Organ ve Doku Transplantasyonu, Genetikte Etik
Özet
Organ ve doku nakli, modern tıbbın en karmaşık fakat en yaşam kurtarıcı uygulamalarından biridir. Tarihsel olarak Sushruta ve Hippokrat’tan günümüze uzanan bu alan, 20. yüzyılda immünoloji ve cerrahi tekniklerdeki gelişmelerle bilimsel bir temele kavuşmuştur. Türkiye’de 2002–2023 yılları arasında 74 binden fazla organ nakli yapılmış, ancak kadavradan bağış oranı hâlen düşüktür. Sağlık Bakanlığı ve sivil toplum kuruluşları, beyin ölümü bildirimi ve toplumsal farkındalık eğitimleriyle bağış oranlarını artırmayı hedeflemektedir.Dünya genelinde 2023’te 172 binden fazla organ nakli yapılmış olsa da, bu sayı ihtiyacın yalnızca %10’unu karşılayabilmektedir. Canlı ve kadavra donörlük, hem etik hem klinik açıdan farklılıklar taşır. Canlı donörlük planlanabilirliği artırsa da sağlıklı bireye cerrahi risk yükler; kadavra donörlük ise etik açıdan daha kabul edilebilir görülür.Genetik faktörler, nakil başarısında belirleyici olup gizlilik ve adalet ilkeleriyle yakından ilişkilidir. Hemşireler, donör ve alıcı bakımında, bilgilendirilmiş onam, mahremiyet, kültürel duyarlılık ve hasta savunuculuğu konularında temel etik sorumluluk üstlenirler. Başarılı bir nakil sistemi, cerrahi yetkinliğin yanında etik değerlere ve multidisipliner iş birliğine dayalı bütüncül bir yaklaşımla sürdürülebilir.
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