Post-Trombotik Sendrom

Kahn SR. How I treat postthrombotic syndrome. Blood. 2009;114(21): 4624–4631. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-199174

Kahn SR. The post-thrombotic syndrome. Hematology. 2016;2016(1): 413–418. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.413

Vedantham S. Valvular dysfunction and venous obstruction in the post-thrombotic syndrome. Thrombosis Research. 2009;123(SUPPL. 4): S62–S65. doi: 10.1016/s0049-3848(09)70146-x

Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Smith PDC, et al. Chronic Venous Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;355(5): 488–498. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra055289

Takase S, Pascarella L, Lerond L, et al. Venous Hypertension, Inflammation and Valve Remodeling. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2004;28(5): 484–493. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.05.012

Tarbell JM, Cancel LM. The glycocalyx and its significance in human medicine. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2016;280(1): 97–113. doi: 10.1111/joim.12465

Castro-Ferreira R, Cardoso R, Leite-Moreira A, et al. The Role of Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammation in Chronic Venous Disease. Annals of Vascular Surgery. 2018;46: 380–393. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2017.06.131

Chandrashekar A, Garry J, Gasparis A, et al. Vein wall remodeling in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis and chronic postthrombotic changes. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2017;15(10): 1989–1993. doi: 10.1111/jth.13793,

Deatrick KB, Elfline M, Baker N, et al. Postthrombotic vein wall remodeling: Preliminary observations. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2011;53(1): 139–146. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.07.043,

Rabinovich A, Cohen JM, Kahn SR. The predictive value of markers of fibrinolysis and endothelial dysfunction in the post thrombotic syndrome. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2014;111(06): 1031–1040. doi: 10.1160/th13-11-0931

Henke PK, Varga A, De S, et al. Deep vein thrombosis resolution is modulated by monocyte CXCR2-mediated activity in a mouse model. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2004;24(6): 1130–1137. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.0000129537.72553.73

Baker SK, Strickland S. A critical role for plasminogen in inflammation. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2020;217(4). doi: 10.1084/JEM.20191865

Deatrick KB, Eliason JL, Lynch EM, et al. Vein wall remodeling after deep vein thrombosis involves matrix metalloproteinases and late fibrosis in a mouse model. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2005;42(1): 140–148. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.04.014

Wakefield TW, Myers DD, Henke PK. Mechanisms of Venous Thrombosis and Resolution. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2008;28(3): 387–391. doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.162289

Nguyen KP, McGilvray KC, Puttlitz CM, et al. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) Regulates Vein Wall Biomechanics in Murine Thrombus Resolution. Sen U, editor. PLOS ONE. 2015;10(9): e0139145. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139145

Deatrick KB, Obi A, Luke CE, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 deletion is associated with decreased mid-term vein wall fibrosis in experimental stasis DVT. Thrombosis Research. 2013;132(3): 360–366. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.06.027

Obi AT, Diaz JA, Ballard‐Lipka NL, et al. Plasminogen activator‐1 overexpression decreases experimental postthrombotic vein wall fibrosis by a non‐vitronectin‐dependent mechanism. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2014;12(8): 1353–1363. doi: 10.1111/jth.12644

Henke PK, Comerota AJ. An update on etiology, prevention, and therapy of postthrombotic syndrome. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2011;53(2): 500–509. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.08.050

Myers DD, Henke PK, Wrobleski SK, et al. P-selectin inhibition enhances thrombus resolution and decreases vein wall fibrosis in a rat model. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2002;36(5): 928–938. doi: 10.1067/mva.2002.128636

Wittens C, Davies AH, Bækgaard N, et al. Editor’s Choice – Management of Chronic Venous Disease. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2015;49(6): 678–737. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.02.007

Galanaud JP, Monreal M, Kahn SR. Epidemiology of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Thrombosis Research. 2018;164: 100–109. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.07.026

Galanaud JP, Righini M, Le Collen L, et al. Long-term risk of postthrombotic syndrome after symptomatic distal deep vein thrombosis: The CACTUS-PTS study. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2020;18(4): 857–864. doi: 10.1111/jth.14728

Meissner MH, Zierler BK, Bergelin RO, et al. Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and recanalization after acute deep venous thrombosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2002;35(2): 278–285. doi: 10.1067/mva.2002.121066

Snow V, Qaseem A, Barry P, et al. Management of Venous Thromboembolism: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2007;5(1): 74–80. doi: 10.1370/afm.668

Galanaud JP, Kahn SR, Khau Van Kien A, et al. Thromboses veineuses profondes distales isolées des membres inférieurs : Épidémiologie et prise en charge. Revue de Medecine Interne. 2012;33(12): 678–685. doi: 10.1016/j.revmed.2012.05.012

Galanaud JP, Kahn SR. The post-thrombotic syndrome: A 2012 therapeutic update. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2013;15(2): 153–163. doi: 10.1007/S11936-012-0224-3

Kahn SR, Partsch H, Vedantham S, et al. Definition of post-thrombotic syndrome of the leg for use in clinical investigations: a recommendation for standardization. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2009;7(5): 879–883. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03294.x

Kolbach DN, Neumann HAM, Prins MH. Definition of the post-thrombotic syndrome, differences between existing classifications. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2005;30(4): 404–414. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.06.006

Kahn SR, Shapiro S, Wells PS, et al. Compression stockings to prevent post-thrombotic syndrome: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2014;383(9920): 880–888. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61902-9,

Kahn SR. Measurement properties of the Villalta scale to define and classify the severity of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2009;7(5): 884–888. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03339.x

Rodger MA, Kahn SR, Wells PS, et al. Identifying unprovoked thromboembolism patients at low risk for recurrence who can discontinue anticoagulant therapy. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2008;179(5): 417–426. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.080493

ten Cate-Hoek AJ, ten Cate H, Tordoir J, Hamulyák K, Prins MH. Individually tailored duration of elastic compression therapy in relation to incidence of the postthrombotic syndrome. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2010;52(1): 132–138. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.01.089

Galanaud JP, Holcroft CA, Rodger MA, et al. Comparison of the Villalta post-thrombotic syndrome score in the ipsilateral vs. Contralateral leg after a first unprovoked deep vein thrombosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2012;10(6): 1036–1042. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04713.x

Galanaud JP, Ducruet T, Kahn SR. Accuracy of contralateral Villalta score to assess for pre-existing chronic venous insufficiency in patients with unilateral deep vein thrombosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2020;18(12): 3309–3315. doi: 10.1111/jth.15091

Haig Y, Enden T, Grøtta O, et al. Post-thrombotic syndrome after catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep vein thrombosis (CaVenT): 5-year follow-up results of an open-label, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Haematology. 2016;3(2): e64–e71. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(15)00248-3

Cheung YW, Middeldorp S, Prins MH, et al. Post-thrombotic syndrome in patients treated with rivaroxaban or enoxaparin/vitamin K antagonists for acute deep-vein thrombosis: A post-hoc analysis. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2016;116(4): 733–738. doi: 10.1160/th16-01-0041

Palareti G. How I treat isolated distal deep vein thrombosis (IDDVT). Blood. 2014;123(12): 1802–1809. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-10-512616

Masuda EM, Kistner RL, Musikasinthorn C, et al. The controversy of managing calf vein thrombosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2012;55(2): 550–561. doi: 10.1016/J.JVS.2011.05.092

Kahn SR, Kearon C, Julian JA, et al. Predictors of the post-thrombotic syndrome during long-term treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2005;3(4): 718–723. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01216.x

Kahn SR, Shrier I, Julian JA, et al. Determinants and time course of the postthrombotic syndrome after acute deep venous thrombosis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2008;149(10): 698–707. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-149-10-200811180-00004

Mol GC, Van De Ree MA, Klok FA, et al. One versus two years of elastic compression stockings for prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome (OCTAVIA study): Randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Online). 2016;353. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2691

Enden T, Haig Y, Kløw NE, et al. Long-term outcome after additional catheter-directed thrombolysis versus standard treatment for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (the CaVenT study): A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2012;379(9810): 31–38. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61753-4,

Kahn SR, Galanaud JP, Vedantham S, et al. Guidance for the prevention and treatment of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. 2016;41(1): 144–153. doi: 10.1007/s11239-015-1312-5

Rabinovich A, Kahn SR. The postthrombotic syndrome: current evidence and future challenges. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2017;15(2): 230–241. doi: 10.1111/jth.13569

Stain M, Schönauer V, Minar E, et al. The post-thrombotic syndrome: risk factors and impact on the course of thrombotic disease. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2005;3(12): 2671–2676. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01648.x

Cowell GW, King SC, Reid JH, et al. Long-term adverse effects associated with isolated below-knee deep-vein thrombosis: a 10-year follow-up study. Clinical Radiology. 2016;71(4): 369–374. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2015.12.014

Tick LW, Kramer MHH, Rosendaal FR, et al. Risk factors for post‐thrombotic syndrome in patients with a first deep venous thrombosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2008;6(12): 2075–2081. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03180.x

Asbeutah AM, Riha AZ, Cameron JD, et al. Five-year outcome study of deep vein thrombosis in the lower limbs. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2004;40(6): 1184–1189. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.10.025

Labropoulos N, Waggoner T, Sammis W, et al. The effect of venous thrombus location and extent on the development of post-thrombotic signs and symptoms. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2008;48(2): 407–412. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.03.016

Kahn SR, Comerota AJ, Cushman M, et al. The postthrombotic syndrome: evidence-based prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;130(18): 1636–1661. doi: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000130

Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2016;149(2): 315–352. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026,

Bouman AC, Cheung YW, Spronk HM, et al. Biomarkers for post thrombotic syndrome: A case-control study. Thrombosis Research. 2014;134(2): 369–375. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.06.010

Strijkers RH, de Wolf MA, Wittens CH. Risk factors of postthrombotic syndrome before and after deep venous thrombosis treatment. Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease. 2017;32(6): 384–389. doi: 10.1177/0268355516652010

Galanaud JP, Holcroft CA, Rodger MA, et al. Predictors of post-thrombotic syndrome in a population with a first deep vein thrombosis and no primary venous insufficiency. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2013;11(3): 474–480. doi: 10.1111/jth.12106

Lee JJ, Al-Jubouri M, Acino R, et al. Role of coexisting contralateral primary venous disease in development of post-thrombotic syndrome following catheter-based treatment of iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis Presented at the Twenty-sixth Annual Meeting of the American Venous Forum, New Orleans, La, February 19-21, 2014. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2015;3(4): 354–357. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.05.004

Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, et al. Below-Knee Elastic Compression Stockings To Prevent the Post-Thrombotic Syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004;141(4): 249–256. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-141-4-200408170-00004

Wik HS, Jacobsen AF, Sandvik L, et al. Long-term impact of pregnancy-related venous thrombosis on quality-of-life, general health and functioning: results of a cross-sectional, case–control study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(6): e002048. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002048

Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, et al. Residual Venous Thrombosis as a Predictive Factor of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002;137(12): 955–960. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-137-12-200212170-00008

Comerota AJ, Grewal N, Martinez JT, et al. Postthrombotic morbidity correlates with residual thrombus following catheter-directed thrombolysis for iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2012;55(3): 768–773. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.10.032

Vedovetto V, Valle FD, Milan M, et al. Residual vein thrombosis and trans-popliteal reflux in patients with and without the postthrombotic syndrome. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2013;110(10): 854–855. doi: 10.1160/th13-06-0442

Prandoni P, Lensing A, Prins M, et al. The Impact of Residual Thrombosis on the Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Deep Venous Thrombosis Treated with Conventional Anticoagulation. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2015;41(02): 133–140. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1544161

Incalcaterra E, Meli F, Muratori I, et al. Residual vein thrombosis and onset of post-thrombotic syndrome: Influence of the 4G/5G polymorphism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene. Thrombosis Research. 2014;133(3): 371–374. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.12.032

Tick LW, Doggen CJM, Rosendaal FR, et al. Predictors of the post‐thrombotic syndrome with non‐invasive venous examinations in patients 6 weeks after a first episode of deep vein thrombosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2010;8(12): 2685–2692. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04065.x

Galanaud JP, Monreal M, Kahn SR. Predictors of the post-thrombotic syndrome and their effect on the therapeutic management of deep vein thrombosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2016;4(4): 531–534. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.08.005

Khider L, Planquette B, Smadja DM, et al. Acute phase determinant of post-thrombotic syndrome: A review of the literature. Thrombosis Research. 2024;238: 11–18. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.04.004,

Chitsike RS, Rodger MA, Kovacs MJ, et al. Risk of post-thrombotic syndrome after subtherapeutic warfarin anticoagulation for a first unprovoked deep vein thrombosis: Results from the REVERSE study. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2012;10(10): 2039–2044. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04872.x

Galanaud JP, Bertoletti L, Amitrano M, et al. Predictors of Post-Thrombotic Ulcer after Acute DVT: The RIETE Registry. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2018;118(2): 320–328. doi: 10.1160/th17-08-0598

Wang J, Smeath E, Lim HY, et al. Current challenges in the prevention and management of post-thrombotic syndrome—towards improved prevention. International Journal of Hematology. 2023;118(5): 547–567. doi: 10.1007/s12185-023-03651-6

Henke P, Sharma S, Wakefield T, et al. Insights from experimental post-thrombotic syndrome and potential for novel therapies. Translational Research. 2020;225: 95–104. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.05.005

Villalta S, Bagatella P, Piccioli A, et al. Assessment of validity and reproducibility of a clinical scale for the post-thrombotic syndrome. Haemostasis. 1994;24(suppl 1): 158a

Ginsberg JS, Hirsh J, Julian J, et al. Prevention and treatment of postphlebitic syndrome: Results of a 3-part study. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001;161(17): 2105–2109. doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.17.2105

Wik HS, Enden TR, Ghanima W, et al. Diagnostic scales for the post-thrombotic syndrome. Thrombosis Research. 2018;164: 110–115. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.10.022

Eklöf B, Rutherford RB, Bergan JJ, et al. Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: Consensus statement. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2004;40(6): 1248–1252. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09.027

Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2020;8(3): 342–352. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12.075

Lattimer CR, Kalodiki E, Azzam M, et al. Validation of the Villalta scale in assessing post-thrombotic syndrome using clinical, duplex, and hemodynamic comparators. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2014;2(1): 8–14. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2013.06.003

Meissner MH, Khilnani NM, Labropoulos N, et al. The Symptoms-Varices-Pathophysiology classification of pelvic venous disorders: A report of the American Vein & Lymphatic Society International Working Group on Pelvic Venous Disorders. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2021;9(3): 568–584. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.12.084

Çırak Y, Savcı S, Karahan Z, et al. Quality of life following acute deep vein thrombosis: the cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the VEINES-QOL/Sym scale: a Turkish version study. Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2013;21(3): 659–668. doi: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2013.7463

Lamping DL, Schroter S, Kurz X, et al. Evaluation of outcomes in chronic venous disorders of the leg: Development of a scientifically rigorous, patient-reported measure of symptoms and quality of life. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2003;37(2): 410–419. doi: 10.1067/mva.2003.152

Kahn SR, Lamping DL, Ducruet T, et al. VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire was a reliable and valid disease-specific quality of life measure for deep venous thrombosis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2006;59(10): 1056.e1-1056.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.10.016

Catarinella FS, Nieman FHM, de Wolf MAF, et al. Quality-of-life in interventionally treated patients with post-thrombotic syndrome. Phlebology. 2015;30(1 Suppl): 89–94. doi: 10.1177/0268355515569431

Lee A, Gu CS, Vedantham S, et al. Performance of two clinical scales to assess quality of life in patients with post-thrombotic syndrome. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2021;9(5): 1257-1265.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.01.017

Wik H, Ghanima W, Sandset P, et al. Scoring Systems for Postthrombotic Syndrome. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2017;43(05): 500–504. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1599142

Farrell JJ, Sutter C, Tavri S, et al. Incidence and interventions for post-thrombotic syndrome. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. 2016;6(6): 623–631. doi: 10.21037/cdt.2016.11.22

Malgor RD, Labropoulos N. Diagnosis of venous disease with duplex ultrasound. Phlebology. 2013;28 Suppl 1: 158–161. doi: 10.1177/0268355513476653

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Dronkers CEA, Mol GC, Maraziti G, et al. Predicting Post-Thrombotic Syndrome with Ultrasonographic Follow-Up after Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2018;118(8): 1428–1438. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1666859

Haenen JH, van Langen H, Janssen MC, et al. Venous duplex scanning of the leg: range, variability and reproducibility. Clinical science (London, England : 1979). 1999;96(3): 271–277.

Labropoulos N, Tiongson J, Pryor L, et al. Definition of venous reflux in lower-extremity veins. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2003;38(4): 793–798. doi: 10.1016/S0741-5214(03)00424-5

Lin C, Martin KA, Wang M, Stein BL, et al. Long-term antithrombotic therapy after venous stent placement. Phlebology. 2020;35(6): 402–408. doi: 10.1177/0268355519893819

Vrtiska TJ, Glockner JF. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in venous disease. In: Handbook of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. CRC Press; 2017. p. 177–202

Arnoldussen CWKP, Strijkers RHW, Lambregts DMJ, et al. Feasibility of identifying deep vein thrombosis characteristics with contrast enhanced MR-Venography. Phlebology. 2014;29(S1): 119–124. doi: 10.1177/0268355514529697

Arnoldussen CWKP, De Graaf R, Wittens CHA, et al. Value of magnetic resonance venography and computed tomographic venography in lower extremity chronic venous disease. Phlebology. 2013;28(1_suppl): 169–175. doi: 10.1177/0268355513477785

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Schleimer K, Barbati ME, Grommes J, et al. Update on diagnosis and treatment strategies in patients with post-thrombotic syndrome due to chronic venous obstruction and role of endovenous recanalization. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2019;7(4): 592–600. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.01.062

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Barbati ME, Gombert A, Schleimer K, et al. Assessing radiation exposure to patients during endovascular treatment of chronic venous obstruction. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2019;7(3): 392–398. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.10.015

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Xia ZD, Hu D, Wilson JM, et al. How echographic image analysis of venous oedema reveals the benefits of leg elevation. Journal of Wound Care. 2004;13(4): 125–128. doi: 10.12968/jowc.2004.13.4.26601

Orr L, Klement KA, McCrossin L, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Exercise Intervention for the Treatment of Calf Muscle Pump Impairment in Individuals with Chronic Venous Insufficiency. Ostomy Wound Management. 2017;63(8): 30–43. doi: 10.25270/owm.2017.08.3043

Padberg FT, Johnston M V, Sisto SA. Structured exercise improves calf muscle pump function in chronic venous insufficiency: a randomized trial. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2004;39(1): 79–87. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2003.09.036

Kahn SR, Shrier I, Shapiro S, et al. Six-month exercise training program to treat post-thrombotic syndrome: A randomized controlled two-centre trial. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2011;183(1): 37–44. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.100248

Golbidi S, Edvinsson L, Laher I. Smoking and Endothelial Dysfunction. Current Vascular Pharmacology. 2018;18(1): 1–11. doi: 10.2174/1573403X14666180913120015

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Ibegbuna V, Delis KT, Nicolaides AN, et al. Effect of elastic compression stockings on venous hemodynamics during walking. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2003;37(2): 420–425. doi: 10.1067/mva.2003.104

Murphy MA, Joyce WP, Condron C, et al. A reduction in serum cytokine levels parallels healing of venous ulcers in patients undergoing compression therapy. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2002;23(4): 349–352. doi: 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1597

Partsch B, Partsch H. Calf compression pressure required to achieve venous closure from supine to standing positions. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2005;42(4): 734–738. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.06.030

Attaran RR, Ochoa Chaar CI. Compression therapy for venous disease. Phlebology. 2017;32(2): 81–88. doi: 10.1177/0268355516633382

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Palacios F, Rathbun S. Medical Treatment for Postthrombotic Syndrome. Seminars in Interventional Radiology. 2017;34(01): 61–67. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1597765

Mauck KF, Asi N, Elraiyah TA, et al. Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis of compression modalities for the promotion of venous ulcer healing and reducing ulcer recurrence. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2014;60(2): 71S-90S.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.04.060

Prandoni P, Noventa F, Quintavalla R, et al. Thigh-length versus below-knee compression elastic stockings for prevention of the postthrombotic syndrome in patients with proximal-venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Blood. 2012;119(6): 1561–1565. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-391961

Azirar S, Appelen D, Prins MH, et al. Compression therapy for treating post-thrombotic syndrome. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2019;9(9). doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd004177.pub2

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