Yem Hijyeni
Özet
Hayvan beslemede kullanılan yemler, toplam üretim maliyetlerinin önemli bir kısmını oluşturmaya devam etmekte olup, ekonomik, besinsel ve hijyenik açıdan uygun olmaları hem hayvan sağlığı hem de hayvansal ürün kalitesi için kritik önem taşımaktadır. Geviş getiren hayvanlar, fizyolojik ihtiyaçlarına bağlı olarak selüloz oranı yüksek ot, saman, silaj ve mera gibi kaba yemlerle beslenirken; tek mideli hayvanlar düşük selüloz, yüksek enerji ve protein içeren tahıl bazlı rasyonlara ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Mısır–soya kombinasyonu bu amaçla yaygın olarak kullanılmakta ve rasyonlar mineral-vitamin premiksleri ile desteklenmektedir. Ancak yem hammaddeleri üretim, hasat, depolama, taşıma ve işleme aşamalarında çeşitli biyolojik ve çevresel risklere maruz kalabilmektedir. Mikrobiyolojik etkenler (Salmonella, Clostridium spp.) ve toksikolojik kontaminantlar (mikotoksinler, ağır metaller) hayvan performansını düşürmekte, aynı zamanda et, süt ve yumurta gibi ürünlerin güvenliğini tehdit etmektedir. Bu nedenle yem güvenliği; hayvan sağlığı, halk sağlığı ve gıda güvenliği açısından stratejik bir konudur. Etkin bir yem hijyeni yönetimi; tarımsal üretim, depolama, lojistik, formülasyon ve son ürün güvenliğini kapsayan bütüncül ve multidisipliner kontrol programlarını gerektirmektedir. Bu bölümde yem hijyenine yönelik riskler ve kontrol stratejileri değerlendirilerek sürdürülebilir yönetim yaklaşımları sunulacaktır.
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