Yem Bitkilerindeki Tanenlerin Hayvan Besleme Açısından Önemi
Özet
Tanen polifenolik bir bileşik olup genellikle bitkilerde hidrolize olabilir tanen ve kondense tanen olarak bulunur. Bitkilerde çeşitli oranlarda bulunan tanen hayvanlar üzerinde negatif ve pozitif etkilere sahiptir. Bitkilerde fazla miktarda bulunan tanen yemin lezzetliliğini ve sindirim derecesini azaltabilir. Bununla birlikte yemlerle rumene ulaşan tanen proteinlerle bileşik oluşturarak mikroorganizmaların proteinleri daha fazla parçalamasını önler. Rumende oluşan tanen-protein kompleksi abomasuma ulaşır. Ortamın asidik olmasından dolayı tanin proteinlerden ayrılır. Böylece serbest kalan proteinler (bypass protein) ince bağırsakta sindirime tabi tutulur. Yapılan bazı araştırmalarda, orta seviyede tanen içeren rasyonları tüketen hayvanların yapağı ve süt veriminin yüksek olduğu, üremeyle ilgili parametrelerde iyileşme sağladığı ve hayvancılıkta önemli bir sorun olan sindirim sistemindeki parazitlerin yol açtığı kayıpları azalttığı bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca tanenlerin et ve süt ürünlerinin lipid oksidasyonunu engelleyerek raf ömrünü uzattığı ve daha kaliteli ürünlerin elde edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu bölümde baklagil yembitkilerinde bulunan kondanse tanenlerin ruminant hayvanlar üzerine olan olumlu etkileri üzerinde durulmuş ve bu konuda yapılan çalışmalar özetlenmiştir.
Referanslar
Kılıç U, Boğa M, Görgülü M. Ruminantların beslenmesinde kullanılan yem katkı maddeleri. Yem Magazin. 2007;48: 25-32.
Şengezer E, Güngör T. Esansiyel yapılar ve hayvanlar üzerindeki etkileri. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2008;48(2), 101-110.
Karayağız İ, Bülbül T. Ruminantlarda verim performansı üzerine etkili yem katkı maddeleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2014;9(2), 124-133.
Mazmanoğlu G. Etlik piliç yemlerine antibiyotik, esansiyel yağ karışımı ve organik asit katılmasının performans, organ ağırlıkları ve kan parametreleri üzerine etkileri, 2008; Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Gümüş R, İmik H. Saponinlerin hayvan beslemede yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2012;7(3), 221-229.
Tölü C, Akbağ HI, Yurtman İY, et al. Organic animal farming in turkey: philosophy and practice. Journal of Animal Production. 2020;61(1), 73-81.
Öztürk P. Fitobiyotiklerin metanogenezise etkisi. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi. 2015;4(2), 30-36.
Kocaoğlu Güçlü B, Kara K. Ruminant beslemede alternatif yem katkı maddelerinin kullanımı:1. probiyotik, prebiyotik ve enzim. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;6(1), 65-75.
Aydın A, Üstün F. Tanenler I kimyasal yapıları, farmakolojik etkileri, analiz yöntemleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2007;33(1), 21-31.
Üstün F, Aydın A. Tanenler II toksisiteleri, beslenme üzerine etkileri, detannifikasyon, İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2007;33(1), 33-41.
Yalçın S. Yemlerde antinutrisyonel faktörler, yemler ve yem hijyeni ve teknolojisi. Genişletilmiş 5. Baskı, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi; 2013.
Kamalak A. Kondanse tanenin olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak için kullanılan katkı maddeleri ve yemlere uygulanan işlemler. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi. 2007;10, 144-150.
Radeleff RD. Veterinary toxicology. Published by Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia: ISBN 10: 0812102002, ISBN 13: 9780812102000; 1970.
Şener S, Yıldırım M. Veteriner toksikoloji. Teknik Yayıncılık, 221-223; 2000.
Guglielmelli A, Calabro S, Primi R, et al. In vitro fermentation patterns and methane production of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) hay with different condensed tannin contents. Grass Forage Science. 2011;66(4), 488-500.
Borreani G, Peiretti PG, Tabacco E. Evolutaion of yield and quality of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciafolia Scop.) in the spring growth cycle. Agronomie. 2003;23:3, 93-201.
Carleton AE, Cooper CS, Delenay RH, et al. Growth and forage quality comparisons of sainfoin (O. viciafoliea Scop.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Agronomy Journal. 1968;60(6), 630-632.
Goplen BP, Howard RE, Sarkar SK, et al. A search of condensed tanins in annual and perrenial species of Medicago, Trigonella and Onobrychis, 1. Crop Science. 1980;20(6), 801-804.
Ünver E, Okur AA, Tahtabiçen E, et al. Tanenler ve hayvan besleme üzerine etkileri. Türk Tarım-Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2014;2(6), 263-267.
Li Y, Iwaasa AD, Wang Y, et al. Condensed tannins concentration of selected prairie legume forages as affected by phenological stages during two consecutive growth seasons in Western Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 2014;94(5), 817-826.
Theodoridou K, Aufrère J, Andueza D, et al. Effects of condensed tannins in fresh sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) on in vivo and in situ digestion in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2010;160(1-2), 23-38. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.06.007
Jones GA, McAllister TA, Muir AD, et al. Effects of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) condensed tannins on growth and proteolysis by four strains of ruminal bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1994;60(4), 1374-1378.
Heckendorn F, Häring DA, Maurer V, et al. Effect of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) silage and hay on established populations of Haemonchus contortus and Cooperia curticei in lambs. Veterinary Parasitology. 2006;142(3-4), 293-300.
Barrau E, Fabre N, Fouraste I, et al. Effect of bioactive compounds from sainfoin (O. viciifolia Scop.) on the in vitro larval migration of Haemonchus contortus: role of tannins and flavonol glycosides. Parasitology Journals. 2005;131(4), 531-538.
Marais JPJ, Mueuller-Harvey I, Brandt EV, et al. Polyphenols, condensed tannins, and other natural products in Onobrychis viciifolia (sainfoin). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000;48(8), 3440-3447.
Ross JA, Kasum CM. Dietary flavonoids: bioavailability, metabolic effects and safety. Annual Review of Nutrition. 2002;22(1), 19-34.
Hristov AN, Oh J, Firkins JL, et al. Special topics—Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: I. A review of enteric methane mitigation options. Journal of Animal Science. 2013;91(11), 5045-5069.
Tamminga S, Bannink A, Dijkstra J, et al. Feeding strategies to reduce methane loss in cattle. Animal Sciences Group. 2007.
Priolo A, Bella M, Lanza M, et al. Carcass and meat quality of lambs fed fresh sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) with or without polyethylene glycol or concentrate. Small Ruminant Research. 2005;59(2-3), 281-288.
Girard M, Dohme-Meier F. Silacci P, et al. Forage legumes rich in condensed tannins may ıncrease n-3 fatty acid levels and sensory quality of lamb meat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2015; 96(6), 1923-1933.
Waghorn GC, Jone, WT, Shelton ID, et al. Condensed tannins and the nutritive value of herbage. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 1990; 51, 171-76.
Aufrere J, Dudilieu M, Poncet C. In vivo and in situ measurements of the digestive characteristics of sainfoin in comparison with lucerne fed to sheep as fresh forages at two growth stages and as hay. Animal. 2008;9, 1331-9.doi:10.1017/S1751731108002450
Altier NA, Ehlke NJ, Rebuffo M. Divergent selections for resistance to fusarium root rot in birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Crop Science. 2000;40(3), 670-675.
Christiansen-Weniger F, Jung L, Horn V, et al. 1978. Bodenschutz-und ackerbauliche Massnahmen zur Erhaltung gefährdeter türkischer Böden sowie zur Steigerung des Futterpflanzenbaues und der Tierproduktion. Verlag nicht ermittelbar.
Avcıoğlu R, Hatipoğlu R, Karadağ Y. Baklagil yembitkileri. Cilt 2. ISBN: 978-605-6084-1-0; 2009.
Barry TN, McNabb WC. The implications of condensed tannins on the nutritive value of temperate forages fed to ruminants. British Journal of Nutrition. 1999;81(4), 263-272.
Min BR, Barry TN, Attwood GT, et al. The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2003;106(1-4), 3-19.
Wang Y, Douglas GB, Waghorn GC, et al. Effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus upon lactation performance in ewes. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 1996;126(3), 353-362.
Ramírez-Restrepo A, Barry TN. Alternative temperate forages containing secondary compounds for ımproving sustainable productivity in grazing ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2005;120(3-4), 179-201.
Salehi M, Mirzaei F, Mahdavi A. Effects of different levels of feeding of pistachio epicarp silage on wool characteristics of growing Afshari lambs. Agricultural Sciences. 2012;3(3), 351-354.
Mkhatshwa PD, Hoveland CS. Sericea lespedeza production on acid soils in Swaziland. Tropical Grasslands. 1991;25, 337-341.
Naumann HD, Muir JP, Lambert BD, et al. Condensed tannins in the ruminant environment: a perspective on biological activity. The Journal of Agriculture Science. 2013;1(1), 8-20.
Terrill TH, Mosjidis JA, Moore DA, et al. Effect of pelleting on efficacy of Sericea lespedeza hay as a natural dewormer in goats. Veterinary Parasitology. 2007;146(1-2), 117-122.
Min BR, Pomroy WE, Hart SP, et al. The effect of short-term consumption of a forage containing condensed tannins on gastro-ıntestinal nematode parasite ınfections in grazing wether goats. Small Ruminant Research. 2004;51(3), 279-283.
Shaik SA, Terrill TH, Miller JE, et al. Effects of feeding Sericea lespedeza hay to goats infected with Haemonchus contortus. South African Journal of Animal Science. 2004;34(5), 248-250.
Lange KC, Olcott DD, Miller JE, et al. Effect of Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) fed as hay, on natural and experimental Haemonchus contortus infections in lambs. Veterinary Parasitology. 2006;141(3-4), 273-278.
Kommuru DS, Barker T, Desai S, et al. Use of pelleted Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) for natural control of coccidia and gastrointestinal nematodesin weaned goats. Veterinary Parasitology. 2014;204(3-4), 191-198.
Douglas GB, Foote AG. Dry matter and seed yields of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.). New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 1985;13:1, 97-99. doi: 10.1080/03015521.1985.10426064
Stienezen M, Waghorn GC, Douglas GB. Digestibility and effects of condensed tannins on digestion of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) when fed to sheep. Journal of Agricultural Research. 1996;39, 215-221.
Niezen JH, Waghorn TS, Charleston WAG, et al. Growth and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in lambs grazing either lucerne (Medicago sativa) or sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) which contains condensed tannins. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 1995;125(2), 281-289. doi:10.1017/S0021859600084422
Tibe O, Meagher LP, Fraser K, et al. Condensed tannins and flavonoids from the forage legume sulla (Hedysarum coronarium). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2011;59(17), 9402-9409. dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf2014759
Terrill TH, Douglas GB, Foote AG, et al. Effect of condensed tannins upon body growth, wool growth, wool growth and rumen metabolism in sheep grazing sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) and perennial pasture. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 1992a;119(2), 265-273.
Burns RE, Henson PR, Cummins DG. Tannin content of crown vetch (Coronilla varia L.). Herbage 1. Agronomy Journal. 1967;59(3), 284-285.
Terrill TH, Rowan AM, Douglas GB, et al. Determination of extractable and bound condensed tannin concentrations in forage plants, protein concentrate meals and cereal grains. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1992b;58(3), 321-329.
Waghorn GC. Beneficial and detrimental effects of dietary condensed tannins for sustainable sheep and goat production, progress and challenges. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2008;147(1-3), 116-139.
Hess HD, Tiemann TT, Noto F. (2006a). Strategic use of tannins as means to limiti methane emissions from ruminant livestock. In International Congress Series, (Vol. 1293, pp. 164-167). Elsevier.
Brogna DMR, Tansawat R, Cornfort, D, et al. The quality of meat from sheep treated with tannin- and saponin-based remedies as a natural strategy for parasite control. Meat Science. 2014;96, 744-749.
Luciano G, Monahan FJ, Vasta V, et al. Dietary tannins improve lamb meat colour stability. Meat Science. 2009;81(1), 120-125.
Mapiye C, Chimonyo M, Dzama K, et al. Fatty acid composition of beef from Nguni steers supplemented with Acacia karroo leaf-meal. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2011;24(4-5), 523-528.
Mueller-Harvey I. Tannins: their nature and biological significance. In: Caygill JC. and Mueller-Harvey I, (eds). Secondary plants products. antinutritional and beneficial actions in animal feeding. Nottingham University Press, p. 17-70; 1999.
Piluzza G, Sulas L, Bullitta S. Tannins in forage plants and their role in animal husbandry and environmental sustainability: a review. Grass and Forage Science. 2013;69(1), 32-48. doi:10.1111/gfs.12053
Coley PD. Costs and benefits of defense by tannins in a neotropical tree. Oecologia. 1986;70(2), 238-241.
İmik H, Şeker E. Farklı tanen kaynaklarının tiftik keçilerinde yem tüketimi canlı ağırlık artışı, tiftik verimi ve kalitesi üzerine etkisi. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi. 1999;39(1), 85-100.
Kamalak A, Canbolat O, Gürbüz Y, et al. Kondense taninin ruminant hayvanlar üzerindeki etkileri hakkında bir inceleme. KSÜ Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi. 2005;8(1), 132-137.
Jones WT, Mangan JL. Complexes of the condensed tannins of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop) with fraction 1 leaf protein and with sub maxillary mucoprotein and the reversal by polyethylene glycol and pH. Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture. 1977;28(2), 126-136.
Mangan JL. Nutritional effects of tannins in animal feeds. Nutrition Research Reviews. 1988;1(1), 209-231.
Waghorn GC, Jones WT. Bloat in cattle. 46. potential of dock (Rumex obtusifolius) as an antibloat agent for cattle. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 1989;32(2), 227-235.
Lorenz MM, Eriksson T, Udén P. Effect of wilting, silage additive, PEG treatment and tannin content on the distribution of N between different fractions after ensiling of three different sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) varieties. Grass and Forage Science. 2010;65(2), 175-184. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2010.00736.x
Özkan ÇÖ. Gladiçya (Gledıtsıa trıacanthos) meyvesinin şeker pancarı posası silajında kullanımı. Doktora Tezi, T.C. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Anabilim Dalı, 2012; pp. 81, Kahramanmaraş.
Silanikove N, Nitsan Z, Perevolotsky A. Effect of a daily supplementation of polyethylene glycol on intake and digestion of tannin-containing leaves (Ceratonia Siliqua) by sheep. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1994;42(12), 2844-2847.
Beever DE, Siddons RC. Control of digestion and metabolism in ruminants. Milligan LP, Grovum WL, Dobson A (eds.) New Jersey: Prentice-Hall;1986. p. 479-497.
Waghorn GC, Ulyatt MJ, John A, et al. the effect of condensed tannins on the site of digestion of amino acids and other nutrients in sheep fed on Lotus corniculatus. British journal of nutrition. 1987;57(1), 115-126.
Kaya İ, Yalçın S. Baklagil tane yemleri ve ruminant rasyonlarında kullanımı. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi. 1999;39, 101-114.
Aktaş B, Akkan S. Sığır besi yemine ilave edilen meşe palamudu taneninin rumen fermantasyonuna etkilerinin rumen simulasyon tekniği (rusitek) ile saptanması. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2011;48(3), 249-254.
Narjisse H, Elhonsali MA, Olsen JD. Effects of oak (Quercus ibex) tannins on digestion and nitrogen balance in sheep and goats. Small Ruminant Research. 1995;18(3), 201-206.
Kuloğlu R. Tanik asidin rumen bakterilerinin bazı fibrolitik enzimlerine etkisi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni ABD, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 2007; s.37, Kahramanmaraş.
Chung KT, Wong TY, Wei CI, et al. Tannins and human health: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 1998;38(6), 421-464.
Barry TN, Manley TR. Interrelation ships between the concentrations of total condensed tannin, free condensed tannin and lignin in Lotus sp. and their possible consequences in ruminant nutrition. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture. 1986;37(3), 248-254.
Butter NL, Dawson, JM, Wakelin D, et al. Effect of dietary tannin and protein concentration on nematode infection (Trichostrongylus colubriformis) in lambs. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 2000;134(1), 89-99.
Driedger A, Hatfield EE. Influence of tannins on the nutritive value of soybean meal for ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 1972, 34(3), 465-468.
Van Soest PJ. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2. Edition. London: Cornell University Press; 1994.
Meral Y, Biricik H. Ruminantlarda metan emisyonunu azaltmak için kullanılan besleme yöntemleri. VII. Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi. 26-27 Eylül 2013, Ankara, Türkiye, p. 34.
Kutlu HR, Serbester U. Ruminant beslemede son gelişmeler. Türk Tarım Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2014;2(1), 18-37.
Yurtseven S, Çetin M, Öztürk İ, et al. Effect of different feeding method on methane and carbon dioxide emissions milk yield and composition of lactating awassi sheep. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2009;4(6), 278-287.
Dschaak CM, Williams CM, Holt, M. et al. Effects of supplementing condensed tannin extract on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and milk production of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2011;94(5), 2508-2519.
Gerlach K, Pries M, Tholen E, et al. Effect of condensed tannins in rations of lactating dairy cows on production variables and nitrogen use efficiency. Animal. 2018;12(9), 1847-1855.
Williams SRO, Hanna MC, Eckard RJ, et al. Supplementing the diet of dairy cows with fat or tannin reduces methane yield, and additively when fed in combination. Animal. 2020;14(S3), 464-472.
Ece Z, Avcı M. Yonca kuru otu ve süt sığırı rasyonuna zeolit ve meşe palamudu ilavesinin in vitro organik madde sindirimi ve metan oluşumu üzerine etkisi. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;7(1), 67-73.
Orlandi T, Stefanello S, Mezzomo MP, et al. Impact of a tannin extract on digestibility and net flux of metabolites across splanchnic tissues of sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2020;261, 114384.
Denninger TM, Schwarm A, Birkinshaw A, et al. Immediate effect of Acacia mearnsii tannins on methane emissions and milk fatty acid profiles of dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2020;261, 114388.
Hassanat F, Benchaar C. Assessment of the effect of condensed (acacia and quebracho) and hydrolysable (chestnut and valonea) tannins on rumen fermentation and methane production in vitro. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2013;93(2), 332-339.
Herremans S, Vanwindekens F, Decruyenaere V, et al. Effect of dietary tannins on milk yield and composition, nitrogen partitioning and nitrogen use efficiency of lactating dairy cows: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2020;104(5), 1209-1218.
Parkins JJ, Holmes PH. Effects of gastrointestistinal helminth parasites on ruminant nutrient. Nutrition Research Reviews. 1989;2(1), 227-246.
Lunn PG, Northrop CA, Wainwright M. Hypoalbuminemia in energy-malnourished rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda). The Journal of Nutrition. 1988;118(1), 121-127.
Jackson F. Anthelmistic resistance-the state of play. British Veterinary Journal. 1993;149 (2), 123-138.
Chandel YS, Metha PK. Nematicidial properties of leaf extract of wild sage. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 1990;60(11), 781-789.
Bennet-Jenkins E, Bryant C. Novel sources of anthelmintics. International Journal for Parasitiology. 1996;26(8), 937-947.
Akkari H, Ben Salem H, Gharbi M, et al. Feeding Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. foliage to barbarine lambs with or without peg: effect on the excretion of gastro-intestinal nematode eggs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2008;147(1-3), 182-192.
Marley C, Cook R, Keatingge R, et al. The effect of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) on parasite intensities and performance of lambs naturally infected with helminth parasites. Veterinary Parasitology. 2003;112(1-2), 147-155.
Minho AP, Bueno ICS, Louvandini H, et al. Effect of Acacia molissima tannin extract on the control of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2008;147(1-3), 172-181. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.016
Nguyen TM, Binh DV, Orskov ER. Effect of foliages containing condensed tannins and gastrointestinal parasites. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2005;121(1-2),77-87.
Xhomfulana V, Mapiye C, Chimonyo M, et al. Supplements containing Acacia karroo foliage reduce nematode burdens in Nguni and crossbred cattle. Animal Production Science. 2009;49(8), 646-653.
Geerts S, Gryseels B. Anthelmintic resistance in human helminths: a review. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2001;6(11), 915-921.
Mlambo V, Mapiye C. Towards household food and nutrition security in semi-arid areas:what role for condensed tannin-rich ruminant feedstuffs?. Food Research International. 2015;76, 953-961.
Acar MC, Kırkpınar F, Şayan Y, et al. Organik yemler ve alternatif organik yem proteini kaynakları. VI. Organik Tarım Sempozyumu, 15-17 Mayıs 2019, İzmir.
Acar Z, Tan M, Ayan İ, et al. Türkiye’de yem bitkileri tarımının durumu ve geliştirme olanakları. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği IX. Teknik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı-1, TMMOB Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası. 2020; p. 529-555.
Leathwick DM, Besier RB. The management of anthelmintic resistance in grazing ruminants in Australasia strategies and experiences. Veterinary Parasitology. 2014;204(1-2), 44-54.
Terrill T, Dykes G, Shaik S, et al. Efficacy of Sericea lespedeza hay as a natural dewormer in goats: dose titration study. Veterinary Parasitology. 2009;163(1-2), 52-56.
Tedeschi LO, Ramírez-Restrepo CA, Muir JP. Developing a conceptual model of possible benefits of condensed tannins for ruminant production. Animal. 2014;8(7), 1095-1105. doi:10.1017/S1751731114000974
Quijada J, Fryganas C, Ropiak HM, et al. Anthelmintic activities against Haemonchus contortus or Trichostrongylus colubriformis from small ruminants are influenced by structural features of condensed tannins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2015;63(28), 6346-6354. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00831
Shaik SA, Terrill TH, Miller JE, et al. Sericea lespedeza hay as a natural deworming agent against gastrointestinal nematode infection in goats. Veterinary Parasitology. 2006;139(1-3), 150-157.
Naumann HD, Lambert BD, Armstrong SA, et al. Effect of replacing alfalfa with panicled-tick clover or Sericea lespedeza in corn-alfalfa-based substrates on in vitro ruminal methane production. Journal of Dairy Science. 2015;98(6), 3980-3987.
Desrues O, Fryganas C, Ropiak HM, et al. Impact of chemical structure of flavanol monomers and condensed tannins on in vitro anthelmintic activity against bovine nematodes. Parasitology. 2016;143(4), 444-454. doi:10.1017/S0031182015001912
Liu H, Zhou D, Jianming T, et al. Influence of chestnut tannins on welfare, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and lipid oxidation in rabbits under high ambient temperature. Meat Science. 2011;90, 164-169.
Araújo WAG, Rostagno HS, Albino LFT, et al. Vitamina E na Nutrição Animal. Revista Eletrônica Nutritime. 2010;7, 1292-1303 [in Portuguese].
Ksapidou E, Wood JD, Richardson RI, et al. Effect of vitamin E supplementation and diet on fatty acid composition and on meat colour and lipid oxidation of lamb leg steaks displayed in modified atmosphere packs. Meat Science. 2012;90(4), 908-916.
López-Bote CJ, Daza A, Soares M, et al. Dose–response effect of dietary vitamin E concentration on meat quality characteristics in light-weight lambs. Animal Science. 2001;73(3), 451-457.
Soares SE. Ácidos fenólicos como antioxidantes. Revista de Nutrição. 2002;15, 71-81.
Bravo L. Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutrition Review. 1988;56(11), 317-333.
Boskou D. Non-nutrient antioxidants and stability of frying oils. In: Boskou D, Elmadfa I (eds). Frying of food: oxidation, nutrient and non-nutrient antioxidants, biologically active compounds and high temperatures. Lancaster: Technomic Publishing Co. 1999; p. 183-204.
Silva EM, Souza JNS, Rogez H, et al. Antioxidant activities and polyphenolic contents of fifteen selected plant species from the Amazonian region. Food Chemistry. 2007;101(3), 1012-1018.
Ripoll G, González-Calvo L, Molino F, et al. Effects of finishing period length with vitamin E supplementation and alfalfa grazing on carcass color and the evolution of meat color and the lipid oxidation of light lambs. Meat Science. 2013;93(4), 906-913.
Mancini RA, Hunt MC. Current research in meat color. Meat Science. 2005;71(1), 100-121.
Mapiye C, Chimonyo M, Dzama K, et al. Meat quality of Nguni steers supplemented with Acacia karroo leaf-meal. Meat Science. 2010;84(4), 621-627.
Vasta V, Luciano G. (2011). The effects of dietary consumption of plants secondary compounds on small ruminants’ products quality. Small Ruminant Research. 2011; 101(1-3), 150-159.
Priolo A, Vasta V. Effect of tannin-containing diets on small ruminant meat quality. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2007;6(Sup1), 527-530.
Larraín RE, Richards MP, Schaefer DM, et al. Growth performance and muscle oxidation in rats fed increasing amounts of high-tannin sorghum. Journal of Animal Science. 2007;85(12), 3276-3284.
Luciano G, Vasta V, Monahan FJet al. Antioxidant status, colour stability and myoglobin resistance to oxidation of longissimus dorsi muscle from lambs fed a tannin-containing diet. Food chemistry. 2011;124(3), 1036-1042.
Alhijazeen M. Effect of oregano essential oil and tannic acid on storage stability and quality of ground chicken meal. (Graduate Theses and Dissertations) Paper 13966 (http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13966); 2014.
Ahn DU, Nam KC, Lee EJ. Applied Muscle Biology and Meat Science. Min Du, Richard J. McCormick (ed.) Lipid Oxidation and Flavor. New York: CRC Press; 2009. pp. 227-246.
Falowo AB, Fayemi PO, Muchenje V. Natural antioxidants against lipid-protein oxidative deterioration in meat and meat products: A review. Food Research International. 2014;64, 171-181.
Gladine C, Morand C, Rock E,et al. Plant extracts rich in polyphenols (PERP) are efficient antioxidants to prevent lipoperoxidation in plasma lipids from animals fed n-3 PUFA supplemented diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2007;136(3-4), 281-296.
Schreurs NM, Lane GA, Tavendale MH, et al. Pastoral flavour in meat products from ruminants fed fresh forages and its amelioration by forage condensed tannins. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2008;146(3-4), 193-221.
Lund MN, Heinonen M, Baron CP, et al. Protein oxidation in muscle foods: a review. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2011;55(1), 83-95.
Hurtaud C, Peyraud JL. Effects of feeding camelina (seeds or meal) on milk fatty acid composition and butter spreadability. Journal of Dairy Science. 2007;90(11), 5134-5145.
Kim TJ, Silva JL, Kim MK et al. Enhanced antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity of tannic acid by thermal processing. Food Chemistry. 2010;118(3), 740-746.
Boğa M, Kocadayıoğulları F, Can ME. Tanenlerin ruminant hayvan beslemede kullanımı. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science. 2021;4(4), 217-225.
