Palmaceae (Chamaedora, Crysalidocarpus, Kentia, Howea, Phoenix)
Özet
Palmaceae (Arecaceae) familyası, tropik ve subtropik bölgelerde doğal olarak yayılış gösteren, tek çenekli ve çoğunlukla odunsu yapılı bitkileri içeren geniş bir familyadır. Ekonomik, ekolojik ve peyzaj-estetik açıdan önemli bir konuma sahip olan bu grup, dış mekân peyzajı ile iç mekân bitkilendirmelerinde yaygın biçimde kullanılmaktadır. Bu bölümde, iç mekân bitkileri arasında geniş kullanım alanına sahip Chamaedorea (Salon Palmiyesi), Chrysalidocarpus (Areka Palmiyesi), Kentia (Kentia Palmiyesi), Howea (Hovea Palmiyesi) ve Phoenix (Hurma) cinsleri ile bu cinslere ait önemli tür ve kültüvarlar bilimsel temelde değerlendirilmiştir. Meksika ve Orta Amerika kökenli Chamaedorea cinsi, gölge koşullarına uyum sağlayabilen, zarif formlu ve iki evcikli türleriyle (C. elegans, C. seifrizii, C. metallica,) tanımlanmaktadır. Chrysalidocarpus, Madagaskar endemiği olup, C. lutescens, C. cabadae ve C. madagascariensis türleri çok gövdeli yapılarıyla tanımlanır. Avustralya ve Okyanusya kökenli Kentia (Hydriastele) türleri (H. ledermanniana, H. costata, H. wendlandiana, H. gibbsianai,), sağlam gövde yapıları ve morfolojik çeşitlilikleriyle temsil edilmektedir. Howea, Lord Howe Adası endemiği olup, H. forsteriana ve H. belmoreana türleri düşük ışık koşullarına toleranslı, uzun ömürlü iç mekân palmiyeleri grubundadır. Phoenix cinsi, Kanarya Adaları ve Asya kökenli türleriyle (P. canariensis, P. dactylifera, P. reclinata, P. roebelenii) temsil edilmekte olup, dayanıklı gövde yapıları, tüylü yaprak morfolojileri ve iç–dış mekân bitkilendirmelerine uyum sağlayan özellikleriyle karakterize edilmektedir.
Referanslar
Anonim, (2025a). Chamaedorea Willd. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. https://www.gbif.org/species/2734376 (Erişim Tarihi: 19.05.2025)
Anonim, (2025b). Category:CHAMAEDOREA. Palmpedia. https://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/Category:CHAMAEDOREA (Erişim Tarihi: 19.05.2025)
Anonim, (2025c). Chrysalidocarpus H.Wendl. Global Biodiversity Information Facility.https://www.gbif.org/species/6418743 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2025)
Anonim, (2025c). Category:Chrysalidocarpus.Palmpedia. https://palmpedia.net/wiki/Category:CHRYSALIDOCARPUS.
Anonim, (2025d). Chrysalidocarpus cabadae (Redirected from Dypsis cabadae). Palmpedia. https://palmpedia.net/wiki/Dypsis_cabadae (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2025)
Anonim, (2025e). Global Biodiversity Information Facility https://www.gbif.org/species/search?rank=SPECIESvestatus=SYNONYM (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2025)
Anonim, (2025f). Chrysalidocarpus madagascariensis “Lucuba Palm”.Palmpedia. https://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/Chrysalidocarpus_madagascariensis (Erişim Tarihi: 06.05.2025)
Anonim, (2025g). Hydriastele H.Wendl. ve Drude. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. https://www.gbif.org/species/2738452 (Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2025)
Anonim, (2025h). Kentia. Global Biodiversity Information. https://www.gbif.org/species/search?q=Kentiaverank=SPECIESveqField=SCIENTIFICvestatus=ACCEPTEDvestatus=SYNONYM (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2025)
Anonim, (2025i). Hydriastele ledermanniana. Palmpedia. https://palmpedia.net/wiki/images/5/5d/Hleder.jpg (Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2025)
Anonim, (2025j). Hydriastele wendlandiana. Palmpedia. https://palmpedia.net/wiki/images/4/4d/P070394.jpg (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2025)
Anonim, (2025k). Hydriastele costata. Palmpedia. https://palmpedia.net/wiki/Hydriastele_costata (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2025)
Anonim, (2025l). Hydriastele gibbsiana. Palmpedia. https://palmpedia.net/wiki/Hydriastele_gibbsiana
Anonim, (2025m). Howea Becc. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. https://www.gbif.org/species/7714485. (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2025)
Anonim, (2025n). Howea forsteriana (F.Muell.) Becc. The Encyclopedia of Palms ve Cycads. https://llifle.info/Encyclopedia/PALMS_AND_CYCADS/Family/Arecaceae/24502/Howea_forsteriana (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2025)
Anonim, (2025o). Category:PHOENIX. Palmpedia. https://palmpedia.net/wiki/Category:PHOENIX (Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2025)
Anonim, (2025p). Phoenix reclinata. Palmpedia. https://palmpedia.net/wiki/Phoenix_reclinata(Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2025)
Baker, W. J., Loo, A. H. B. (2004). A synopsis of the genus Hydriastele (Arecaceae). Kew Bulletin, 59(1), 61–68.
Barrow, S. C. (1998). A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae). Kew Bulletin, 53(3), 513-575.
Beentje, H., ve Dransfield, J. (1995). Palms of Madagascar. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and the International Palm Society. Hmso Norwich Print Services
Broschat, T.K. (1984) Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms in Five Species of PAlms Grown as Foliage Plants. Principes, 28 (1) 6–14.
Broschat, T.K. (2005). Nutrient deficiencies in landscape and field-grown palms in Florida. UF/IFAS Extension Publication.
Broschat, T.K. (2020) Potassium Deficiency in Palms. ENH1017,1-5. IFAS Extension University of Flodira.
Catarino, S., Duarte, M.C. ve Romeiras, M.M. (2017). Phoenix atlantica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T107428044A107468327.
Cosiaux, A., Gardiner, L.M. ve Couvreur, T.L.P. 2018. Phoenix caespitosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T95366551A95366554.
Dransfield, J., Uhl, N. W., Asmussen, C. B., Baker, W. J., Harley, M. M., ve Lewis, C. E. (2008). Genera Palmarum: The evolution and classification of palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Douanla-Meli, C., Scharnhors, A. (2021). Palm foliage as pathways of pathogenic fungi and Host of New Lasiodiplodia Species from Mexico . Pathogens, 10(10):1297. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10101297
Dowe, J., (2010). Australian Palms: Biogeography, Ecology and Systematics. Csiro Publishing, 03/Feb/2010
Eiserhardt,W. L., Bellot,S., Cowan,R.S., Dransfield,J., Hansen,L.E.S.F., Heyduk,K., Rabarijaona,R.N., Rakotoarinivo, M., Baker,W.J. (2022). Phylogenomics and generic limits of Dypsidinae (Arecaceae), the largest palm radiation in Madagascar. Taxon, 71(4), 1170-1195.
Elliott, M.L., Uchida, J.(2004). Diseases and Disorders of Ornamental Palms. APSnet Feature Articles. doi: 10.1094/APSnetFeature-2004-0304
Elliott, M. L., Harmon, P. F., ve Simone, G. W. (2004). Compendium of Ornamental Palm Diseases and Disorders. APS Press.
Ellison, D., Ellison, A. (2001). Betrock’s Cultivated Palms of the World. UNSW Press.
Esener, R. (1999). Palmiyeler, Palmiye Merkezi, s.96, Ankara.
Ferry, M., Gómez, S. (2002). The Red Palm Weevil in the Mediterranean Area. Palms, 46(4), 172–178.
Greg App. (2025). Most Colorful Varieties of Chamaedorea. https://greg.app/chamaedorea-varieties/
Heatubun, C. D., Petoe, P., Baker, W. J. (2018). A monograph of the Nengella group of Hydriastele (Arecaceae). Kew Bulletin, 73(1), Article 18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-018-9743-8
Henderson, A., Galeano, G., Bernal, R. (1995). Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press.
Henley, R. W., Chase, A. R., ve Osborne, L. S. (1991). Chamaedorea Palm Production Guide. CFREC-A Foliage Plant Research Note RH-91-10, IFAS Central Florida Research and Education Center. https://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/foliage/folnotes/chamaed.htm
Hodel, D.R. (2000). Chamaedorea Palms: The Species and Their Cultivation. International Palm Society.
Hodel, D. R. (2020). Landscaping with Palms: A Guide to Cultivation and Care. Palm Society International.
Hodel, D. R. (2023). Areca Palm Care and Cultivation. California Horticultural Journal, 85(1), 30–44.
Howard, F. W., Moore, D. (2001). Insect pests of palms and their control. In Insect pests of palms and their control. Pesticide Outlook, 12(6), 240-243.
Johnson, D. (1998). Phoenix rupicola. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T38629A10140589.
Jones, D. L. (1995). Palms Throughout the World. Smithsonian Institution Press.
Moe, R., ve Hahn, E.J. (1993). Micropropagation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Acta Horticulturae, 336, 133–139.
Kissling, W. D.,Balslev, H., Baker, W.J.,Dransfield, J.,Göldel, B., Lim, J.Y., Onstein, R.E., Svenning, JC.(2019). PalmTraits 1.0, a species-level functional trait database for palms worldwide. Scientificdata,6:178 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0189-0.
Latifah, D., Congdon,R.A., Holtum, J.A. (2014). A physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: Arenga australasica, Calamus australis, Hydriastele wendlandiana and Licuala ramsayi. Reinwardtia, 14(1), 237–247
Pacsoa, 2024. ACSOA (2024). Hydriastele wendlandiana. Palm ve Cycad Societies of Australia Wiki. Erişim: https://pacsoa.org.au/wiki/index.php/Hydriastele_wendlandiana
Petoe, P., Heatubun, C.D., Baker, W.J. (2018), A monograph of Hydriastele (Areceae, Arecaceae) in New Guinea and Australia. Phytotaxa 370 (1): 1–92. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.370.1.1
Powo (2024). Phoenix loureiroi Kunth. Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:668930-1
Söğüt, Z., Ünlükaplan, Y. (2024). Açık Tohumlular. Bitki Materyali 1 Ders Notu. Ç.Ü. Mimarlık Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü. Adana (Basılmamış)
Rakotoarinivo, M., Dransfield, J., Bachman, S.M.,Justin M.,Baker, W.J. (2014). Comprehensive Red List Assessment Reveals Exceptionally High Extinction Risk to Madagascar Palms. PLoS ONE. 9(8). e103684. 10.1371/journal.pone.0103684.
Riffle, R. L., Craft, P. (2007). An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press.
Shawaqfeh, S. S., Broschat, T. (2015). Howea Forsteriana: Kentia Palm: ENH456 ST297, Rev. 1 2015. EDIS 2015 (2). Gainesville, FL:3. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-st297-2015.
Staples, G. W., Herbst, D. R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawai‘i.
The Spruce. (2023). How to Grow Chamaedorea Indoors. https://www.thespruce.com/grow-chamaedorea-indoors-1902884
Tomlinson, P. B. (1990). The Structural Biology of Palms. Oxford University Press.
Tomlinson, P.B. (2006). The uniqueness of palms. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 151: 5-14.
United States Department of Agriculture (USD), (2012). Plant Hardiness Zone Map. https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov
Zhao, L., Qin, H., (2019). Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) ve IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. Phoenix loureiroi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T111460437A147628559.
Zango, O. , Rey, H., Bakasso, Y., Lecoustre, R. , Aberlenc, F., Pintaud, J. (2016) Local Practices and Knowledge Associated with Date Palm Cultivation in Southeastern Niger. Agricultural Sciences, 7, 586-603. doi: 10.4236/as.2016.79056.
