Protein Değerlendirme Sistemleri
Özet
Protein, hayvan beslemede büyüme, üreme, metabolik faaliyetlerin sürdürülmesi ve verimliliğin artırılması için olmazsa olmaz, bir besin öğesidir. Rasyondaki proteinin doğru değerlendirilmesi, besin maddelerinin etkin kullanımını sağlamak ve azot kayıplarını en aza indirmek açısından büyük önem taşır. Klasik ham protein (HP) analizi, yalnızca toplam azot miktarını belirlemektedir ve amino asitlerin biyolojik değeri veya sindirilebilirliği hakkında bilgi vermemektedir. Buna karşılık, gerçek protein (GP), sindirilebilir protein ve amino asit temelli sistemler, hayvan tarafından kullanılabilir gerçek protein miktarının daha doğru biçimde değerlendirilmesine olanak tanır. Tek mideli hayvanlarda protein kalitesi büyük ölçüde amino asit profilinin dengesi ve sindirilebilirliğine bağlıdır; lizin, metiyonin ve treonin gibi sınırlayıcı amino asitlerin düzeyleri büyüme ve yemden yararlanma performansını doğrudan etkiler. Ruminantlarda ise rumende parçalanabilir protein (RDP), mikrobiyal protein sentezi için temel azot kaynağı iken, rumende parçalanamayan protein (RUP) rumenden geçerek ince bağırsakta sindirilir. Ruminantlarda metabolize olabilir protein (MP) arzını mikrobiyal protein ve RUP’un sindirilebilen kısmının toplamı belirler. Mikrobiyal protein üretiminde fermente olabilir enerji ile rumende parçalanabilir azot arasındaki dengenin sağlanması gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle protein değerlendirme sistemleri, yalnızca azot miktarını değil; mikrobiyal protein sentezi, amino asit kullanılabilirliği ve post-ruminal sindirilebilirlik gibi faktörleri de bütüncül biçimde dikkate almalıdır. Bu kitap bölümünde, proteinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan kimyasal, in vitro ve in vivo yöntemler derlenmiş; bu sistemlerin tek mideli ve ruminant hayvan beslemesindeki uygulamaları tartışılmıştır. Bu bütüncül yaklaşım sayesinde, protein kullanım etkinliğini artırmak, hayvan performansını iyileştirmek ve çevresel azot kayıplarını azaltmak suretiyle sürdürülebilir hayvansal üretimi desteklenebilir.
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