Tavuklarda İskelet Hastalıkları
Özet
Tavuklarda kemik problemleri, hayvan refahı ve üretim ekonomisini ilgilendiren gerek erken yaşta ve gerekse ileri yaşlarda verimi düşüren ve ölüm oranını artırarak önemli kayıplara sebep olmaktadır. Metabolik kemik hasatlıkları konunda en sık karşılaşılan sorunlar arasında kemik zayıflığı, deformite, kemik kırılmaları, enfeksiyonlar, osteoporoz, raşitizm, diskondroplasia ve felç gibi problemler ön sıralarda yer almaktadır. Kemik kalitesinin azalmasına bağlı problemlerin çözümünde kemiğin gelişim fizyolojisinin bilinmesi ve gerekli önlemlerin zaman geçirilmeden alınması gereklidir. Kemiğin gelişiminde yapısal, fizyolojik ve besleme ile ilgili faktörleri içeren farklı interaksiyonların meydana getirdiği bir etkileşim bulunmaktadır. Bu tip hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasında başta kalsiyum (Ca), fosfor (P) ve D vitamini eksiklikleri veya rasyondaki uygunsuz oranları en önemli etkenlerdir. Bunun yanında manganez ve diğer vitamin ve mineral eksiklikleri ile kıkırdağın kemiğe dönüşümü ve farklı kollojenik yapıların oluşum mekanizmalarındaki eksiklikler kemiğin istenen açıda durması ve mekanik dayanımında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Etlik piliç ve yumurta tavuklarında kemik problemleri sonucunda hareket kısıtlılığı ve hayvanların yeme ve suya ulaşmada güçlük çektikleri veya ulaşamadıkları için önemli kayıplara neden olduğu gözlenmektedir. Bu durumda olan etlik piliçler ve yumurta tavuklarının zeminde ayrı yemlik ve suluklarla bakıldıklarında yaşamlarına devam ettikleri ancak ciddi bir verim kaybı ile karkas ve yumurta kalitelerinde düşüşler meydana gelmektedir. Bu bölümde etlik piliçler ve yumurta tavuklarında sıklıkla karşılaşılan metabolik kemik problemleri üzerinde durulmuştur.
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