.

Bauman ML, Kemper TL. Neuroanatomic observations of the brain in autism: a review and future directions. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2005;23(2–3):183–187. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.09.006.

Aylward EH, Minshew NJ, Goldstein G, Honeycutt NA, Augustine AM, Yates KO, et al. MRI volumes of amygdala and hippocampus in non-mentally retarded autistic adolescents and adults. Neurology. 1999;53(9):2145–2150. doi:10.1212/wnl.53.9.2145.

Rojas DC, Bawn SD, Benkers TL, Reite ML, Rogers SJ. Smaller left hemisphere planum temporale in adults with autistic disorder. Neurosci Lett. 2002;328(3):237–240. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00523-6.

Hashimoto T, Tayama M, Murakawa K, Yoshimoto T, Miyazaki M, Harada M, et al. Development of the brainstem and cerebellum in autistic patients. J Autism Dev Disord. 1995;25(1):1–18. doi:10.1007/BF02178163.

Courchesne E, Saitoh O, Yeung-Courchesne R, Press GA, Lincoln AJ, Haas RH, et al. Abnormality of cerebellar vermian lobules VI and VII in patients with infantile autism: identification of hypoplastic and hyperplastic subgroups with MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162(1):123–130. doi:10.2214/ajr.162.1.8273650.

Allen G, Courchesne E. Differential effects of developmental cerebellar abnormality on cognitive and motor functions in the cerebellum: an fMRI study of autism. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(2):262–73. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.262.

Sears LL, Vest C, Mohamed S, Bailey J, Ranson BJ, Piven J. An MRI study of the basal ganglia in autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1999;23(4):613–24. doi:10.1016/S0278-5846(99)00020-4.

Tsatsanis KD, Rourke BP, Klin A, Volkmar FR, Cicchetti D, Schultz RT. Reduced thalamic volume in high-functioning individuals with autism. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53(2):121–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01773-3.

Hashimoto T, Tayama M, Miyazaki M, Murakawa K, Sakurama N, Yoshimoto T, et al. Reduced midbrain and pons size in children with autism. Tokushima J Exp Med. 1991;38(1–2):15–8. PMID:1948997.

Hashimoto T, Tayama M, Miyazaki M, Murakawa K, Kuroda Y. Brainstem and cerebellar vermis involvement in autistic children. J Child Neurol. 1993;8(2):149–53. doi:10.1177/088307389300800209.

Verhoeven JS, De Cock P, Lagae L, Sunaert S. Neuroimaging of autism. Neuroradiology. 2010;52(1):3–14. doi:10.1007/s00234-009-0583-y.

Premack D, Woodruff G. Chimpanzee problem-solving: a test for comprehension. Science. 1978;202(4367):532–5. doi:10.1126/science.705342.

Rizzolatti G, Fogassi L, Gallese V. Mirrors of the mind. Sci Am. 2006;295(5):54–61. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1106-54.

Iacoboni M, Dapretto M. The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7(12):942–51. doi:10.1038/nrn2024.

Dapretto M, Davies MS, Pfeifer JH, Scott AA, Sigman M, Bookheimer SY, et al. Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9(1):28–30. doi:10.1038/nn1611.

Bookheimer S. Functional MRI of language: new approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002;25:151–88. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142946.

Kana RK, Keller TA, Cherkassky VL, Minshew NJ, Just MA. Sentence comprehension in autism: thinking in pictures with decreased functional connectivity. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 9):2484–93. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16835247/

Dawson G, Webb SJ, McPartland J. Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Dev Neuropsychol. 2005;27(3):403–24. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15843104/

Speer L, Cook A, McMahon W, Clark E. Face processing in children with autism: effects of stimulus contents and type. Autism. 2007;11(3):265–77. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17478579/

Schultz RT, Gauthier I, Klin A, Fulbright RK, Anderson AW, Volkmar F, et al. Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(4):331–40. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10768694/

Courchesne E, Yeung-Courchesne R, Press GA, Hesselink JR, Jernigan TL. Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII in autism. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(21):197–202. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3367935/

Teitelbaum P, Teitelbaum O, Nye J, Fryman J, Maurer RG. Movement analysis in infancy may be useful for early diagnosis of autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(23):13982–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9811912/

Hermoye L, Saint-Martin C, Cosnard G, Lee SK, Kim J, Nassogne MC, et al. Pediatric diffusion tensor imaging: normal database and observation of the white matter maturation in early childhood. Neuroimage. 2006;29(2):493–504. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16194615/

Barnea-Goraly N, Kwon H, Menon V, Eliez S, Lotspeich L, Reiss AL. White matter structure in autism: Preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55(3):323–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14744477/

Alexander AL, Lee JE, Lazar M, Boudos R, DuBray MB, Oakes TR, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of the corpus callosum in Autism. Neuroimage. 2007;34(1):61–73. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17023185/

Keller TA, Kana RK, Just MA. A developmental study of the structural integrity of white matter in autism. Neuroreport. 2007;18(1):23–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17259855/

Thomson AR, Pasanta D, Arichi T, Puts NA. Neurometabolite differences in Autism as assessed with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;162:105728.

Bhakoo KK, Pearce D. In vitro expression of N-acetyl aspartate by oligodendrocytes: implications for proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy signal in vivo. J Neurochem. 2000;74(1):254–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10617127/

Dager SR, Corrigan NM, Richards TL, Posse S. Research applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate psychiatric disorders. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;19(2):81–96. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19363431/

Friedman SD, Shaw DWW, Artru AA, Dawson G, Petropoulos H, Dager SR. Gray and white matter brain chemistry in young children with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(7):786–94. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16818868/

Yayınlanan

15 Temmuz 2026

Lisans

Lisans