Sürdürülebilir Beslenme Modellerinin Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri
Özet
Sürdürülebilir diyetler arasında en popüler olan beslenme örüntüsü bitki bazlı diyet modelleridir ve uygulaması çeşitli nedenlerle giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. Hayvansal ve işlenmiş besinleri içermemesi ya da tüketimini sınırlaması, sebze-meyve, tam tahıl ve kurubaklagillerin daha fazla tüketimini önermesi bu diyetlerin çevresel etkilerini azaltmaktadır. Akdeniz Diyeti de dahil olmak üzere sürdürülebilir diyet modellerinin birçoğunun özellikle kronik hastalıkların risk faktörlerini elimine ederek oluşumunu engellemesi ya da geciktirmesi söz konusudur. Yapılan epidemiyolojik çalışmalarda sürdürülebilir diyetlerin mortalite, obezite, diyabet, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ve kanser gibi kronik hastalık riskini azalttığı gösterilmiştir. Etki mekanizması; bitkisel besinlerle bol miktarda alınan fitokimyasalların antioksidan, antiinflamatuvar etkilerinin yanı sıra mikrobiyotanın iyileştirilmesi ile ilişkilidir. Ancak Vegan Diyet gibi kısıtlayıcı tipteki diyet modellerinin benimsenmesinin, diyetin protein kalitesi ve mikro besin ögesi örüntüsü açısından yetersizlik riski oluşturabileceği, artan bitkisel besin tüketiminin antibesinsel faktörlere maruziyeti ve proteolitik fermantasyon riskini arttırmaya sebep olabileceği değerlendirilmelidir. Farklı bitkisel besinlerin bir arada kullanılmasıyla protein kalitesi arttırılabilmekte, diyetin posa içeriği arttırılarak ya da ıslatma, çimlendirme ve fermentasyon gibi ön işlemler uygulanarak bu olumsuz etkiler giderilebilmektedir. Bu kapsamda diyetisyenlerin sorumluluğu bu olumsuzlukları azaltacak besin hazırlama önerilerini geliştirmek, beslenme eğitimlerini planlamak, beslenme durumunu yakından takip etmek ve gerektiğinde supleman desteğini içeren multidisipliner değerlendirmelerin yapılmasını sağlamaktır.
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