Otizm Olgularına Tanısal Yaklaşım: Psikiyatrik Değerlendirme

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing, 2013.

Elsabbagh M, Divan G, Koh YJ et al. Globalprevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Autism Res. 2012; 5: 160-79.

Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Bakian AV, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2021; 70(11): 1-16.

Baird G. Autism Spectrum Disorder: The NICE guidelines. Cutting Edge Psychiatry in Practice. 2014; 4: 87-97.

Charman T, Gotham K. Measurement Issues: Screening and diagnostic instruments for autism spectrum disorders–lessons from research and practise. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2013; 18(1): 52-63.

Rutter ML. Progress in understanding autism: 2007–2010. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011; 41: 395-404.

Mukaddes NM. Otizm Spektrum Bozuklukları. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, 2013.

Molloy CA, Murray DS, Akers R, Mitchell T, Manning-Courtney P. Use of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) in a clinical setting. Autism. 2011; 15(2): 143-162.

Akshoomoff N, Corsello C, Schmidt H. The role of the autism diagnostic observation schedule in the assessment of autism spectrum disorders in school and community settings. Calif School Psychol. 2006; 11: 7-19.

Ashwood KL, Buitelaar J, Murphy D, Spooren W, Charman T. European clinical network: autism spectrum disorder assessments and patient characterisation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015; 24(8): 985-995.

Lord C, Rutter M, Dilavore P, Risi S. The autism diagnostic observation schedule: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Corporation, 1999.

Becker MM, Wagner MB, Bosa CA et al. Translation and validation of Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) for autism diagnosis in Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2012; 70: 185-90.

Öner Ö. Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunda Tanı Süreçleri. Tohum Otizm Vakfı Değerlendirme ve Gelişim Raporları III, 2020.

Wing L, Leekam S, Libby S et al. Diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders: Background, inter-rater reliability and clinical use. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002; 43: 307-32.

Skuse D, Warrington R, Bishop D et al. The developmental, dimensional and diagnostic interview (3di): A novel computerized assessment for autism spectrum disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004; 43(5): 548-558.

Robins DI, Fein D, Barton MI, et al. The modified check-list for autism in toddlers: An initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2001; 31: 131-144.

Kara B, Mukaddes NM, Altinkaya I, Güntepe D, Gökçay G, Özmen M. Using the modified checklist for autism in toddlers in a well-child clinic in Turkey: Adapting the screening method based on culture and setting. Autism. 2014; 18: 331-338.

Schopler E, Reichler RJ, DeVellis RF, Daly K. Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). J Autism Dev Disord. 1980; 10: 91-103.

Hergüner S, Özbaran B. Çocukluk Otizmini Derecelendirme Ölçeği. Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisinde Ölçütler ve Ölçekler: Yaygın Gelişimsel Bozukluklar Yıkıcı Davranım Bozuklukları, 2010: 37-40.

İncekaş Gassaloğlu S, Baykara B, Avcil S, Demiral Y. Validity and reliability analysis of Turkish version of Childhood Autism Rating Scale. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2016; 27(4): 266-274.

Krug DA, Arick J, Almond P. Behavior checklist for identifying severely handicapped individuals with high levels of autistic behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1980; 21: 221-9.

Özdemir O, Diken İH, Diken Ö, Şekercioğlu G. Otizm Davranış Kontrol Listesi modifiye edilmiş Türkçe Versiyonu’nun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması: Pilot uygulama sonuçları International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education. 2013; 5(2): 168-186.

Rutter M, Bailey A, Lord C. The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). Second printing. Western Psychological Services, 2007.

Avcil S, Baykara B, Baydur H, Münir KM, Emiroğlu NI. The validity and reliability of the Social Communication Questionnaire-Turkish form in autistics aged 4-18 years. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2015; 26(1): 56-64.

Gilliam JE. Gilliam autism rating scale: Second edition. Austin, TX: PRO-ED, 2005.

Diken İH, Ardıç A, Diken Ö, Gilliam JE. Gilliam otistik bozukluk derecelendirme ölçeği-2 Türkçe versiyonu’nun (GOBDÖ-2-TV) geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin araştırılması: Türkiye standardizasyon çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 2012; 37(166): 318-328.

Wechsler D. Wechsler intelligence scale for children–Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation, 2003.

Oktem F, Erden G, Gencöz T, Sezgin N, Uluc S. Wechsler Cocuklar icin Zeka Olceği-IV (WÇZÖ-IV) Uygulama ve Puanlama El Kitabı Türkce Sürümü. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, 2016.

Savaşır I, Sezgin N, Erol N. Ankara Gelişim Tarama Envanteri el kitabı [Ankara Development Screening Inventory manual]. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 1994.

Frankenburg WK, Dodds J, Archer P, Shapiro H, Bresnick B. The Denver II: A major revision and restandardization of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Pediatrics. 1992; 89: 91-7.

Yalaz K, Anlar B, Bayoğlu B. Denver II gelişimsel tarama testi Türkiye standardizasyonu. Ankara: Gelişimsel Çocuk Nörolojisi Derneği, 2010: 11-26.

Sparrow SS, Balla DA, Cicchetti DV. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Survey Form). Circle Pines, Minn: American Guidance Service, 1984.

Alpas A, Akçakın M. Vineland Uyum Davranış Ölçeği - Araştırma Formu’nun doğumdan 47 aylığa kadar olan Türk bebekleri için uyarlama, güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Turk Psikol Derg. 2003; 18(52): 57-71.

Bayley N. Bayley scales of infant development. II Manual. San Antonio: Harcourt Brace, 1993.

Bayley N. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition. San Antonio, TX, USA: Harcourt Assessment, 2006.

Özelli LB. Bayley bebekler için zihinsel ve motor ölçeği ile bir ön çalışma. Turk Psikol Derg. 1978; 1(2): 3-8.

Katz J, Önen F, Demir N ve ark. Peabody resim kelime testi Form B. Hacettepe Bulletin of Social Sciences and Humanities. 1974; 6: 129-140.

Norbury CF, Paul R. Disorders of speech, language, and communication. Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2015: 683-701.

Jackson CT, Fein D, Wolf J et al. Responses and sustained interactions in children with mental retardation and autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003; 33: 115-121.

Morrison J. DSM-5 Made Easy the Clinician’s Guide to Diagnosis. In: M Şahin (ed). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim ve Danışmalık, 2016.

Akçakın M. Otizm El Kitabı. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, 2001.

Asarnow JR, Tompson MC, Goldstein MJ. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: A followup study. Schizophr Bull.1994; 20: 599-617.

Driver DI, Thomas S, Gogtay N, Rapoport JL. Childhood-onset schizophrenia and early-onset schizophrenia Spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2020; 29: 71-90.

Lord C, Bailey A. Autism Spectrum Disorders. In: Rutter M, Taylor E (eds). Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. London: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2002: 636-655.

Dow SP, Sonies BC, Scheib D, Moss SE, Leonard HL. Practical guidelines for the assessment and treatment of selective mutism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995; 34(7): 836-846.

Rutter M, Andersen-Wood L, Beckett C et al. Quasi-autistic patterns following severe early global privation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 1999; 40(4): 537-549.

Nelson C A, Bos K, Gunnar MR, Sonuga-Barke EJ. The neurobiological toll of early human deprivation. In R. McCall (ed.), Children without permanent parental care: Research, practice, and policy. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2011; 76(4): 127-146.

Mannion A, Leader G. Comorbidity in autism spectrum disorder: A literature review. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2013; 7(12): 1595-1616.

Khachadourian V, Mahjani B, Sandin S et al. Comorbidities in autism spectrum disorder and their etiologies. Transl Psychiatry. 2023; 13(1): 71.

Bellardinelli C, Raza M, Taneli T. Comorbid behavioral problems and psychiatric disorders in autism spectrum disorders. J Childhood Dev Dis. 2016; 2:11.

DuBois D, Ameis SH, Lai MC, Casanova MF, Desarkar P. Interoception in autism spectrum disorder: a review. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2016; 52: 104-111.

Rzepecka H, McKenzie K, McClure I, Murphy S. Sleep, anxiety and challenging behaviour in children with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2011; 32: 2758-2766.

Mannion A, Leader G, Healy O. An investigation of comorbid psychological disorders, sleep problems, gastrointestinal symptoms and epilepsy in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2013; 7: 35-42.

Patzold LM, Richdale AL, Tonge BJ. An investigation in to sleep characteristics of children with autism and Asperger’s disorder. J Paediatr Child Health. 1998; 34: 528-533.

Goldman S E, McGrew S, Johnson KP, Richdale AL, Clemons T, Malow BA. Sleep is associated with problem behaviors in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2011; 5: 1223-1229.

Schreck KA, Williams K, Smith AF. A comparison of eating behaviors between children with and without autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004; 34(4): 433-438.

Hubbard KL, Anderson SE, Curtin C, Must A, Bandini LG. A comparison of food refusal related to characteristics of food in children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014; 114(12): 1981-1987.

Mayes SD, Zickgraf H. Atypical eating behaviors in children and adolescents with autism, ADHD, other disorders, and typical development. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2019; 64: 76-83.

Emond A, Emmett P, Steer C, Golding J. Feeding symptoms, dietary patterns, and growth in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2010; 126(2): e337–e342.

Kerwin ME, Eicher PS, Gelsinger J. Parental report of eating problems and gastrointestinal symptoms in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Children’s Health Car. 2005; 34(3): 217-234.

Fombonne E. Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatr Res. 2009; 65: 591-8.

Nazeer A, Ghaziuddin M. Autism spectrum disorders: clinical features and diagnosis. Pediatric Clinics. 2012; 59(1): 19-25.

Tonnsen BL, Boan AD, Bradley CC, Charles J, Cohen A, Carpenter LA. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among children with intellectual disability. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2016; 121(6): 487-500.

Yoshida Y, Uchiyama T. The clinical necessity for assessing attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) symptoms in children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004; 13(5): 307-314.

Goldstein S, Schwebach AJ. The comorbidity of pervasive developmental disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Results of a retrospective chart review. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004; 34(3): 329-339.

Sinzig J, Walter D, Doepfner M. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: symptom or syndrome? J Atten Disord. 2009; 13(2): 117-126.

Hours C, Recasens C, Baleyte JM. ASD and ADHD comorbidity: What are we talking about? Front Psychiatry. 2022; 13: 837424.

Lainhart JE, Folstein SE. Affective disorders in people with autism: a review of published cases. J Autism Dev Disord. 1994; 24: 587- 601.

Simonoff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G. Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008; 47: 921-929.

Skinner SR, Ng C, McDonald A, Walters T. A patient with autism and severe depression: medical and ethical challenges for an adolescent medicine unit. Med J Aust. 2005; 183: 422- 424.

Magnuson KM, Constantino JN. Characterization of depression in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2011; 32(4): 332-340.

White SW, Oswald D, Ollendick T, Scahill L. Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clin Psych Rev. 2009; 29(3): 216-29.

Lever AG, Geurts HM. Psychiatric co-occurring symptoms and disorders in young, middle-aged, and older adults with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016; 46(6): 1916-1930.

Costello EJ, Egger HL, Angold A. The developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders: phenomenology, prevalence, and comorbidity. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2005; 14: 631-648.

Postorino V, Kerns CM, Vivanti G, Bradshaw J, Siracusano M, Mazzone L. Anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017; 19: 1-8.

van Steensel FJ, Heeman EJ. Anxiety levels in children with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. J Child Fam Stud. 2017; 26: 1753-1767.

Magiati I, Ong C, Lim XY, Tan JWL, Ong AYL, Patrycia F, et al. Anxiety symptoms in young people with autism spectrum disorder attending special schools: associations with gender, adaptive functioning and autism symptomatology. Autism. 2016; 20(3): 306-320.

Cadman T, Spain D, Johnston P et al. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adults with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Does Self-Report with the OCI-R Tell Us? Autism Res. 2015; 8: 477-485.

Paula-Pérez I. Differential diagnosis between obsessive compulsive disorder and restrictive and repetitive behavioural patterns, activities and interests in autism spectrum disorder. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2013; 6: 178-186.

Rumball F, Happe F, Grey N. Experience of trauma and PTSD symptoms in autistic adults: risk of PTSD development following DSM-5 and Non-DSM-5 traumatic life events. Autism Res. 2020; 13: 2122-2132.

Rumball F. A systematic review of the assessment and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Rev J Autism Dev Disord. 2019; 6: 294-324.

Reuben KE, Stanzione CM, Singleton JL. Interpersonal trauma and posttraumatic stress in autistic adults. Autism Adulthood. 2021; 3: 247-256.

Li ST, Chien WC, Chung CH, Tzeng NS. Increased risk of acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a nation-wide cohort study in Taiwan. Front Psychiatry. 2024; 15: 1329836.

Leyfer O, Folstein S, Bacalman S, et al. Comorbid psychiaytric disorders in children with autism: Interview development and rates of disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006; 36(7): 849-861.

Lanphear NE. Autism diagnosis: The local context matters. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2017; 38: 663-664.

Vasconcelos-Moreno MP, Prates-Baldez D, Santos-Terra J et al. Clinical interplay between autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder: A narrative review. Trends Psychiatr Psy. 2025; 1-18.

Joshi G, Biederman J, Petty C et al. Examining the comorbidity of bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorders: A large controlled analysis of phenotypic and familial correlates in a referred population of youth with bipolar i disorder with and without autism spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013; 74(6): 578-586.

Sapmaz D, Baykal S, Akbaş S. The clinical features of comorbid pediatric bipolar disorder in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018; 48(8): 2800-2808.

Jutla A, Foss‐Feig J, Veenstra‐VanderWeele J. Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: An updated conceptual review. Autism Research. 2022; 15(3): 384-412.

Mouridsen SE, Rich B, Isager T. Psychiatric disorders in adults diagnosed as children with atypical autism. A case control study. J Neural Transm. 2008; 115(1): 135-138.

Hommer RE, Swedo SE. Schizophrenia and autism—related disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2015; 41(2): 313-314.

Barlati S, Deste G, Ariu C, Vita A. Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: do they overlap. Int J Emerg Ment Health Hum Resil. 2016; 18(1): 760-3.

Pan PY, Bölte S, Kaur P, Jamil S, Jonsson U. Neurological disorders in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism. 2020; 25(3): 812-830.

Pacheva I, Ivanov I, Yordanova R et al. Epilepsy in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Children. 2019; 6: 1-11.

Amiet C, Gourfinkel-An I, Bouzamondo A et al. Epilepsy in autism is associated with intellectual disability and gender: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry. 2008; 64: 577-582.

Steffenburg S, Steffenburg U, Gillberg C. Autism spectrum disorders in children with active epilepsy and learning disability: Comorbidity, pre and perinatal background, and seizure characteristics. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003; 45: 724-730.

Matson JL, Neal D. Seizures and epilepsy and their relationship to autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2009; 3: 999-1005.

Al-Beltagi M. Autism medical comorbidities. World J Clin Pediatr. 2021; 10(3): 15-28.

Devitt NM, Gallagher L, Reilly RB. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Fragile X syndrome (FXS): Two overlapping disorders reviewed through electroencephalography-what can be interpreted from the available information? Brain Sci. 2015; 5:92-117.

Oxelgren UW, Myrelid Å, Annerén G et al. Prevalence of autism and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in Down syndrome: A population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017; 59: 276–283.

Mitchell R, Barton S, Harvey AS, Williams K. Risk factors for the development of autism spectrum disorder in children with tuberous sclerosis complex: Protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2017; 6: 49.

Genovese A, Butler MG. Clinical assessment, genetics, and treatment approaches in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21: 4726.

Schiff M, Benoist JF, Aïssaoui S et al. Should metabolic diseases be systematically screened in nonsyndromic autism spectrum disorders? PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e21932.

Asato MR, Goldstein AC, Schiff M. Autism and inborn errors of metabolism: how much is enough? Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2015; 57: 788-789.

Žigman T, Petković Ramadža D, Šimić G, Barić I. Inborn errors of metabolism associated with autism spectrum disorders: Approaches to intervention. Front Neurosci. 2021; 15: 673600.

Xu G, Snetselaar LG, Jing J, Liu B, Strathearn L, Bao W. Association of food allergy and other allergic conditions with autism spectrum disorder in children. JAMA Netw Open. 2018; 1: e180279.

Wang LW, Tancredi DJ, Thomas DW. The prevalence of gastrointestinal problems in children across the United States with autism spectrum disorders from families with multiple affected members. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2011; 32: 351-360.

Mazurek MO, Vasa RA, Kalb LG et al. Anxiety, sensory over-responsivity, and gastrointestinal problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2013; 41: 165-176.

Leekam SR, Nieto C, Libby SJ, Wing L, Gould J. Describing the sensory abnormalities of children and adults with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007; 37: 894-910.

Do B, Lynch P, Macris EM et al. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the association of Autism Spectrum Disorder in visually or hearing impaired children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2017; 37(2): 212-224.

Perna J, Bellato A, Ganapathy PS et al. Association between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and vision problems. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2023; 28(12): 5011-5023.