Hayvansal Kökenli Yemler
Özet
Hayvansal üretimde kullanılan her ürün insanlar tarafından tüketilmez. Bunun yerine, insan tüketimine sunulmayan karkas, kemik, sakatat, tüy, yağ ve kan kısımlarının ısıl işleme maruz bırakıldığı bir süreçten (rendering) geçer. Elde edilen yan ürünler arasında et unu, kemik unu, tavuk unu, tüy unu, kan unu ve hayvansal yağ bulunur. Yağlı tohumlardan üretilen küspelerle karşılaştırıldığında, hayvansal yan ürünler esansiyel amino asit (AA), özellikle de lizin açısından zengindir. 1985 yılında İngiltere’de ilk kez sığır süngerimsi ensefalopatisi (BSE) vakasının görülmesi ve hayvan yemlerinin mikrobiyel kontaminasyonu nedeniyle insanlarda görülen hastalıklara ilişkin endişeler, hayvansal kökenli yemlerin kullanımına ilişkin kısıtlamalarda yeni düzenlemeler yapılmasına yol açmıştır. Ülkemizde insan tüketimi amacıyla kullanılmayan hayvansal yan ürünler yönetmeliği 2011 yılı 28152 sayılı resmî gazetede yayımlanmıştır. Bu yönetmelikte; halk ve hayvan sağlığına, gıda ve yem güvenilirliğine yönelik riskleri engellemek veya asgariye indirmek amacıyla insan tüketimine sunulmayan hayvansal yan ürünler ile bunların türev ürünlerinin kullanımıyla ilgili usûl ve esaslar belirtilmektedir.
Referanslar
AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials). Official Publication: Association of American Feed Control Officials Incorporated. Oxford, UK: Association of American Feed Control; 2016.
AbuGhazaleh AA, Schingoethe DJ, Hippen AR, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid increases in milk when cows fed fish meal and extruded soybeans for an extended period of time. Journal of Dairy Science. 2004;87:1758–1766. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73331-7
Akayezu JM, Hansen WP, Otterby DE, et al. Yield response of lactating Holstein dairy cows to dietary fish meal or meat and bone meal. Journal of Dairy Science. 1997; 80:2950–2963.
Alm M. Review of the EU feed ban on non-ruminant Processed Animal Proteins: outlook of the European Fat Processors and Renderers Association (EFPRA). 2012a.TAIEX Workshop, 27th November 2012, Stavropol (Russia) http://www.fefac.eu/ file.pdf?FileID=42256&CacheMode=Fresh
Alm M. Why lift the ban in Europe? Are processed animal proteins of unique nutritional value in formulating rations for food producing animals? Feed Compounder. 2012b;32: 29–30.
Almeida FN, Htoo JK, Thomson J, et al. Comparative amino acid digestibility in US blood products fed to weanling pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2013; 181:80–86. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.03.002
Anonim. İnsan Tüketimi Amacıyla Kullanılmayan Hayvansal Yan Ürünler Yönetmeliği. 2011. Erişim adresi : https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=15648&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5. Erişim tarihi: 03.05.2025
Batterham ES, Lowe RF, Darnell RE, et al. Availability of lysine in meat meal, meat and bone meal and blood meal as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs, rats and chicks and by chemical techniques. Britisih Journal of Nutrition. 1986;55:427–440.
Blasi DA, Klopfenstein TJ, Drouillard JS, et al. Hydrolysis time as a factor affecting the nutritive value of feather meal and feather meal-blood meal combinations for growing calves. Journal of Animal Science. 1991;69:1272–1278.
Boucher SE, Calsamiglia S, Parsons CM, et al. In vitro digestibility of individual amino acids in rumen-undegraded protein: The modified three-step procedure and the immobilized digestive enzyme assay. Journal of Dairy Science. 2009b;92:3939–3950. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1992
Boucher SE, Calsamiglia S, Parsons CM, et al. Intestinal digestibility of amino acids in rumen-undegraded protein estimated using a precision-fed cecectomized rooster bioassay: II. Distillers dried grains with solubles and fish meal. Journal of Dairy Science. 2009a;92:6056–6067. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1885
Burke JM, Staples CR, Risco CA, et al. Effect of ruminant grade menhaden fish meal on reproductive and productive performance of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 1997;80:3386–3398.
DARDNI (Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Northern Ireland). Using derived products and products of animal origin in farm animal feed. 2014. https://www.daera-ni. gov.uk/publications/using-derived-products-and-productsanimal-origin-farm-animal-feed
Dekra. Info Sheet 10: Animal Fats. Information sheet on RED double counting of wastes and residues. http://www.dekracertification.com. 2011.
Doppenberg J, Van der Aar PJ, Van Vuure C. Animal fat: Nutritious ingredient for animal diets. All About Feed 2015;23(5): 9–11
FDA (U.S. Food and DrugAdministration). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Feed ban enhancement: Implementation questions and answers. 2008. [July 1, 2016]. http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/ComplianceEnforcement/BovineSpongiformEncephalopathy/ucm114453.htm#The_2008_Regulation .
Feedipedia. Blood meal. 2015. http://www.feedipedia.org/node/221
Ghaly AE, Ramakrishnan VV, Brooks MS, et al. Fish processing wastes as a potential source of proteins, amino acids and oils: A critical review. Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology. 2013;5:107–129. doi: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000110
Goedeken FK, Klopfenstein TJ, Stock RA, et al. Protein value of feather meal for ruminants as affected by blood additions. Journal of Animal Science. 1990;68:2936–2944.
Grant RJ, Haddad SG. Effect of a mixture of feather and blood meals on lactational performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 1998;81:1358–1363.
Hendriks WH, Butts CA, Thomas DV, et al. Nutritional quality and variation of meat and bone meal. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002;15:1507–1516.
Klemesrud MJ, Klopfenstein TJ, Lewis AJ. Evaluation of feather meal as a source of sulfur amino acids for growing steers. Journal of Animal Science. 2000;78:207–215. doi: 10.2527/2000.781207x
Leoci R. Animal By-Products (ABP): Origins, Uses, and European Regulations. Mantova, Italy: Universitas Studiorum; 2014. ISBN: 978-88-97683-47-6
Mattos R, Staples CR, Williams J, et al. Uterine, ovarian, and production responses of lactating dairy cows to increasing dietary concentrations of menhaden fish meal. Journal of Dairy Science. 2002;85:755–764. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74133-7
Meeker DL. Essential Rendering: All About the Animal Byproducts Industry. Alexandria, VA: National Renderers Association, Fats and Proteins Research Foundation, and the Animal Protein Producers Industry; 2006
Moritz JS, Latshaw JD. Indicators of nutritional value of hydrolyzed feather meal. Poultry Science. 2001;80:79–86.
Moussavi AH, Gilbert RO, Overton TR, et al. Effects of feeding fish meal and n-3 fatty acids on milk yield and metabolic responses in early lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2007;90:136–144. doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)72615-2
Ockerman HW, Hansen CL. Animal By-product Processing & Utilization. Lancaster, PA: Technomic; 2000.
Onifade AA, Al-Sane NA, Al-Musallam AA, et al. Potentials for biotechnological applications of keratin-degrading microorganisms and their enzymes for nutritional improvement of feathers and other keratins as livestock feed resources. Bioresource Technology. 1998;66:1–11.
Papadopoulos MC. Processed chicken feathers as feedstuff for poultry and swine. Agricultural Wastes. 1985;14:275–290.
Santos FAP, Santos JEP, Theurer CB, et al. Effects of rumen-undegradable protein on dairy cow performance: A 12-year literature review. Journal of Dairy Science. 1998;81:3182–3213.
Smith S, Smith TJ, Drake MA. Flavor and flavor stability of cheese, rennet, and acid wheys. Journal of Dairy Science. 2016; 99:3434–3444. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-10482
Stahel P, Purdie NG, Cant JP. Use of dietary feather meal to induce histidine deficiency or imbalance in dairy cows and effects on milk composition. Journal of Dairy Science. 2014;97:439–445. doi:10.3168/jds.2013-7269
Staples CR, Mattos R, Risco CS, et al. Improving cow fertility through fish meal supplementation. 2005. [September 6, 2018]. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AN/AN10900.pdf .
Tang J, Feng H, Shen G-Q. Drum drying. In: Heldman DR, Moraru CI, editors. Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering. Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering.2003; 211–214. DOI: 10.1081/E-EAFE 1200070912003.
The Fish Site. Production & Consumption of Fishmeal. http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/1288/production-consumption-of-fishmeal applications of keratin-degrading microorganisms and their enzymes for nutritional improvement of feathers and other keratins as livestock feed resources. 2012.
Traylor SL, Cromwell GL, Lindemann MD. Bioavailability of phosphorus in meat and bone meal for swine. Journal of Animal Science. 2005;83:1054–1061.
Wang X, Parsons CM, Bioavailability of the digestible lysine and total sulfur amino acids in meat and bone meals varying in protein quality. Poultry Science. 1998;77: 1003–1009
Wright TC, Holub BJ, Hill AR, et al. Effect of combinations of fish meal and feather meal on milk fatty acid content and nitrogen utilization in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2003;86:861–869. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73669-8
Zimmerman DR. Effect of inedible egg product on growth performance of weanling pigs. Swine Research Report, 1999. Paper 14. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/swinereports_1999/14
